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java script 2

JavaScript is a lightweight, interpreted programming language essential for web development, enabling the creation of dynamic and interactive web pages. It is widely used for both front-end and back-end development, supported by numerous frameworks and libraries, and offers significant job opportunities due to high demand. The document also discusses JavaScript's syntax, advantages, limitations, and how to enable it in various web browsers.

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Taiyaba Khan
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
2 views

java script 2

JavaScript is a lightweight, interpreted programming language essential for web development, enabling the creation of dynamic and interactive web pages. It is widely used for both front-end and back-end development, supported by numerous frameworks and libraries, and offers significant job opportunities due to high demand. The document also discusses JavaScript's syntax, advantages, limitations, and how to enable it in various web browsers.

Uploaded by

Taiyaba Khan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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JavaScript is a lightweight, interpreted programming language.

It is designed for
creating network-centric applications. It is complimentary to and integrated with
Java. JavaScript is very easy to implement because it is integrated with HTML. It is open
and cross-platform.

Why to Learn Javascript


Javascript is a MUST for students and working professionals to become a great Software
Engineer specially when they are working in Web Development Domain. I will list down
some of the key advantages of learning Javascript:
• Javascript is the most popular programming language in the world and that
makes it a programmer’s great choice. Once you learnt Javascript, it helps you
developing great front-end as well as back-end softwares using different Javascript
based frameworks like jQuery, Node.JS etc.
• Javascript is everywhere, it comes installed on every modern web browser and so
to learn Javascript you really do not need any special environment setup. For
example Chrome, Mozilla Firefox , Safari and every browser you know as of today,
supports Javascript.
• Javascript helps you create really beautiful and crazy fast websites. You can
develop your website with a console like look and feel and give your users the best
Graphical User Experience.
• JavaScript usage has now extended to mobile app development, desktop app
development, and game development. This opens many opportunities for you as
Javascript Programmer.
• Due to high demand, there is tons of job growth and high pay for those who know
JavaScript. You can navigate over to different job sites to see what having
JavaScript skills looks like in the job market.
• Great thing about Javascript is that you will find tons of frameworks and Libraries
already developed which can be used directly in your software development to
reduce your time to market.
There could be 1000s of good reasons to learn Javascript Programming. But one thing
for sure, to learn any programming language, not only Javascript, you just need to code,
and code and finally code until you become expert.

Hello World using Javascript


Just to give you a little excitement about Javascript programming, I'm going to give you
a small conventional Javascript Hello World program, You can try it using Demo link
Live Demo
<html>
<body>
<script language = "javascript" type = "text/javascript">
<!--
document.write("Hello World!")
//-->
</script>
</body>
</html>
There are many useful Javascript frameworks and libraries available:
• Angular
• React
• jQuery
• Vue.js
• Ext.js
• Ember.js
• Meteor
• Mithril
• Node.js
• Polymer
• Aurelia
• Backbone.js
It is really impossible to give a complete list of all the available Javascript frameworks and
libraries. The Javascript world is just too large and too much new is happening.

Applications of Javascript Programming


As mentioned before, Javascript is one of the most widely used programming
languages (Front-end as well as Back-end). It has it's presence in almost every area of
software development. I'm going to list few of them here:
• Client side validation - This is really important to verify any user input before
submitting it to the server and Javascript plays an important role in validting those
inputs at front-end itself.
• Manipulating HTML Pages - Javascript helps in manipulating HTML page on the
fly. This helps in adding and deleting any HTML tag very easily using javascript and
modify your HTML to change its look and feel based on different devices and
requirements.
• User Notifications - You can use Javascript to raise dynamic pop-ups on the
webpages to give different types of notifications to your website visitors.
• Back-end Data Loading - Javascript provides Ajax library which helps in loading
back-end data while you are doing some other processing. This really gives an
amazing experience to your website visitors.
• Presentations - JavaScript also provides the facility of creating presentations
which gives website look and feel. JavaScript provides RevealJS and BespokeJS
libraries to build a web-based slide presentations.
• Server Applications - Node JS is built on Chrome's Javascript runtime for building
fast and scalable network applications. This is an event based library which helps
in developing very sophisticated server applications including Web Servers.
What is JavaScript ?
JavaScript is a dynamic computer programming language. It is lightweight and most
commonly used as a part of web pages, whose implementations allow client-side script
to interact with the user and make dynamic pages. It is an interpreted programming
language with object-oriented capabilities.
JavaScript was first known as LiveScript, but Netscape changed its name to JavaScript,
possibly because of the excitement being generated by Java. JavaScript made its first
appearance in Netscape 2.0 in 1995 with the name LiveScript. The general-purpose core
of the language has been embedded in Netscape, Internet Explorer, and other web
browsers.
The ECMA-262 Specification defined a standard version of the core JavaScript language.

