Andrew Yang Period 7 PERSIAN Chart AP World History

POLITICAL Leaders, Elites State Structure War Diplomacy, Treaties Courts, Laws

Chapter 20: The Gunpowder Empires The Ottoman Empire 1. Turkic speaking peoples from central Asia had originally had great influence on the political decisions of the old Abbasid caliphates; when the capital at Baghdad was sacked in 1258, the way opened for the Ottoman Turks to push through and take the mantle of leadership. 2. The Ottomans under Osman in the late 13th Century migrated to the Anatolian plain and began their series of conquests throughout the Middle East. 3. By `1350, the Ottomans had advanced from Asia Minor across the Bosporus straits into the Balkan Peninsula. By 1400, Thrace along with most of the Balkan Peninsula had been conquered. After a short civil war, Mehmed I gained control of the Ottoman territories and became sultan. The one spot left to conquer in the Balkan Peninsula was the Byzantine stronghold of Constantinople itself. 4. For seven weeks, Mehmed II led his massive army on a siege of Constantinople, finally crippling its defenses with artillery fire and vastly outnumbering the Byzantine defenders. Constantinople was sacked and plundered. 5. In the centuries afterwards, Ottoman armies under a succession of good rulers extended the empire into Syria and Egypt, as well as reaches of North Africa. Hungary also fell under the Ottoman sphere of influence. Powerful navies captured Rhodes, Crete, and Cyprus for crucial navy bases. One of the turning points that halted Ottoman expansion and started the empires steady decline was the siege of Vienna in 1683 that failed against more superior military technology. 6. As soon as Constantinople was sacked and pillaged, Mehmed restored it to its glory and made it the Ottoman capital of Istanbul, from which all the following rulers, called Sultans, would rule. Early sultans handed down political administration powers and commanding of the army to their future successors, thus ensuring that the future Sultan would be prepared for his new task of ruling the empire (key to Ottoman success politically for the first few centuries). Also, the strong army was made up of slave boys called janissaries, who were educated and converted to Islam; these gained power as the new bureaucracy that challenged the authority of the Turkish warrior aristocracy. Additionally, the sultans had chief advisers called viziers who managed most of the administrative affairs of the empire. 7. After the able rule of Suleiman the Great in the 17 th Century, Ottoman rule began to lose its grip on Europe, receding from its previous military might and plagued by delusional and ineffective rulers. It finally disintegrated after World War I. The Safavid Empire 1. Originated from a family of Sufi mystics based at Ardabil in the Caspian Sea region in the 14th Century; Sail al Din began a military campaign to purify Islam and spread Shiite doctrine to Turkish tribes in the region. 2. The new Red Heads under the commander Ismail led his followers to a string of victories, starting with the capturing of Tabriz and establishment of the ruler called a shah in 1501. The next decade was filled with conquests of the Ozbeg rivals and violent conquests in present day Iraq and Iran through the conquering of Baghdad in 1508. Obviously, the Safavids were intruding on Ottoman territory, because the two armies, Sunni Ottomans against Shiite Safavids, clashed at the battle of Chaldiran. The Safavids lost and had to retract their territory back to the borders of present day Iran. 3. After the defeat, Turkish chiefs decided to plot for the throne and take over the empire; they were thwarted by the efforts of the next shah Tahmasp I, who restored the former glory of the empire. His successor Shah Abbas I left the Safavid Empire at its highest peak of prosperity and strength, bringing the chiefs

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under control and making use of captured slaves for conscription to his armies, much like the Ottoman state. Abbas had very useful European advisors who could inform him on how to develop and advance his military technology, but they didnt last after his death. Abbas had an elite group of 40000 troops and an elite bodyguard during his rule. The imperial bureaucracy was staffed with many of his Persian supporters and janissary like slaves. The capital was moved from Tabriz to Isfahan. The empire rapidly declined in the 16th century because successive shahs became disconnected with the public and were too weak to rule. Able shahs were too few and far between. Nomadic invasions and Mughal and Ottoman incursions further shrunk the size of the empire. Finally, in 1722, the capital was overrun by Afghani tribes. Though there was a short revival, the empire was reduced to a battleground for its neighboring enemies.

