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Mastering Data Cleaning

Techniques with SQL — Explained
Examples
Enhance Data Quality and Consistency in Your Database

🐼 panData · Follow
Published in Level Up Coding · 11 min read · Mar 20

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Introduction to Data Cleaning in SQL

Data cleaning, also known as data cleansing or data scrubbing, is the process
of identifying and correcting or removing errors, inconsistencies, and
inaccuracies in datasets. SQL (Structured Query Language) is a widely used
programming language for managing and manipulating relational databases.
In this
Search Medium article, we will explore various techniques and SQL functions to cleanWrite
and validate data effectively.

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30 main SQL functions for data cleaning by 🐼 panData

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Why is Data Cleaning Important?

Data is the foundation of any data-driven decision-making process. Poor data
quality can lead to incorrect insights, flawed analysis, and ultimately, wrong
business decisions. By ensuring that data is clean, consistent, and accurate,
organizations can make more informed decisions and gain a competitive
advantage.

Common Data Issues

Some of the most common data issues that require cleaning are:

1. Missing Data: Missing values in a dataset can lead to inaccurate

calculations or incomplete analysis.

2. Duplicate Data: Duplicate records can cause overestimation or

underestimation of certain metrics and affect the overall data quality.

3. Inconsistent Data: Inconsistent data formats, units, or

representations can create confusion and hinder data analysis.

4. Invalid Data: Data that does not adhere to predefined rules or

constraints is considered invalid and can cause errors or
misleading results.

Data Cleaning Functions in SQL

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Here are some essential SQL functions that can help in the data cleaning
process:

1. TRIM
This function removes leading and trailing spaces from a string.

Example: Remove spaces from the employee names.

SELECT TRIM(employee_name) AS trimmed_name

FROM employees;

Using the TRIM function is helpful when you want to clean up text data in
your database by removing unnecessary spaces, which can cause issues
when comparing, searching, or analyzing data. It ensures that your text data
is consistent and free of formatting errors caused by extra spaces.

2. UPPER and LOWER

These functions convert a string to uppercase or lowercase, respectively.
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SELECT UPPER('Hello World'), LOWER('Hello World');

The result of this query will be a single row containing two columns. The first
column will display the uppercase version of the input string ‘Hello World’ as
‘HELLO WORLD’, and the second column will display the lowercase version
of the input string ‘Hello World’ as ‘hello world’.

3. REPLACE
This function replaces all occurrences of a specified substring with another
substring.

Example: Replace the domain in email addresses.

SELECT REPLACE(email, '@old_domain.com', '@new_domain.com') AS updated_email

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FROM employees;

The result of this query will be a table containing a single column:

updated_email . If an employee's email address contains '@old_domain.com',
the updated_email column will display the email address with the domain
name replaced by '@new_domain.com'. Otherwise, the updated_email

column will display the original email address.

This query is useful in cases where you need to update the email addresses of
employees, for example, when a company changes its domain name or
merges with another company, and employee email addresses
need to be updated accordingly.

4. NULLIF
This function returns NULL if two expressions are equal; otherwise, it
returns the first expression.

Example: Set salary to NULL if it is zero.

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SELECT employee_id, NULLIF(salary, 0) AS adjusted_salary

FROM employees;

The result of this query will be a table containing two columns: employee_id

and adjusted_salary . If an employee's salary is 0, the adjusted_salary

column will display a NULL value. Otherwise, the adjusted_salary column

will display the original salary value.

This query is useful in cases where you want to treat zero salaries as
missing data and represent them with NULL values, which can be helpful
for certain calculations or analyses where zero values might be misleading or
inappropriate.

5. COALESCE
This function returns the first non-NULL expression from a list of
expressions.

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Example: Use the default salary if the actual salary is NULL.

SELECT employee_id, COALESCE(salary, default_salary) AS final_salary

FROM employees;

This query is useful in cases where you want to handle missing salary data by
providing a default salary value, ensuring that your calculations or analyses
are not affected by NULL values in the salary column.

6. CONCAT and CONCAT_WS

The CONCAT function concatenates two or more strings, while CONCAT_WS

concatenates strings with a specified separator.

Example: Combine first and last name into a full name.

SELECT CONCAT(first_name, ' ', last_name) AS full_name

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FROM employees;

The result of this query will be a table containing a single column: full_name .

The full_name column will display the combined first and last names of the
employees, separated by a space.

Using the CONCAT function is helpful when you want to join separate pieces of
text data together into a single string. In this example, it allows you to create
a full name from separate first and last name columns, making it easier to
display, search, or analyze the employee names.

7. SUBSTRING and SUBSTRING_INDEX

The SUBSTRING and SUBSTRING_INDEX functions are used to extract parts of a
string.

Example: Extract the first three characters of an employee ID.