• JavaScript is a lightweight, interpreted programming language.


• Designed for creating network-centric applications.
• Complementary to and integrated with Java.
• Complementary to and integrated with HTML.
• Open and cross-platform

Client-Side JavaScript
Client-side JavaScript is the most common form of the language. The script should be
included in or referenced by an HTML document for the code to be interpreted by the
browser.
It means that a web page need not be a static HTML, but can include programs that
interact with the user, control the browser, and dynamically create HTML content.
The JavaScript client-side mechanism provides many advantages over traditional CGI
server-side scripts. For example, you might use JavaScript to check if the user has
entered a valid e-mail address in a form field.
The JavaScript code is executed when the user submits the form, and only if all the entries
are valid, they would be submitted to the Web Server.
JavaScript can be used to trap user-initiated events such as button clicks, link navigation,
and other actions that the user initiates explicitly or implicitly.

Advantages of JavaScript
The merits of using JavaScript are −
• Less server interaction − You can validate user input before sending the page off
to the server. This saves server traffic, which means less load on your server.
• Immediate feedback to the visitors − They don't have to wait for a page reload
to see if they have forgotten to enter something.
• Increased interactivity − You can create interfaces that react when the user
hovers over them with a mouse or activates them via the keyboard.
• Richer interfaces − You can use JavaScript to include such items as drag-and-
drop components and sliders to give a Rich Interface to your site visitors.

Limitations of JavaScript
We cannot treat JavaScript as a full-fledged programming language. It lacks the following
important features −
• Client-side JavaScript does not allow the reading or writing of files. This has been
kept for security reason.
• JavaScript cannot be used for networking applications because there is no such
support available.
• JavaScript doesn't have any multi-threading or multiprocessor capabilities.
Once again, JavaScript is a lightweight, interpreted programming language that allows
you to build interactivity into otherwise static HTML pages.

JavaScript Development Tools


One of major strengths of JavaScript is that it does not require expensive development
tools. You can start with a simple text editor such as Notepad. Since it is an interpreted
language inside the context of a web browser, you don't even need to buy a compiler.
To make our life simpler, various vendors have come up with very nice JavaScript editing
tools. Some of them are listed here −
• Microsoft FrontPage − Microsoft has developed a popular HTML editor called
FrontPage. FrontPage also provides web developers with a number of JavaScript
tools to assist in the creation of interactive websites.
• Macromedia Dreamweaver MX − Macromedia Dreamweaver MX is a very
popular HTML and JavaScript editor in the professional web development crowd.
It provides several handy prebuilt JavaScript components, integrates well with
databases, and conforms to new standards such as XHTML and XML.
• Macromedia HomeSite 5 − HomeSite 5 is a well-liked HTML and JavaScript editor
from Macromedia that can be used to manage personal websites effectively.
Where is JavaScript Today ?
The ECMAScript Edition 5 standard will be the first update to be released in over four
years. JavaScript 2.0 conforms to Edition 5 of the ECMAScript standard, and the
difference between the two is extremely minor.
The specification for JavaScript 2.0 can be found on the following
site: http://www.ecmascript.org/
Today, Netscape's JavaScript and Microsoft's JScript conform to the ECMAScript
standard, although both the languages still support the features that are not a part of the
standard.