ECONOMIC Type of System Technology, Industry Trade, Commerce Capital/Money Types of Businesses

The Mughals in India (Before the British came) 1. The Mughal Empire derived from Timurs old territories based in Samarkand. His relative Babur lost his home kingdom of Ferghana in central Asia and decided to lead his followers into India to form the third Muslim empire. In 1498, Babur was in a power struggle with the Ozbeg tribes driven out by the Safavids, and he was pushed back to Kabul in 1504. Gradually, Babur was jolted to reality about regaining Ferghana, and he led his highly outnumbered, but technologically superior, army of 12000 soldiers to meet the Muslim Lodi army of 100000. At Panipat, the armies clashed and Babur was victorious. The next year, Babur defeated the confederation of Hindu warrior kings near Agra, and within the next two years, the Mughals had established a dynasty of rulers that controlled large portions of the Indus and Ganges river plains. Babur decided not to change the very ineffective Lodi bureaucracy, and in 1530, he died very early, leaving power to his son Humayan. 2. Humayan got entangled in a dispute over who was the legitimate successor of Babur, and armies from Afghanistan and the Rajput states of western India marched on his armies and forced him to spend time from 1540 to about 1550 at the Safavid court. Humayan fought back and restored Mughal rule to the northern plains by 1556; he died from a head injury shortly after. 3. Akbar the Great, probably the Mughal Empires greatest ruler, became ruler at the age of 13; he proved to be a very able ruler, personally overseeing through his vision of empire and sense of mission the building of the military and administrative systems that would form the backbone of the political system. By 1560, the Mughals control of the Rajput confederacy was consolidated, mostly through political marriages. Reconciliation occurred between Muslims and Hindus. 4. After Akbars death, his successors, while able to extend conquests to almost the entire subcontinent, began to drain the Indian treasury and corrupt the bureaucracy and army, which was outdated. Conditions were ripe for collapse, and the British exploited this weakness effectively in the 17th and 18th centuries. The Ottomans were limited and soon fell behind Europe in the technology race for firearms advancement, hindered by the stubbornness of the Janissaries. Additionally, Portuguese expeditions to India that bypassed the Muslim merchant tax on spices hurt the Ottoman economy and contributed to the loss of potential profit. The Safavids were limited by Ottoman expansion and could not get directly to the European trade markets due to their position in Persia. The Mughals had direct contact with new European expeditions. The Ottomans and Mughals were Sunni Muslims while the Safavids were Shiite Muslims; Akbar tried to reconcile Hindus and Muslims by creating and sponsoring a new religion din-i-Ilahi. Although the religion died out after his death, it was a major step that was reversed by his successors in trying to get the Hindus under control. Generally though, the

RELIGIOUS Holy Books Beliefs, Teaching

Conversion Sin/Salvation Deities

Ottomans protected the dhimmi, or peoples of the book, and did not oppress other religions as long as their subjects followed the law and paid their taxes properly. The Ottomans were more liberal than the Safavids in handing women more exclusive rights such as the ability of women to inherit and pass on property and the ability to divorce an unloving husband; the Safavids restricted women and forced them to wear the veil, while the Mughals allowed women to have the greatest range of freedom, even allowing some to open businesses and take over merchant activity from their husbands. At the top of each empires society was the ruler himself, the sultan or the shah, followed by the rulers advisers and his bureaucrats (sometimes the janissaries). In the middle were the artisan and merchant guilds that directed trade and helped build monumental projects (such as the Suleymaniye and Taj Mahal), and at the bottom was the peasant class. In the Ottoman empire, the architect Sinon and other artisans were able to build for the sultan magnificent domed mosques with minarets, especially like the Suleymaniye. The Hagia Sophia was redesigned and repainted to become one of the grandest mosques of the Islamic world. Shah Jahan built for his late wife the mausoleum Taj Mahal, and Abbas I built the ornate palaces and mosques in the Safavid Empire. Additionally, Persian literature and religious calligraphy expanded over the time period that these empires lasted. The Ottomans, by capturing Constantinople at the critical juncture of the Bosporus straits, gained access to both Asia and Europe, as well as parts of North Africa.

SOCIAL Family Gender Relations Social Classes Inequalities Life Styles

INTELLECTUAL, ARTS Art, Music Writing, Literature Philosophy Math & Science Education

NEAR: GEOGRAPHY Location Physical Movement Human/Environment Region

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