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SELECT SUBSTRING(employee_id, 1, 3) AS short_id

FROM employees;

The result of this query will be a table containing a single column: short_id .

The short_id column will display the extracted substring from the
employee_id column, containing the first three characters of each employee
ID.

Using the SUBSTRING function is helpful when you want to extract specific
portions of text data in your database. In this example, it allows you to create
a shortened version of the employee ID, which could be useful for generating
summary reports, creating unique identifiers, or simplifying the display of
complex strings.

8. LENGTH and CHAR_LENGTH

The LENGTH and CHAR_LENGTH functions return the length of a string in bytes
and characters, respectively.

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Example: Find employees with names longer than 10 characters.

SELECT employee_name
FROM employees
WHERE CHAR_LENGTH(employee_name) > 10;

The result of this query will be a table containing a single column:

employee_name . The employee_name column will display the names of the
employees whose names are longer than 10 characters.

Using the CHAR_LENGTH function is helpful when you want to filter or analyze
text data in your database based on its length. In this example, it allows you
to find employees with longer names, which could be useful for formatting
purposes, data analysis, or identifying potential data quality issues.

9. ROUND, CEIL, and FLOOR

The ROUND , CEIL , and FLOOR functions are used to round numbers to the
nearest integer, the smallest integer greater than or equal to the number, and
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the largest integer less than or equal to the number, respectively.

Example: Round salaries to the nearest hundred.

SELECT employee_id, ROUND(salary, -2) AS rounded_salary

FROM employees;

The result of this query will be a table containing two columns: employee_id

and rounded_salary . The rounded_salary column will display the rounded

salary values for each employee, rounded to the nearest hundred.

Using the ROUND function is helpful when you want to simplify numeric data
for display, reporting, or analysis purposes. In this example, it allows you to
create a rounded version of the employee salaries, which could be useful for
generating summary reports, aggregating data, or reducing the complexity of
your data for easier analysis.

10. CAST and CONVERT

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The CAST and CONVERT functions are used to change the data type of a value or
column.

Example: Convert the hire_date column to a VARCHAR data type.

SELECT employee_id, CAST(hire_date AS VARCHAR) AS hire_date_string

FROM employees; 3

The result of this query will be a table containing two columns: employee_id

and hire_date_string . The hire_date_string column will display the hire date
values for each employee as strings.

Using the CAST function is helpful when you need to convert data types for
display, reporting, or data manipulation purposes. In this example, it allows
you to create a string version of the employee hire dates, which could be
useful for text-based reports, string manipulation tasks, or data export to
systems that require a specific data type.

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Handling Missing Data

1. Filtering NULL values

NULL values can be used to represent missing data in SQL. To filter out
rows with missing data, use the IS NULL or IS NOT NULL operators.

SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE column_name IS NULL;

The result of this query will be a table containing all the columns and only the
rows where the specified column has a NULL value.

Using the IS NULL clause is helpful when you need to identify missing or
incomplete data in your table. In this example, it allows you to retrieve all
rows with a NULL value in a specific column, which could be useful for data
cleaning, data validation, or further analysis.

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2. Setting Default values

Default values can be assigned to a column during table creation, which will
be used when no value is provided during data insertion or update. To set a
default value for a column, use the DEFAULT keyword.

For example, let’s create a table named employees with three columns:
employee_id , employee_name , and employee_status . We want the
employee_status column to have a default value of 'Active':

CREATE TABLE employees (

employee_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
employee_name VARCHAR(255),
employee_status VARCHAR(50) DEFAULT 'Active'
);

In this example, if you insert a new row into the employees table without
specifying a value for the employee_status column, the default value 'Active'
will be automatically assigned to the employee_status column.

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Using the DEFAULT keyword when creating a table is useful when you want to
assign a common or standard value to a column for new records, reducing the
need to explicitly provide a value for every insertion. This can help streamline
data entry and ensure data consistency across the table.

Removing Duplicate Rows

1. SELECT DISTINCT
Duplicates can occur when data is collected from multiple sources or due to
data entry errors. To remove duplicates, use the DISTINCT keyword.

Example: A list of employees with their departments.

SELECT DISTINCT employee_id, department_id

FROM employees;

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1. SELECT DISTINCT employee_id, department_id : This specifies that the

query should return only unique combinations of employee_id and
department_id values. By using the DISTINCT keyword, any duplicate
rows with the same employee_id and department_id values are
eliminated from the result.

2. FROM employees : This specifies the source table, which is the employees

table in this case.

The result of this query will be a table containing unique employee_id and
department_id pairs, with no duplicate rows.

The SELECT DISTINCT statement is helpful when you need to retrieve a list of
unique records from a table, especially when dealing with large datasets
where duplicate records might be present. In this example, it allows you to
fetch a list of employees along with their department IDs without any
duplicates, which could be useful for further analysis, reporting, or data
cleaning tasks.

