2.

LEARN ALL THE BASICS OF R PROGRAMMING (Data Types,

variables, operators, control statements)

A.PROGRAM:

int_vector<-c(1,2,3,4,5)

print("Integer vector:")

print(int_vector)

char_vector<-c("apple","banana","Cherry")

print('character vector:')

print(char_vector)

my_list<-list(int_vector,char_vector,3.14,TRUE)

print("list:")

print(my_list)

print("Second element of the list(char_vector):")

print(my_list[[2]])

data<-data.frame(

Name=c("john","mary","steve"),

Age=c(23,25,30),

Score=c(88.5,91.3,85.0)

print("Data Frame:")
print(data)

print("Accessing the 'Name'column of the data frame:")

print(data$Name)

my_matrix<-matrix(1:6,nrow=2,ncol=3)

print("matrix:")

print(my_matrix)

print("Element at row1,column2 of the matrix:")

print(my_matrix[1,2])

sum_vector<-sum(int_vector)

print("sum of the integer vector:")

print(sum_vector)

matrix_transpose<-t(my_matrix)

print("Transpose of matrix:")

print(matrix_transpose)

data$city<-c("New york","Los angeles","chicago")

print("updated data frame with 'city' column:")

print(data)

R-OPERATORS:

A<-matrix(c(1,2,5,7,2,4,6,8),nrow=4,ncol=2)

B<-matrix(c(9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16),nrow=2,ncol=4)

cat("matrix A:\n")

print(A)

cat("\n matrix B:\n")

print(B)

cat("\n matrix Multiplication of A and B(%*%):\n")

result_matrix_multiply<-A%*%B

print(result_matrix_multiply)

df<-data.frame(

ID=c(1,2,3,4,5),

Age=c(25,30,22,35,28),

Salary=c(50000,60000,45000,70000,52000),

Department=c("HR","IT","Finance","IT","HR")

cat("\n Data Frame:\n")

print(df)

filtered_data<-df[df$Age>=30&df$salary>=50000,]

cat("\n filtered Data(Age>=30 and salaRY>=55000):\n")

print(filtered_data)

is_high_salary<-df$salary>55000

is_in_IT<-df$Department=="IT"

cat("\n Salary>55000(high salary):\n")

print(is_high_salary)

cat("\n Department is IT:\n")

print(is_in_IT)

cat("\n High salary AND in IT Department:\n")

print(is_high_salary&is_in_IT)
cat("\n High salary OR in IT Department:\n")

print(is_high_salary|is_in_IT)

vector1<-c(5,10,15,20)

vector2<-c(2,4,6,8)

cat("\n Element-wise Addition of vectors:\n")

print(vector1+vector2)

cat("\n Element-wise multiplication of vectors:\n")

print(vector1*vector2)

cat("\n Advanced sequence generation and modulus operations:\n")

for (i in 1:15){

seq_val<-i*3

modulus_val<-seq_val%%4

cat("multiple of 3:",seq_val,",modulus with 4:",modulus_val,"\n")

x<-5

y<-10

z<-20

cat("\n Assignment with nested Expressions:\n")

result<-(x<-x+2)*(y<-y-3)+(z<-z/2)

cat("final result with complex assignment and expression:",result,"\n")

fruits<-c("apple","banana","cherry","data")

search_fruits<-c("banana","fig","data")

cat("\n check if search fruits are in the fruit list(%in%):\n")

print(search_fruits %in% fruits)

na_vector<-c(1,NA,3,4,NA)

cat("\n Relational operators with NA-safe comparisons:\n")

cat("Is NA equal to 3:",NA==3,"\n")

cat("Is NA not equal to 3:",NA!=3,"\n")

cat("Is NA less than 3:",NA<3,"\n")

cat("\n checking NA values using is.na():\n")

print(is.na(na_vector))

matrix_result<-(A*2)> 10

cat("\n complex matrix Element-wise operations with relational operations:\n")

print(matrix_result)

CONTROL-STATEMENT:

x<-10

if(x>5){

print("x is greater than 5")

}else{

print("x is less than or equal to 5")

y<-7

if(y>10){

print("y is greater than 10")

}else if(y==7){

print("y is equal to 7")