JavaScript - Syntax
JavaScript can be implemented using JavaScript statements that are placed within
the <script>... </script> HTML tags in a web page.
You can place the <script> tags, containing your JavaScript, anywhere within your web
page, but it is normally recommended that you should keep it within the <head> tags.
The <script> tag alerts the browser program to start interpreting all the text between these
tags as a script. A simple syntax of your JavaScript will appear as follows.
<script ...>
JavaScript code
</script>
The script tag takes two important attributes −
• Language − This attribute specifies what scripting language you are using.
Typically, its value will be javascript. Although recent versions of HTML (and
XHTML, its successor) have phased out the use of this attribute.
• Type − This attribute is what is now recommended to indicate the scripting
language in use and its value should be set to "text/javascript".
So your JavaScript segment will look like −
<script language = "javascript" type = "text/javascript">
JavaScript code
</script>

Your First JavaScript Code


Let us take a sample example to print out "Hello World". We added an optional HTML
comment that surrounds our JavaScript code. This is to save our code from a browser
that does not support JavaScript. The comment ends with a "//-->". Here "//" signifies a
comment in JavaScript, so we add that to prevent a browser from reading the end of the
HTML comment as a piece of JavaScript code. Next, we call a
function document.write which writes a string into our HTML document.
This function can be used to write text, HTML, or both. Take a look at the following code.
Live Demo

<html>
<body>
<script language = "javascript" type = "text/javascript">
<!--
document.write("Hello World!")
//-->
</script>
</body>
</html>
This code will produce the following result −
Hello World!

Whitespace and Line Breaks


JavaScript ignores spaces, tabs, and newlines that appear in JavaScript programs. You
can use spaces, tabs, and newlines freely in your program and you are free to format and
indent your programs in a neat and consistent way that makes the code easy to read and
understand.

Semicolons are Optional


Simple statements in JavaScript are generally followed by a semicolon character, just as
they are in C, C++, and Java. JavaScript, however, allows you to omit this semicolon if
each of your statements are placed on a separate line. For example, the following code
could be written without semicolons.
<script language = "javascript" type = "text/javascript">
<!--
var1 = 10
var2 = 20
//-->
</script>
But when formatted in a single line as follows, you must use semicolons −
<script language = "javascript" type = "text/javascript">
<!--
var1 = 10; var2 = 20;
//-->
</script>
Note − It is a good programming practice to use semicolons.

Case Sensitivity
JavaScript is a case-sensitive language. This means that the language keywords,
variables, function names, and any other identifiers must always be typed with a
consistent capitalization of letters.
So the identifiers Time and TIME will convey different meanings in JavaScript.
NOTE − Care should be taken while writing variable and function names in JavaScript.

Comments in JavaScript
JavaScript supports both C-style and C++-style comments, Thus −
• Any text between a // and the end of a line is treated as a comment and is ignored
by JavaScript.
• Any text between the characters /* and */ is treated as a comment. This may span
multiple lines.
• JavaScript also recognizes the HTML comment opening sequence <!--. JavaScript
treats this as a single-line comment, just as it does the // comment.
• The HTML comment closing sequence --> is not recognized by JavaScript so it
should be written as //-->.
Example
The following example shows how to use comments in JavaScript.
<script language = "javascript" type = "text/javascript">
<!--
// This is a comment. It is similar to comments in C++

/*
* This is a multi-line comment in JavaScript
* It is very similar to comments in C Programming
*/
//-->
</script>

All the modern browsers come with built-in support for JavaScript. Frequently, you may
need to enable or disable this support manually. This chapter explains the procedure of
enabling and disabling JavaScript support in your browsers: Internet Explorer, Firefox,
chrome, and Opera.
JavaScript in Internet Explorer
Here are simple steps to turn on or turn off JavaScript in your Internet Explorer −
• Follow Tools → Internet Options from the menu.
• Select Security tab from the dialog box.
• Click the Custom Level button.
• Scroll down till you find Scripting option.
• Select Enable radio button under Active scripting.
• Finally click OK and come out
To disable JavaScript support in your Internet Explorer, you need to select Disable radio
button under Active scripting.

