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ODE 2023 Tutorial 1 and 2

This document provides tutorial problems for an Ordinary Differential Equations mathematics course. It includes 21 problems covering various topics such as determining the order and degree of differential equations, solving initial value problems, finding particular solutions, using methods like successive approximations, analyzing existence and uniqueness of solutions, and more. The problems range in complexity from basic skills to proofs involving properties of differential equations.

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© © All Rights Reserved
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83 views

ODE 2023 Tutorial 1 and 2

This document provides tutorial problems for an Ordinary Differential Equations mathematics course. It includes 21 problems covering various topics such as determining the order and degree of differential equations, solving initial value problems, finding particular solutions, using methods like successive approximations, analyzing existence and uniqueness of solutions, and more. The problems range in complexity from basic skills to proofs involving properties of differential equations.

Uploaded by

Just Entertainment
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MA 102 (Mathematics II)

Tutorial Sheet Nos. 1 & 2 Ordinary Differential Equations For 20th & 22nd May, 2023

1. Determine the order and degree of the following differential equations. Also, state whether they are
linear or nonlinear.
( )2
d4 y dy d2 y d2 y dy 12 d2 y
(a) dx 4 + 19 = 11y; (b) dx 2 + x sin y = 0; (c) dx 2 + y sin x = 0; (d) (1 + dx ) = x dx 2;
( )
dx
( )
d6 y d4 y d3 y d3 y 2 d2 y
(e) dx 6 + dx4 dx3
+ y = x; (f ) x3 dx 3 + x dx2 + y = e .
x

2. Eliminating the arbitrary constants c1 , c2 , obtain the differential equation satisfied by the following
functions.
(a) y = c1 e−x + c2 e2x ; (b) x2 + c1 y 2 = 1; (c) y = c1 x − c31 .

3. Consider the equation y ′ (x) = cy(x), 0 < x < ∞, where c is a real constant. Then
(a) Show that if ϕ is any solution and ψ(x) = ϕ(x)e−cx then ψ(x) is a constant.
(b) If c < 0, show that every solution tends to zero as x → ∞.
(c) If c > 0, prove that the magnitude of every non-trivial solution tends to ∞ as x → ∞.
(d) When c = 0, what can be said about the magnitude of the solution?

4. Find a real valued C 1 solutions y(x) of the differential equation xy ′ (x) + y(x) = x, x ∈ (−1, 1).

5. Discuss the existence and uniqueness of a solution of the following initial value problems (IVP) in
the region R : |x| ≤ 1 |y| ≤ 1.
dy dy √
(a) = 3y 2/3 , y(0) = 0; (b) = |y|, y(0) = 0;
dx dx
dy 2 2
(c) = x + y , y(0) = 0.
dx
6. Show that the equation |y ′ (x)| + |y(x)| + 1 = 0 has no real solutions.

7. Find the particular solution of


(a) xy ′ + 3y = sin x
, x ̸= 0, y(π/2) = 1.
x2 {
′ 2, 0 ≤ x < 1,
(b) y + y = f (x), y(0) = 0, where f (x) =
0, x ≥ 1.
y3
(c) x2 y ′ + xy = x, y(1) = 1, x ̸= 0.

8. Under what conditions, the following differential equations are exact?


(a) (ax + by)dx + (kx + ly)dy = 0; (b) [f (x) + g(y)]dx + [h(x) + l(y)]dy = 0;
(c) (x3 + xy 2 )dx + (ax2 y + bxy 2 )dy = 0.

9. Are the following equations exact? If exact, obtain the general solution.
(a) (2xy − sec2 x)dx + (x2 + 2y)dy = 0. (b) (x − 2xy + ey )dx + (y − x2 + xey )dy = 0.

10. In each case find an integrating factor and solve:


(a) y ′ − (2/x)y = x2 cos x, (b) ydx + (x2 y − x)dy = 0,

11. Show that if (Nx − My )/(xM − yN ) = g(xy) then the (∫equation )M (x, y)dx + N (x, y)dy = 0 has an
integrating factor of the form µ(xy), where µ(u) = exp g(u)du .

12. Justify that the equation y(2x2 y 3 + 3)dx + x(x2 y 3 − 1)dy = 0 has an I.F. of the form xa y b for suitable
a, b ∈ R.
dy
13. Given that y1 (x) = x is a solution of = −y 2 + xy + 1, obtain the general solution.
dx
14. Determine the largest interval (a, b) in which the given IVP is certain to have a unique solution:
y′
(a) ex y ′′ −x−3 + 3y = log x, y(1) = 3, y ′ (1) = 2.
(b) (1 − x)y ′′ − 3xy ′ + 3y = sin x, y(0) = 1, y ′ (0) = 1.
(c) x2 y ′′ + 4y = cos x, y(1) = 0, y ′ (1) = −1.

15. If y1 and y2 are linearly independent solutions of xy ′′ + 2y ′ + xex y = 0 and if W (y1 , y2 )(1) = 2, find
the value of W (y1 , y2 )(5).

16. Let p(x), q(x) ∈ C(I). Assume that the functions y1 , y2 ∈ C 2 (I) are solutions of the differential
equations y ′′ + p(x)y ′ + q(x)y = 0 on an open interval I. Prove that (a) if y1 and y2 are zero at the
same point in I, then they cannot be a fundamental set of solutions on that interval; (b) if y1 and
y2 have a common point of inflection x0 in I, then they cannot be a fundamental set of solutions on
that interval unless p(x0 ) = 0 = q(x0 ).

17. Let p(x) and q(x) are continuous on (a, b), and let x0 ∈ (a, b). Let y1 , y2 be solutions to y ′′ + p(x)y ′ +
q(x)y = 0 on (a, b). Then y1 and y2 are linearly dependent on (a, b) iff the vectors [y1 (x0 ), y1′ (x0 )]T
and [y2 (x0 ), y2′ (x0 )]T are linearly dependent.

18. If y = ϕ1 (x) is a particular solution of y ′′ + (sin x)y ′ + 2y = ex and y = ϕ2 (x) is a particular solution
of y ′′ + (sin x)y ′ + 2y = cos(2x), then find a particular solution of y ′′ + (sin x)y ′ + 2y = ex + 2 sin2 x.

19. Find the functions y1 , y2 , and y3 using the Method of Successive Approximations for the differential
dy
equation = y − x + 1, with the initial condition y(0) = 0. Then find the exact solution to this
dx
initial value problem by taking the limit of the sequence of approximations.

20. For the system

y1′ = 3y1 + xy3


y2′ = y2 + x3 y3
y3′ = 2xy1 − y2 + ex y3

show that every IVP has unique solution for −∞ < x < ∞.

21. Consider the IVP


y ′ = y 2 + cos2 x, y(0) = 0.
Determine the largest interval where solution is valid.

***

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