}else{

print("y is less than 7")

for(i in 1:5){

print(paste("current value of i:",i))

count<-1

while(count<=3){

print(paste("current count is:",count))

count<-count+1

day<-3

result<-switch(day,

"sunday"="weekend",

"monday"="weekday",

"tuesday"="weekday",

"wednesday"="weekday",

"thursday"="weekday",

"friday"="weekday",

"saturday"="weekend",

"Invalid day")

print(paste("The day is:",result))

OUTPUT:

[1] "Integer vector:"

[1] 1 2 3 4 5
[1] "character vector:"
[1] "apple" "banana" "Cherry"
[1] "list:"
[[1]]
[1] 1 2 3 4 5
[[2]]
[1] "apple" "banana" "Cherry"
[[3]]
[1] 3.14
[[4]]
[1] TRUE
[1] "Second element of the list(char_vector):"
[1] "apple" "banana" "Cherry"
[1] "Data Frame:"
Name Age Score
1 john 23 88.5
2 mary 25 91.3
3 steve 30 85.0
[1] "Accessing the 'Name'column of the data frame:"
[1] "john" "mary" "steve"
[1] "matrix:"
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] 1 3 5
[2,] 2 4 6
[1] "Element at row1,column2 of the matrix:"
[1] 3
[1] "sum of the integer vector:"
[1] 15
[1] "Transpose of matrix:"
[,1] [,2]
[1,] 1 2
[2,] 3 4
[3,] 5 6
[1] "updated data frame with 'city' column:"
Name Age Score city
1 john 23 88.5 New york
2 mary 25 91.3 Los angeles
3 steve 30 85.0 chicago
matrix A:
[,1] [,2]
[1,] 1 2
[2,] 2 4
[3,] 5 6
[4,] 7 8
matrix B:
[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
[1,] 9 11 13 15
[2,] 10 12 14 16
matrix Multiplication of A and B(%*%):
[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
[1,] 29 35 41 47
[2,] 58 70 82 94
[3,] 105 127 149 171
[4,] 143 173 203 233
Data Frame:
ID Age Salary Department
1 1 25 50000 HR
2 2 30 60000 IT
3 3 22 45000 Finance
4 4 35 70000 IT
5 5 28 52000 HR
filtered Data(Age>=30 and salaRY>=55000):
[1] ID Age Salary Department
<0 rows> (or 0-length row.names)
Salary>55000(high salary):
logical(0)
Department is IT:
[1] FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE
High salary AND in IT Department:
logical(0)
High salary OR in IT Department:
logical(0)
Element-wise Addition of vectors:
[1] 7 14 21 28
Element-wise multiplication of vectors:
[1] 10 40 90 160
Advanced sequence generation and modulus operations:
multiple of 3: 3 ,modulus with 4: 3
multiple of 3: 6 ,modulus with 4: 2
multiple of 3: 9 ,modulus with 4: 1
multiple of 3: 12 ,modulus with 4: 0
multiple of 3: 15 ,modulus with 4: 3
multiple of 3: 18 ,modulus with 4: 2
multiple of 3: 21 ,modulus with 4: 1
multiple of 3: 24 ,modulus with 4: 0
multiple of 3: 27 ,modulus with 4: 3
multiple of 3: 30 ,modulus with 4: 2
multiple of 3: 33 ,modulus with 4: 1
multiple of 3: 36 ,modulus with 4: 0
multiple of 3: 39 ,modulus with 4: 3
multiple of 3: 42 ,modulus with 4: 2
multiple of 3: 45 ,modulus with 4: 1
Assignment with nested Expressions:
final result with complex assignment and expression: 59
check if search fruits are in the fruit list(%in%):
[1] TRUE FALSE TRUE
Relational operators with NA-safe comparisons:
Is NA equal to 3: NA
Is NA not equal to 3: NA
Is NA less than 3: NA
checking NA values using is.na():
[1] FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE
complex matrix Element-wise operations with relational operations:
[,1] [,2]
[1,] FALSE FALSE
[2,] FALSE FALSE
[3,] FALSE TRUE
[4,] TRUE TRUE
[1] "x is greater than 5"
[1] "y is equal to 7"
[1] "current value of i: 1"
[1] "current value of i: 2"
[1] "current value of i: 3"
[1] "current value of i: 4"
[1] "current value of i: 5"
[1] "current count is: 1"
[1] "current count is: 2"
[1] "current count is: 3"
[1] "The day is: weekday"
B.PROGRAM
num_var<-42
char_var<-"Hello"
log_var<-TRUE
vec_var<-c(1,2,3,4,5)
cat("Numeric variable:",num_var,"\n")
cat("Character variable:",char_var,"\n")
cat("Logical variable:",log_var,"\n")
cat("Vector variable:",vec_var,"\n\n")
x<-10
y<-5
cat("Addition :",x+y,"\n")
cat("Greater than comparison:",x>y,"\n")
cat("Logical AND(x>5 AND y>5):",x>5 && y>5,"\n\n")
if(x>y)
{
cat("x is greater than y \n")
} else {
cat("x is not greater than y \n")
}
cat("\n using for loop:\n")
for(i in vec_var)
{
cat("value:",i,"\n")
}
cat("\n using while loop:\n")
i<-1
while(i<=2)
{
cat("Iteration:",i,"\n")
i<-i+1
}