JavaScript in Firefox
Here are the steps to turn on or turn off JavaScript in Firefox −
• Open a new tab → type about: config in the address bar.
• Then you will find the warning dialog. Select I’ll be careful, I promise!
• Then you will find the list of configure options in the browser.
• In the search bar, type javascript.enabled.
• There you will find the option to enable or disable javascript by right-clicking on the
value of that option → select toggle.
If javascript.enabled is true; it converts to false upon clicking toogle. If javascript is
disabled; it gets enabled upon clicking toggle.

JavaScript in Chrome
Here are the steps to turn on or turn off JavaScript in Chrome −
• Click the Chrome menu at the top right hand corner of your browser.
• Select Settings.
• Click Show advanced settings at the end of the page.
• Under the Privacy section, click the Content settings button.
• In the "Javascript" section, select "Do not allow any site to run JavaScript" or "Allow
all sites to run JavaScript (recommended)".

JavaScript in Opera
Here are the steps to turn on or turn off JavaScript in Opera −
• Follow Tools → Preferences from the menu.
• Select Advanced option from the dialog box.
• Select Content from the listed items.
• Select Enable JavaScript checkbox.
• Finally click OK and come out.
To disable JavaScript support in your Opera, you should not select the Enable
JavaScript checkbox.

Warning for Non-JavaScript Browsers


If you have to do something important using JavaScript, then you can display a warning
message to the user using <noscript> tags.
You can add a noscript block immediately after the script block as follows −
<html>
<body>
<script language = "javascript" type = "text/javascript">
<!--
document.write("Hello World!")
//-->
</script>

<noscript>
Sorry...JavaScript is needed to go ahead.
</noscript>
</body>
</html>
Now, if the user's browser does not support JavaScript or JavaScript is not enabled, then
the message from </noscript> will be displayed on the screen.

JavaScript - Placement in HTML File

There is a flexibility given to include JavaScript code anywhere in an HTML document.


However the most preferred ways to include JavaScript in an HTML file are as follows −
• Script in <head>...</head> section.
• Script in <body>...</body> section.
• Script in <body>...</body> and <head>...</head> sections.
• Script in an external file and then include in <head>...</head> section.
In the following section, we will see how we can place JavaScript in an HTML file in
different ways.

JavaScript in <head>...</head> section


If you want to have a script run on some event, such as when a user clicks somewhere,
then you will place that script in the head as follows −
Live Demo

<html>
<head>
<script type = "text/javascript">
<!--
function sayHello() {
alert("Hello World")
}
//-->
</script>
</head>

<body>
<input type = "button" onclick = "sayHello()" value = "Say Hello" />
</body>
</html>
This code will produce the following results −

JavaScript in <body>...</body> section


If you need a script to run as the page loads so that the script generates content in the
page, then the script goes in the <body> portion of the document. In this case, you would
not have any function defined using JavaScript. Take a look at the following code.
Live Demo

<html>
<head>
</head>

<body>
<script type = "text/javascript">
<!--
document.write("Hello World")
//-->
</script>

<p>This is web page body </p>


</body>
</html>
This code will produce the following results −

JavaScript in <body> and <head> Sections


You can put your JavaScript code in <head> and <body> section altogether as follows −
Live Demo

<html>
<head>
<script type = "text/javascript">
<!--
function sayHello() {
alert("Hello World")
}
//-->
</script>
</head>

<body>
<script type = "text/javascript">
<!--
document.write("Hello World")
//-->
</script>

