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Module 7 - SQL Basics

This document covers the fundamentals of SQL, including its purpose, syntax, and basic commands used for data retrieval and manipulation in relational databases. It explains the different types of SQL commands such as DML, DDL, and DCL, and provides examples of SQL SELECT statements for querying data. Additionally, it outlines various selection criteria and operators used in SQL queries.

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igcasan.jc07
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
6 views

Module 7 - SQL Basics

This document covers the fundamentals of SQL, including its purpose, syntax, and basic commands used for data retrieval and manipulation in relational databases. It explains the different types of SQL commands such as DML, DDL, and DCL, and provides examples of SQL SELECT statements for querying data. Additionally, it outlines various selection criteria and operators used in SQL queries.

Uploaded by

igcasan.jc07
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Fundamentals of Database Systems

1
Database and Database Users

Module 7 SQL Basics

Course Learning Outcomes:


1. Understand what SQL is
2. Learn what does SQL do
3. Learn how to write SQL SELECT statement to retrieve data

Overview

Structured Query Language or also known as SQL is used to retrieve data from
relational databases. We will learn the basic syntax and simple queries.

SQL

Structured Query Language is a command use by relational database management


system to perform database operations.

SQL Facts
• The command language used is like an English language.
• It is NOT Case sensitive
• It’s not a Programming Language

What does SQL do

DML – Data Manipulation Language


• Used to retrive data and manipulate data
• Retrieve data using database queries
• Manipulate data using commands: insert, update and delete

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DDL – Data Definition Language
• Used to define and modify data structures
• Schema: databases, tables, views and many more

DCL – Data Control Language


• Used to control data access
• Use the command: Permissions, etc.

Database Queries

Query – is a command used or a request for information from a database.

SELECT statements - used to retrieve data from database.

SQL SELECT basics


• Defining selection criteria
• Sorting
• Table join

General Syntax of SELECT:

SELECT [ Column(s), or other expression]


FROM [Table(s)]
[WHERE …]
[ORDER BY …]

1. SELECT Columns

Syntax
SELECT *
FROM Tablename

“NOTE: asterisk (*) means all or a list of columns”


Fundamentals of Database Systems
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Database and Database Users

Select Columns Example

SELECT *
FROM Products;

SELECT ProductName, ProductPrice


FROM Products;

Column Qualifier and Alias

Use qualifiers if there is ambiguity when distinguishing a column.

SELECT Products.ProductName, Products.ProductPrice


FROM Products;

Use ALIAS to give column another name

SELECT ProductPrice * Quantity AS Total


FROM Order Details;
NOTE: Use the word “AS” for aliasing.

2. SELECT Rows

We use the word “WHERE” to specify selection criteria


We also need to use the different comparison operators
• = (Equal)
• > (Greater than)
• < (Less than)
• >= (Greater than or equal to)
• <= (Less than or equal to)
• ! = (Not equal)

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Select Rows Examples

SELECT *
FROM Products
WHERE Price = 18;

SELECT BookTitle, ListPrice


FROM Products
WHERE Price < 20;

Comparing with Constants

2.2 IN and BETWEEN

IN: Equals to any value in the list

SELECT *
FROM Products
WHERE Price IN (11, 12, 15);
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Database and Database Users

BETWEEN min AND max: any value falls in the range, inclusive

SELECT *
FROM Products
WHERE Price BETWEEN 15 and 20;

2.3 String Pattern Match: LIKE

LIKE: Keyword Match


• _ (underscore): use to match one single character
• % (percentage) use to match any multiple characters

SELECT *
FROM Products
WHERE ProductName LIKE ‘%tofu%;

2.4 IS NULL

NULL means missing value

SELECT *
FROM Orders
WHERE PostalCode IS NULL;

SELECT *
FROM Orders
WHERE PostalCode IS NOT NULL;

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2.5 NOT

Reversal Criteria
Use the word “NOT”

SELECT *
FROM Products
WHERE NOT Price > 20.

References and Supplementary Materials


Books and Journals
1. Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe; 2016; Fundamentals of Database Systems;
USA; Pearson
2. Dr. Kashif Qureshi; 2018; Advanced concepts of information technology; educreation
publishing; India.
Online Supplementary Reading Materials
1. RelationalDBDesing; https://www.relationaldbdesign.com/basic-sql/module3/intro-
relational-databases.php; March 31, 2020
2. Advantages of Database Management System;
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/Advantages-of-Database-Management-System;
March 31, 2020
3. DesigningandManagingData;
https://www.academia.edu/36712448/Entity_Relationship_Diagram_ERD_Basics_CIS
_3730_Designing_and_Managing_Data; April 01, 2020
4. DesigningandManagingData; http://jackzheng.net/teaching/archive/cis3730-2010-
fall/; April 03,2020
Online Instructional Videos
1. Introduction to Database; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8e-
wgQnsFxE&list=PLJ5C_6qdAvBHKccG0ZyOxcf_2YO6r4Q4l; March 21, 2020
2. Three levels of Architecture/DBMS;
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j6xh8wKfjkY; April 01,2020
3. Relational Data Model; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TsSf1Z3g0Kk; Arpil 06,
2020.
4. Basic Concept of Database Normalization;
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xoTyrdT9SZI; April 08, 2020
5. SQL Basics; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zbMHLJ0dY4w; April 10, 2020
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Database and Database Users

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