OUTPUT:
Numeric variable: 42
Character variable: Hello
Logical variable: TRUE
Vector variable: 1 2 3 4 5
Addition : 15
Greater than comparison: TRUE
Logical AND(x>5 AND y>5): FALSE
x is greater than y
value: 1
value: 2
value: 3
value: 4
value: 5
Iteration: 1
Iteration: 2
 3.To Create a two-dimensional 5x3 array of sequence of even integers
greater than 50

A.PROGRAM

a<-array(seq(from=50,length.out=15,by=2),c(5,3))
print("content of the array")
print("5*3 array of sequence of even integer greater than 50:")
print(a)

OUTPUT:
[1] "content of the array"
[1] "5*3 array of sequence of even integer greater than 50:"
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] 50 60 70
[2,] 52 62 72
[3,] 54 64 74
[4,] 56 66 76
[5,] 58 68 78
B.PROGRAM:

x<-array(seq(from=100,length.out=16,by=13),c(4,4))
print("Content of the array")
print("4*4 array of sequence of even integer greater than 100:")
print(x)

OUTPUT:

[1] "Content of the array"

[1] "4*4 array of sequence of even integer greater than 100:"
[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
[1,] 100 152 204 256
[2,] 113 165 217 269
[3,] 126 178 230 282
[4,] 139 191 243 295
 4. Scatter Plot from CSV in R
4A1.PROGRAM:

data<-read.csv("D:/sample R/record.csv")
print(data)
print(is.data.frame(data))
print(ncol(data))
print(nrow(data))
max_sal<-max(data$SALARY)
print(max_sal)
details<-subset(data,DEPARTMENT=="IT")
print(details)
details<-subset(data,DEPARTMENT=="HR"&SALARY>600)
print(details)
details1<-subset(data,as.Date(START_DATE)>as.Date("02/06/2024"))
print(details1)
details<-subset(data,as.Date(START_DATE)>as.Date("25/06/2023"))
write.csv(details,"output.csv")
new_details<-read.csv("output.csv")
print(new_details)
plot(x=data$YEAR.OF.EXPERIENCE,
y=data$SALARY,
xlim=c(0,20),
xlab="NAME",
ylab="SALARY",
col="red",
main="Sactter plot")
data set:

START_DAT YEAR OF
ID NAME SALARY E DEPARTMENT EXPERIENCE
1 AARAV 80000 25-11-2023 IT 5
2 ANANYA 45000 10/5/2023 OPERATOR 3
3 ISHAAN 650000 7/8/2024 HR 10
4 PRIYA 56000 1/9/2024 MANAGER 6
5 RAHUL 90000 11/11/2024 DOCTOR 5
6 SAANVI 50000 5/8/2023 SI 4
7 ARJUN 85000 12/12/2023 PROGRAMMER 5
ASST.PROFESSO
8 DIYA 45000 4/7/2024 R 4
9 VISHAL 100000 17-08-2024 DIRECTOR 9
10 ADITI 520000 15-04-2023 DEAN 12
11 RAVI 120000 2/6/2024 IT 13
12 NEHA 45000 3/9/2023 OPERATOR 3
13 KARAN 650000 14-11-2023 HR 10
14 SIMRAN 56000 8/2/2023 MANAGER 6
15 RITIKA 90000 6/8/2024 DOCTOR 5
16 SIVANI 50000 8/12/2023 SI 4
17 ARUN 85000 21-06-2024 PROGRAMMER 6
ASST.PROFESSO
18 SIVARAJ 4500 25-11-2023 R 1
19 RAJU 100000 10/8/2023 DIRECTOR 10
20 ARJUN 5200000 7/8/2024 DEAN 12
OUTPUT:
ID NAME SALARY START_DATE DEPARTMENT YEAR.OF.EXPERIENCE
1 1 AARAV 80000 25-11-2023 IT 5
2 2 ANANYA 45000 10/5/2023 OPERATOR 3
3 3 ISHAAN 650000 7/8/2024 HR 10
4 4 PRIYA 56000 1/9/2024 MANAGER 6
5 5 RAHUL 90000 11/11/2024 DOCTOR 5
6 6 SAANVI 50000 5/8/2023 SI 4
7 7 ARJUN 85000 12/12/2023 PROGRAMMER 5
8 8 DIYA 45000 4/7/2024 ASST.PROFESSOR 4
9 9 VISHAL 100000 17-08-2024 DIRECTOR 9
10 10 ADITI 520000 15-04-2023 DEAN 12
11 11 RAVI 120000 2/6/2024 IT 13
12 12 NEHA 45000 3/9/2023 OPERATOR 3
13 13 KARAN 650000 14-11-2023 HR 10
14 14 SIMRAN 56000 8/2/2023 MANAGER 6
15 15 RITIKA 90000 6/8/2024 DOCTOR 5
16 16 SIVANI 50000 8/12/2023 SI 4
17 17 ARUN 85000 21-06-2024 PROGRAMMER 6
18 18 SIVARAJ 4500 25-11-2023 ASST.PROFESSOR 1
19 19 RAJU 100000 10/8/2023 DIRECTOR 10
20 20 ARJUN 5200000 7/8/2024 DEAN 12
[1] TRUE
[1] 6
[1] 20
[1] 5200000
ID NAME SALARY START_DATE DEPARTMENT YEAR.OF.EXPERIENCE
1 1 AARAV 80000 25-11-2023 IT 5
11 11 RAVI 120000 2/6/2024 IT 13
ID NAME SALARY START_DATE DEPARTMENT YEAR.OF.EXPERIENCE
3 3 ISHAAN 650000 7/8/2024 HR 10
13 13 KARAN 650000 14-11-2023 HR 10
ID NAME SALARY START_DATE DEPARTMENT YEAR.OF.EXPERIENCE
1 1 AARAV 80000 25-11-2023 IT 5
9 9 VISHAL 100000 17-08-2024 DIRECTOR 9
10 10 ADITI 520000 15-04-2023 DEAN 12
13 13 KARAN 650000 14-11-2023 HR 10
17 17 ARUN 85000 21-06-2024 PROGRAMMER 6
18 18 SIVARAJ 4500 25-11-2023 ASST.PROFESSOR 1
X ID NAME SALARY START_DATE DEPARTMENT YEAR.OF.EXPERIENCE
1 1 AARAV 80000 25-11-2023 IT 5
2 18 SIVARAJ 4500 25-11-2023 ASST.PROFESSOR 1
4 1 ) B) PROGRAM:

PROGRAM:
data<-read.csv("D:/sample R/students_data.csv")

print(data)

file_path<-"D:/sample R/students_data.csv"

students_data<-read.csv("D:/sample R/students_data.csv")

head(students_data)

str(students_data)

summary(students_data)

NAME AGE SCORE

Alice 23 88
Bob 22 95
Charlie 21 78
David 24 85
Eve 22 92

OUTPUT:
NAME AGE SCORE
1 Alice 23 88
2 Bob 22 95
3 Charlie 21 78
4 David 24 85
5 Eve 22 92
 NAME AGE SCORE
1 Alice 23 88
2 Bob 22 95
3 Charlie 21 78
4 David 24 85
5 Eve 22 92

'data.frame': 5 obs. of 3 variables:

$ NAME : chr "Alice" "Bob" "Charlie" "David" ...
$ AGE : int 23 22 21 24 22
$ SCORE: int 88 95 78 85 92

NAME AGE SCORE

Length:5 Min. :21.0 Min. :78.0
Class :character 1st Qu.:22.0 1st Qu.:85.0
Mode :character Median :22.0 Median :88.0
Mean :22.4 Mean :87.6
3rd Qu.:23.0 3rd Qu.:92.0
Max. :24.0 Max. :95.0
 5.Data Frame using CBIND() and RBIND() in R

A.PROGRAM:

Name <- c("shubham Rastogi","nishka jain","Gunjan garg","sumit chaudhary")

Address <- c("Moradabad","etah","sambhal","Khurja")
Marks <- c(255,355,455,655)
info <- cbind(Name, Address, Marks)
print(info)
new.stuinfo <- data.frame(
Name = c("Deepmala","Arun"),
Address = c("khurja","moradabad"),
Marks = c("755","855"),
stringsAsFactors = FALSE
)
cat("### The Second data frame \n")
print(new.stuinfo)
all.info<- rbind(info,new.stuinfo)
cat("### The Combined data frame \n")
print(all.info)
OUTPUT:

Name Address Marks

[1,] "shubham Rastogi" "Moradabad" "255"
[2,] "nishka jain" "etah" "355"
[3,] "Gunjan garg" "sambhal" "455"
[4,] "sumit chaudhary" "Khurja" "655"
### The Second data frame
Name Address Marks
1 Deepmala khurja 755
2 Arun moradabad 855
### The Combined data frame
Name Address Marks
1 shubham Rastogi Moradabad 255
2 nishka jain etah 355
3 Gunjan garg sambhal 455
4 sumit chaudhary Khurja 655
5 Deepmala khurja 755
6 Arun moradabad 855
B.PROGRAM:

df1<-data.frame(
Name=c("priya","mano","Ram"),
Age=c(35,26,30)
)
df2<-data.frame(
Gender=c("Female","male","male"),
occupation=c("programmer","doctor","engineer")
)
df_combined_columns<-cbind(df1,df2)
print("Data frame after column-wise binding:")
print(df_combined_columns)
df3<-data.frame(
Name=c("Raja","kavitha"),
Age=c(40,45)
)
df4<-data.frame(
Gender=c("male","female"),
occupation=c("Lawyer","Scientist")
)
df_combined_rows<-rbind(df_combined_columns,cbind(df3,df4))
print("Data frame after row-wise binding:")
print(df_combined_rows)
OUTPUT:

[1] "Data frame after column-wise binding:"

Name Age Gender occupation

1 priya 35 Female programmer
2 mano 26 male doctor
3 Ram 30 male engineer
[1] "Data frame after row-wise binding:"
Name Age Gender occupation
1 priya 35 Female programmer
2 mano 26 male doctor
3 Ram 30 male engineer
4 Raja 40 male Lawyer
5 kavitha 45 female Scientist
 6A1.Find the factorial of a number using recursion.

A.PROGRAM:

recur_fact<-function(num){

if(num<=1){

return(1)

}else{

return(num*recur_fact(num-1))

print(paste("The factorial of 5 is",recur_fact(5)))

findfactorial<-function(n){

factorial<-1

if((n==0)|(n==1))

factorial<-1

else{

for(i in 1:n)

factorial<-factorial*i

return(factorial)

print(paste(findfactorial(0)))

print(paste(findfactorial(3)))
num = as.integer(readline(prompt="Enter a number:"))

factorial = 1

if (num < 0){

print("Sorry; factorial does not exist for negative numbers")

} else if (num == 0) {

print("The factorial of 0 is 1")

} else {

for (i in 1:num) {

factorial = factorial * i

print(paste("The factorial of", num, "is", factorial))

}
OUTPUT:

[1] "The factorial of 5 is 120"

[1] "1"
[1] "6"
Enter a number:8
“The factorial of 8 is 40320
B.PROGRAM:

factorial<-function(n){

if(n==0){

return(1)

}else{

return(n*factorial(n-1))

number<-7

result<-factorial(number)

print(paste("Factorial of",number,"is",result))

output:

[1] "Factorial of 7 is 5040"