<input type = "button" onclick = "sayHello()" value = "Say Hello" />


</body>
</html>
This code will produce the following result −

JavaScript in External File


As you begin to work more extensively with JavaScript, you will be likely to find that there
are cases where you are reusing identical JavaScript code on multiple pages of a site.
You are not restricted to be maintaining identical code in multiple HTML files.
The script tag provides a mechanism to allow you to store JavaScript in an external file
and then include it into your HTML files.
Here is an example to show how you can include an external JavaScript file in your HTML
code using script tag and its src attribute.
<html>
<head>
<script type = "text/javascript" src = "filename.js" ></script>
</head>

<body>
.......
</body>
</html>
To use JavaScript from an external file source, you need to write all your JavaScript
source code in a simple text file with the extension ".js" and then include that file as shown
above.
For example, you can keep the following content in filename.js file and then you can
use sayHello function in your HTML file after including the filename.js file.
function sayHello() {
alert("Hello World")
}

JavaScript Datatypes
One of the most fundamental characteristics of a programming language is the set of data
types it supports. These are the type of values that can be represented and manipulated
in a programming language.
JavaScript allows you to work with three primitive data types −
• Numbers, eg. 123, 120.50 etc.
• Strings of text e.g. "This text string" etc.
• Boolean e.g. true or false.
JavaScript also defines two trivial data types, null and undefined, each of which defines
only a single value. In addition to these primitive data types, JavaScript supports a
composite data type known as object. We will cover objects in detail in a separate
chapter.
Note − JavaScript does not make a distinction between integer values and floating-point
values. All numbers in JavaScript are represented as floating-point values. JavaScript
represents numbers using the 64-bit floating-point format defined by the IEEE 754
standard.

JavaScript Variables
Like many other programming languages, JavaScript has variables. Variables can be
thought of as named containers. You can place data into these containers and then refer
to the data simply by naming the container.
Before you use a variable in a JavaScript program, you must declare it. Variables are
declared with the var keyword as follows.
<script type = "text/javascript">
<!--
var money;
var name;
//-->
</script>
You can also declare multiple variables with the same var keyword as follows −
<script type = "text/javascript">
<!--
var money, name;
//-->
</script>
Storing a value in a variable is called variable initialization. You can do variable
initialization at the time of variable creation or at a later point in time when you need that
variable.
For instance, you might create a variable named money and assign the value 2000.50 to
it later. For another variable, you can assign a value at the time of initialization as follows.
<script type = "text/javascript">
<!--
var name = "Ali";
var money;
money = 2000.50;
//-->
</script>
Note − Use the var keyword only for declaration or initialization, once for the life of any
variable name in a document. You should not re-declare same variable twice.
JavaScript is untyped language. This means that a JavaScript variable can hold a value
of any data type. Unlike many other languages, you don't have to tell JavaScript during
variable declaration what type of value the variable will hold. The value type of a variable
can change during the execution of a program and JavaScript takes care of it
automatically.

JavaScript Variable Scope


The scope of a variable is the region of your program in which it is defined. JavaScript
variables have only two scopes.
• Global Variables − A global variable has global scope which means it can be
defined anywhere in your JavaScript code.
• Local Variables − A local variable will be visible only within a function where it is
defined. Function parameters are always local to that function.
Within the body of a function, a local variable takes precedence over a global variable
with the same name. If you declare a local variable or function parameter with the same
name as a global variable, you effectively hide the global variable. Take a look into the
following example.
Live Demo
<html>
<body onload = checkscope();>
<script type = "text/javascript">
<!--
var myVar = "global"; // Declare a global variable
function checkscope( ) {
var myVar = "local"; // Declare a local variable
document.write(myVar);
}
//-->
</script>
</body>
</html>
This produces the following result −
local

JavaScript Variable Names


While naming your variables in JavaScript, keep the following rules in mind.
• You should not use any of the JavaScript reserved keywords as a variable name.
These keywords are mentioned in the next section. For
example, break or boolean variable names are not valid.
• JavaScript variable names should not start with a numeral (0-9). They must begin
with a letter or an underscore character. For example, 123test is an invalid variable
name but _123test is a valid one.
• JavaScript variable names are case-sensitive. For example, Name and name are
two different variables.