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Data Validation and Constraints

1. CHECK
A CHECK constraint ensures that the data in a column meets a specific
condition. If the condition is not met, the data cannot be inserted or updated.

For example, let’s create a table named products with two columns:
product_id and product_price . We want to ensure that the product_price

column always contains a positive value:

CREATE TABLE products (

product_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
product_price DECIMAL(10, 2) CHECK (product_price > 0)
);

In this example, the CHECK constraint ensures that the product_price column
contains a value greater than 0. If an attempt is made to insert or update a
row with a non-positive value for the product_price column, the database will
reject the operation, thereby maintaining data integrity.

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Using the CHECK constraint when creating a table is beneficial for enforcing
data validation rules and ensuring that the data stored in the table meets
specific business requirements or constraints. This can help maintain data
quality and consistency across the table.

2. UNIQUE
A UNIQUE constraint ensures that all values in a column are unique. This
helps prevent duplicate data.

For example, let’s create a table named users with two columns: user_id and
email . We want to ensure that the email column contains unique values for
each user:

CREATE TABLE users (

user_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
email VARCHAR(255) UNIQUE
);

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In this example, the UNIQUE constraint ensures that the email column
contains unique values for each row in the table. If an attempt is made to
insert or update a row with an email address that already exists in the table,
the database will reject the operation, thereby maintaining data integrity.

Using the UNIQUE constraint when creating a table is beneficial for enforcing
data uniqueness rules and ensuring that the data stored in the table meets
specific business requirements or constraints. This can help maintain data
quality and consistency across the table.

3. FOREIGN KEY
A FOREIGN KEY constraint is used to maintain referential integrity between
two tables. It ensures that the data in a column matches the data in the
primary key column of another table.

For example, let’s create two tables: orders and order_items . The orders

table contains information about each order, and the order_items table
contains information about the items in each order. We want to ensure that

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each order item in the order_items table is associated with a valid order in
the orders table:

CREATE TABLE orders (

order_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
order_date DATE
);

CREATE TABLE order_items (

order_item_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
order_id INT REFERENCES orders (order_id),
product_id INT,
quantity INT
);

In this example, the FOREIGN KEY constraint ensures that the order_id column
in the order_items table refers to a valid order_id in the orders table. If an
attempt is made to insert or update a row in the order_items table with an
order_id that does not exist in the orders table, the database will reject the
operation, thereby maintaining referential integrity.

Using the FOREIGN KEY constraint when creating a table is beneficial for
enforcing referential integrity between related tables and ensuring that the
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data stored in the tables meets specific business requirements or constraints.

This can help maintain data quality and consistency across the tables.

Conclusion
Mastering data cleaning techniques in SQL is crucial for ensuring data quality
and accuracy in your database. By using SQL functions and applying
constraints, you can effectively clean and validate your data, leading to better
analysis and decision-making.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. What is data cleaning in SQL? Data cleaning in SQL involves

using SQL functions and techniques to identify and correct errors,
inconsistencies, and inaccuracies in datasets.

2. Why is data cleaning important? Data cleaning is essential

because poor data quality can lead to incorrect insights, flawed
analysis, and wrong business decisions.

3. What are some common data issues? Common data issues

include missing data, duplicate data, inconsistent data, and invalid
data.
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4. What are some essential data cleaning functions in SQL?

Essential data cleaning functions in SQL include TRIM, UPPER,
LOWER, REPLACE, NULLIF, and COALESCE.

5. How can I remove duplicate rows in SQL? To remove duplicate

rows in SQL, use the DISTINCT keyword when selecting data from a
table.

6. How can I handle missing data in SQL? To handle missing data

in SQL, you can use NULL values to represent missing data and filter
out rows with missing data using the IS NULL or IS NOT NULL

operators. Additionally, you can set default values for columns during
table creation, which will be used when no value is provided during
data insertion or update.

7. How can I validate data and enforce constraints in SQL? To

validate data and enforce constraints in SQL, you can use CHECK
constraints to ensure that data in a column meets a specific condition,
UNIQUE constraints to ensure that all values in a column are unique,
and FOREIGN KEY constraints to maintain referential integrity
between two tables.

8. Can I clean and transform data using SQL functions? Yes,

you can clean and transform data using various SQL functions, such as

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TRIM, UPPER, LOWER, REPLACE, and others, to modify and

standardize data in your database.

9. How can I improve the performance of data cleaning

operations in SQL? To improve the performance of data cleaning
operations in SQL, consider the following tips:

Break large tasks into smaller, manageable tasks.

Use indexes to speed up query performance.

Perform data cleaning operations during periods of low database

usage.

Optimize your SQL queries and functions for better performance.

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🐼 Derived from the Latin word "pan," which means "all" or "every," I have embarked on a
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