6B . Mean,Variance,Standard deviation for the given probability distribution

A.PROGRAM:

x<-c(1,2,3,4,5,1,2,3,1,2,4,5,2,3,1,1,2,3,5,6)

mean.result=mean(x)

print(mean.result)

median.result=median(x)

print(median.result)

variance.result=var(x)

print(variance.result)

sd.result=sqrt(var(x))

print(sd.result)

output:

[1] 2.8
[1] 2.5
[1] 2.484211
[1] 1.576138
B.PROGRAM:

outcomes <- c(1, 2, 3)

probabilities <- c(0.2, 0.5, 0.3)

mean_value <- sum(outcomes * probabilities)

cat("Mean (E(X)):", mean_value, "\n")

variance_value <- sum((outcomes - mean_value)^2 * probabilities)

cat("Variance (Var(X)):", variance_value, "\n")

std_dev_value <- sqrt(variance_value)

cat("Standard Deviation (SD):", std_dev_value, "\n")

output:

Mean (E(X)): 2.1

Variance (Var(X)): 0.49
Standard Deviation (SD): 0.7
 8.K-Means Clustering Technique

A.PROGRAM:

data("iris")

head(iris)

x=iris[,3:4]

head(x)

model=kmeans(x,3)

library(cluster)

clusplot(x,model$cluster)

clusplot(x,model$cluster,color=T,shade=T)

OUTPUT:

Sepal.Length Sepal.Width Petal.Length Petal.Width Species

1 5.1 3.5 1.4 0.2 setosa
2 4.9 3.0 1.4 0.2 setosa
3 4.7 3.2 1.3 0.2 setosa
4 4.6 3.1 1.5 0.2 setosa
5 5.0 3.6 1.4 0.2 setosa
6 5.4 3.9 1.7 0.4 setosa

Petal.Length Petal.Width
1 1.4 0.2
2 1.4 0.2
3 1.3 0.2
4 1.5 0.2
5 1.4 0.2
6 1.7 0.4
 4 b. JSON FILE

JSON CODE:
{
"ID":["1","2","3","4","5"],
"NAME":["sivaranjani","snegha","kavya","lakshmi","soniya"],
"SALARY":["722.5","815.2","1611","2829","843.25"],
"STARTDATE":["6/17/2014","1/1/2012","11/15/2024","9/23/2022","10/12/2023"],
"DEPT":["IT","IT","HR","OPERATION","FINANCE"]
}

A.PROGRAM:

Library(“rjson”)
Result<-fromJSON(file=”D:/sample R/j2.json”)
Print(result)
OUTPUT:

ID
[1] “1","2","3","4","5”
NAME
[1] "sivaranjani","snegha","kavya","lakshmi","soniya"
SALARY
[1] "722.5","815.2","1611","2829","843.25"
STARTDATE
[1] "6/17/2014","1/1/2012","11/15/2024","9/23/2022","10/12/2023"
DEPT
[1] "IT","IT","HR","OPERATION","FINANCE"
B.PROGRAM

JSON CODE:
{
"ID":["1","2","3","4","5"],
"NAME":["sivaranjani","snegha","kavya","lakshmi","soniya"],
"SALARY":["722.5","815.2","1611","2829","843.25"],
"STARTDATE":["6/17/2014","1/1/2012","11/15/2024","9/23/2022","10/12/2023"],
"DEPT":["IT","IT","HR","OPERATION","FINANCE"]
}

CODE:
library(rjson)
json_data <- fromJSON(file="D:/sample R/j2.json")
print(json_data)
if ("name" %in% names(json_data)) {
print(paste("Name: ", json_data$name))
} else {
print("Name not found in the JSON data.")
}
if ("address" %in% names(json_data)) {
address <- json_data$address
print(paste("City: ", address$city))
print(paste("Zip Code: ", address$zip_code))
} else {
print("Address not found in the JSON data.")
}
if ("items" %in% names(json_data)) {
 items <- json_data$items
for (item in items) {
print(paste("Item Name: ", item$name))
print(paste("Item Price: ", item$price))
}
} else {
print("Items array not found in the JSON data.")
}
OUTPUT:
$ID
[1] "1" "2" "3" "4" "5"

$NAME
[1] "sivaranjani" "snegha" "kavya" "lakshmi" "soniya"

$SALARY
[1] "722.5" "815.2" "1611" "2829" "843.25"

$STARTDATE
[1] "6/17/2014" "1/1/2012" "11/15/2024" "9/23/2022" "10/12/2023"

$DEPT
[1] "IT" "IT" "HR" "OPERATION" "FINANCE"

[1] "Name not found in the JSON data."