JavaScript Reserved Words


A list of all the reserved words in JavaScript are given in the following table. They cannot
be used as JavaScript variables, functions, methods, loop labels, or any object names.

abstract else instanceof switch

boolean enum int synchronized

break export interface this

byte extends long throw


case false native throws

catch final new transient

char finally null true

class float package try

const for private typeof

continue function protected var

debugger goto public void

default if return volatile

delete implements short while

do import static with

double in super

What is an Operator?
Let us take a simple expression 4 + 5 is equal to 9. Here 4 and 5 are
called operands and ‘+’ is called the operator. JavaScript supports the following types
of operators.

• Arithmetic Operators
• Comparison Operators
• Logical (or Relational) Operators
• Assignment Operators
• Conditional (or ternary) Operators
Lets have a look on all operators one by one.
Arithmetic Operators
JavaScript supports the following arithmetic operators −
Assume variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20, then −

Sr.No. Operator & Description

1
+ (Addition)
Adds two operands
Ex: A + B will give 30

2
- (Subtraction)
Subtracts the second operand from the first
Ex: A - B will give -10

3
* (Multiplication)
Multiply both operands
Ex: A * B will give 200

4
/ (Division)
Divide the numerator by the denominator
Ex: B / A will give 2

5
% (Modulus)
Outputs the remainder of an integer division
Ex: B % A will give 0

6
++ (Increment)
Increases an integer value by one
Ex: A++ will give 11

7
-- (Decrement)
Decreases an integer value by one
Ex: A-- will give 9

Note − Addition operator (+) works for Numeric as well as Strings. e.g. "a" + 10 will give
"a10".
Example
The following code shows how to use arithmetic operators in JavaScript.
Live Demo

<html>
<body>

<script type = "text/javascript">


<!--
var a = 33;
var b = 10;
var c = "Test";
var linebreak = "<br />";

document.write("a + b = ");
result = a + b;
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("a - b = ");
result = a - b;
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("a / b = ");
result = a / b;
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("a % b = ");
result = a % b;
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("a + b + c = ");
result = a + b + c;
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);
a = ++a;
document.write("++a = ");
result = ++a;
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

b = --b;
document.write("--b = ");
result = --b;
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);
//-->
</script>

Set the variables to different values and then try...


</body>
</html>
Output
a + b = 43
a - b = 23
a / b = 3.3
a%b=3
a + b + c = 43Test
++a = 35
--b = 8
Set the variables to different values and then try...

Comparison Operators
JavaScript supports the following comparison operators −
Assume variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20, then −

Sr.No. Operator & Description

1
= = (Equal)
Checks if the value of two operands are equal or not, if yes, then the condition
becomes true.
Ex: (A == B) is not true.

2
!= (Not Equal)
Checks if the value of two operands are equal or not, if the values are not equal,
then the condition becomes true.
Ex: (A != B) is true.

3
> (Greater than)
Checks if the value of the left operand is greater than the value of the right
operand, if yes, then the condition becomes true.
Ex: (A > B) is not true.

4
< (Less than)
Checks if the value of the left operand is less than the value of the right operand,
if yes, then the condition becomes true.
Ex: (A < B) is true.

5
>= (Greater than or Equal to)
Checks if the value of the left operand is greater than or equal to the value of the
right operand, if yes, then the condition becomes true.
Ex: (A >= B) is not true.

6
<= (Less than or Equal to)
Checks if the value of the left operand is less than or equal to the value of the
right operand, if yes, then the condition becomes true.
Ex: (A <= B) is true.

