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Tutorial 3

This tutorial sheet covers various topics in linear differential equations, including Cauchy-Euler equations, Riccati's equations, and systems of linear differential equations. It includes problems related to finding general solutions, unique solutions under initial conditions, and analyzing critical points and their stability. The document provides specific equations and conditions for students to solve and analyze.

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4 views

Tutorial 3

This tutorial sheet covers various topics in linear differential equations, including Cauchy-Euler equations, Riccati's equations, and systems of linear differential equations. It includes problems related to finding general solutions, unique solutions under initial conditions, and analyzing critical points and their stability. The document provides specific equations and conditions for students to solve and analyze.

Uploaded by

pakodess.03
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MA1201 Mathematics-II

Tutorial sheet-3
System of Linear Differential Equations

1. Find the general solution of the following Cauchy-Euler differential equations:

(a) Prove that the transformation x = et reduces the equation

a0 x2 y ′′ + a1 xy ′ + a2 y = F (x) (Cauchy Euler Equation)

to a linear differential equation with constant coefficients.


(b) x2 y ′′ − 4xy ′ + 4y = 4x2 − 6x3 , y(2) = 4, y ′ (2) = −1;
(c) (2x − 3)2 y ′′ − 6(2x − 3)y ′ + 12y = 0

2. The equation
dy
= A(x)y 2 + B(x)y + C(x), (1)
dx
is called Riccati’s equation.

(a) Solve the following differential equations


dy
dx
= 2y 2 − 3y + 1, y1 (x) = 1
dy
dx
= 2xy 2 − 2x2 y + 1, y1 (x) = x

3. Suppose that the roots of the characteristic equation of the system are

x′ = a1 x + b1 y
(2)
y ′ = a2 x + b2 y

are real and equal; and let λ denote their common value. Also, assume that the
given system is not such that a1 = b2 ̸= 0 and a2 = b1 = 0. Then show that there
exist no non-trivial solutions of the form x = Ateλt , y = Bteλt , which is linearly
independent of the "basic" solution of the form x = Aeλt , y = Beλt .

4. Find a unique solution ϕ of the given differential equation


   
7 −1 6 x1
dx 
= −10 4 −12 x, where x = x2  ,
dt
−2 1 −1 x3

that satisfies the initial condition


 
−1
ϕ(0) = x0 , where x0 =  4  .
2

5. Consider the non-homogeneous differential equation


   5t 
dx 6 −3 e
= x+ ,
dt 2 1 4

Here, x is a vector. Find the general solution.


6. Find the critical points, its type, and the general solutions of the following systems:
(
dx
dt
= −3x + 4y,
(a) dy
dt
= −2x + 3y,
(
dx
dt
= −4x − y,
(a) dy
dt
= x − 2y,
(
dx
dt
= x − 2y,
(a) dy
dt
= 4x + 5y.

7. Consider the following non-linear systems.


dx dx
(A) = sin x − 4y (B) = 8x − y 2
dt dt
dy dy
= sin 2x − 5y = −6y + 6x2
dt dt
For each system, determine the nature and stability of their critical points.

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