Example
The following code shows how to use comparison operators in JavaScript.
Live Demo

<html>
<body>
<script type = "text/javascript">
<!--
var a = 10;
var b = 20;
var linebreak = "<br />";
document.write("(a == b) => ");
result = (a == b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("(a < b) => ");


result = (a < b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("(a > b) => ");


result = (a > b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("(a != b) => ");


result = (a != b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("(a >= b) => ");


result = (a >= b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("(a <= b) => ");


result = (a <= b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);
//-->
</script>
Set the variables to different values and different operators and then try...
</body>
</html>
Output
(a == b) => false
(a < b) => true
(a > b) => false
(a != b) => true
(a >= b) => false
a <= b) => true
Set the variables to different values and different operators and then try...

Logical Operators
JavaScript supports the following logical operators −
Assume variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20, then −

Sr.No. Operator & Description

1
&& (Logical AND)
If both the operands are non-zero, then the condition becomes true.
Ex: (A && B) is true.

2
|| (Logical OR)
If any of the two operands are non-zero, then the condition becomes true.
Ex: (A || B) is true.

3
! (Logical NOT)
Reverses the logical state of its operand. If a condition is true, then the Logical
NOT operator will make it false.
Ex: ! (A && B) is false.

Example
Try the following code to learn how to implement Logical Operators in JavaScript.
Live Demo

<html>
<body>
<script type = "text/javascript">
<!--
var a = true;
var b = false;
var linebreak = "<br />";

document.write("(a && b) => ");


result = (a && b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("(a || b) => ");


result = (a || b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);
document.write("!(a && b) => ");
result = (!(a && b));
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);
//-->
</script>
<p>Set the variables to different values and different operators and then try...</p>
</body>
</html>
Output
(a && b) => false
(a || b) => true
!(a && b) => true
Set the variables to different values and different operators and then try...

Bitwise Operators
JavaScript supports the following bitwise operators −
Assume variable A holds 2 and variable B holds 3, then −

Sr.No. Operator & Description

1
& (Bitwise AND)
It performs a Boolean AND operation on each bit of its integer arguments.
Ex: (A & B) is 2.

2
| (BitWise OR)
It performs a Boolean OR operation on each bit of its integer arguments.
Ex: (A | B) is 3.

3
^ (Bitwise XOR)
It performs a Boolean exclusive OR operation on each bit of its integer
arguments. Exclusive OR means that either operand one is true or operand two
is true, but not both.
Ex: (A ^ B) is 1.

4
~ (Bitwise Not)
It is a unary operator and operates by reversing all the bits in the operand.
Ex: (~B) is -4.

5
<< (Left Shift)
It moves all the bits in its first operand to the left by the number of places specified
in the second operand. New bits are filled with zeros. Shifting a value left by one
position is equivalent to multiplying it by 2, shifting two positions is equivalent to
multiplying by 4, and so on.
Ex: (A << 1) is 4.

6
>> (Right Shift)
Binary Right Shift Operator. The left operand’s value is moved right by the
number of bits specified by the right operand.
Ex: (A >> 1) is 1.

7
>>> (Right shift with Zero)
This operator is just like the >> operator, except that the bits shifted in on the left
are always zero.
Ex: (A >>> 1) is 1.

Example
Try the following code to implement Bitwise operator in JavaScript.
Live Demo

<html>
<body>
<script type = "text/javascript">
<!--
var a = 2; // Bit presentation 10
var b = 3; // Bit presentation 11
var linebreak = "<br />";

document.write("(a & b) => ");


result = (a & b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("(a | b) => ");


result = (a | b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("(a ^ b) => ");


result = (a ^ b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("(~b) => ");


result = (~b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("(a << b) => ");


result = (a << b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("(a >> b) => ");


result = (a >> b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);
//-->
</script>
<p>Set the variables to different values and different operators and then try...</p>
</body>
</html>
(a & b) => 2
(a | b) => 3
(a ^ b) => 1
(~b) => -4
(a << b) => 16
(a >> b) => 0
Set the variables to different values and different operators and then try...

Assignment Operators
JavaScript supports the following assignment operators −

Sr.No. Operator & Description

1
= (Simple Assignment )
Assigns values from the right side operand to the left side operand
Ex: C = A + B will assign the value of A + B into C

2
+= (Add and Assignment)
It adds the right operand to the left operand and assigns the result to the left
operand.
Ex: C += A is equivalent to C = C + A

3
−= (Subtract and Assignment)
It subtracts the right operand from the left operand and assigns the result to the
left operand.
Ex: C -= A is equivalent to C = C - A

4
*= (Multiply and Assignment)
It multiplies the right operand with the left operand and assigns the result to the
left operand.
Ex: C *= A is equivalent to C = C * A

5
/= (Divide and Assignment)
It divides the left operand with the right operand and assigns the result to the left
operand.
Ex: C /= A is equivalent to C = C / A

6
%= (Modules and Assignment)
It takes modulus using two operands and assigns the result to the left operand.
Ex: C %= A is equivalent to C = C % A

Note − Same logic applies to Bitwise operators so they will become like <<=, >>=, >>=,
&=, |= and ^=.
Example
Try the following code to implement assignment operator in JavaScript.
Live Demo

<html>
<body>
<script type = "text/javascript">
<!--
var a = 33;
var b = 10;
var linebreak = "<br />";

document.write("Value of a => (a = b) => ");


result = (a = b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("Value of a => (a += b) => ");


result = (a += b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("Value of a => (a -= b) => ");


result = (a -= b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("Value of a => (a *= b) => ");


result = (a *= b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("Value of a => (a /= b) => ");


result = (a /= b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("Value of a => (a %= b) => ");


result = (a %= b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);
//-->
</script>
<p>Set the variables to different values and different operators and then try...</p>
</body>
</html>
Output
Value of a => (a = b) => 10
Value of a => (a += b) => 20
Value of a => (a -= b) => 10
Value of a => (a *= b) => 100
Value of a => (a /= b) => 10
Value of a => (a %= b) => 0
Set the variables to different values and different operators and then try...

Miscellaneous Operator
We will discuss two operators here that are quite useful in JavaScript: the conditional
operator (? :) and the typeof operator.
Conditional Operator (? :)
The conditional operator first evaluates an expression for a true or false value and then
executes one of the two given statements depending upon the result of the evaluation.

Sr.No. Operator and Description

1
? : (Conditional )
If Condition is true? Then value X : Otherwise value Y

Example
Try the following code to understand how the Conditional Operator works in JavaScript.
Live Demo

<html>
<body>
<script type = "text/javascript">
<!--
var a = 10;
var b = 20;
var linebreak = "<br />";

document.write ("((a > b) ? 100 : 200) => ");


result = (a > b) ? 100 : 200;
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write ("((a < b) ? 100 : 200) => ");


result = (a < b) ? 100 : 200;
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);
//-->
</script>
<p>Set the variables to different values and different operators and then try...</p>
</body>
</html>
Output
((a > b) ? 100 : 200) => 200
((a < b) ? 100 : 200) => 100
Set the variables to different values and different operators and then try...

typeof Operator
The typeof operator is a unary operator that is placed before its single operand, which
can be of any type. Its value is a string indicating the data type of the operand.
The typeof operator evaluates to "number", "string", or "boolean" if its operand is a
number, string, or boolean value and returns true or false based on the evaluation.
Here is a list of the return values for the typeof Operator.

Type String Returned by typeof

Number "number"

String "string"

Boolean "boolean"

Object "object"

Function "function"

Undefined "undefined"

Null "object"

Example
The following code shows how to implement typeof operator.
Live Demo

<html>
<body>
<script type = "text/javascript">
<!--
var a = 10;
var b = "String";
var linebreak = "<br />";

result = (typeof b == "string" ? "B is String" : "B is Numeric");


document.write("Result => ");
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

result = (typeof a == "string" ? "A is String" : "A is Numeric");


document.write("Result => ");
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);
//-->
</script>
<p>Set the variables to different values and different operators and then try...</p>
</body>
</html>
Output
Result => B is String
Result => A is Numeric
Set the variables to different values and different operators and then try...

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