[1] "Address not found in the JSON data."
[1] "Items array not found in the JSON data."
 7.Apriori Algorithm to extract Association rule of datamining

A.PROGRAM:

library(arules)

library(arulesViz)

library(RColorBrewer)

data("Groceries")

rules <- apriori(Groceries,

parameter = list(supp = 0.01, conf = 0.2))

inspect(rules[1:10])

arules::itemFrequencyPlot(Groceries, topN = 5,

col = brewer.pal(8, 'Pastel2'),

main = 'Relative Item Frequency Plot',

type = "relative",

ylab = "Item Frequency (Relative)")

OUTPUT

lhs rhs support confidence coverage lift count

[1] {} => {whole milk} 0.255516 0.25551601.0000000 1.0000 513
[2] {hard cheese} => {whole milk} 0.010066 0.4107884 0.024504 1.60768 99
[3] {butter milk} => {othervegetable} 0.01037 0.3709091 0.0279613 1.91691 102
[4] {butter milk} => {whole milk} 0.011591 0.4145455 0.0279613 1.62238 114
[5] {ham} => {whole milk} 0.011489 0.4414062 0.026029 1.7275 113
[6] {sliced cheese} => {whole milk} 0.010777 0.4398340 0.0245043 1.7213 106
[7] {oil} => {whole milk} 0.011286 0.402173 0.02806304 1.5739 111
[8] {onions} => {other vegetable} 0.014234 0.459016 0.03101169 2.3722 140
[9] {onions} => {whole milk} 0.012099 0.39016 0.03101169 1.5269 119
[10] {berries} => {yogurt} 0.010574 0.31804 0.03324860 2.2798 104
B.PROGRAM:

library(arules)

library(arulesViz)

library(RColorBrewer)

stud_details <- read.csv("D:/sample R/stud_details.csv")

stud_details_trans <- as(stud_details, "transactions")

rules <- apriori(stud_details_trans, parameter = list(supp = 0.01, conf = 0.2))

inspect(rules[1:10])

itemFrequencyPlot(stud_details_trans, topN = 5,

col = brewer.pal(8, 'Pastel2'),

main = 'Student Performance',

type = "relative",

ylab = "Marks (Relative)")

Stud_details:

s.no s.name mark1 mark2 dept year

1 priya 60 56 mca 1
2 mano 67 66 bca 3
3 ram 68 67 mba 2
4 raja 58 78 bba 1
5 ravi 79 65 bcom 2
6 malathi 78 45 mcom 3
7 snegha 96 55 msc 2
8 ashwin 95 90 bsc 2
9 kavya 98 61 ba 1
10 siva 99 62 be 4
OUTPUT:
lhs rhs support confidence coverage lift count
[1] {} => {s.no=[4,7)} 0.3 0.3 1 1 3
[2] {} => {mark1=[58,6 8)} 0.3 0.3 1 1 3
[3] {} => {mark2=[45,61)} 0.3 0.3 1 1 3
[4] {} => {year=[1,2)} 0.3 0.3 1 1 3
[5] {} => {mark2=[61,66) } 0.3 0.3 1 1 3
[6] {} => {mark1=[68,95)} 0.3 0.3 1 1 3
[7] {} => {s.no=[1,4)} 0.3 0.3 1 1 3
[8] {} => {mark1=[95,99]} 0.4 0.4 1 1 4
[9] {} => {mark2=[66,90]} 0.4 0.4 1 1 4
[10] {} => {s.no=[7,10]} 0.4 0.4 1 1 4
8B.PROGRAM:
library(ggplot2)

set.seed(123)

data<-data.frame(x=rnorm(100,mean=0,sd=1),

y=rnorm(100,mean=0,sd=1))

data$x[1:5]<-rnorm(20,mean=5,sd=1)

data$y[1:5]<-rnorm(20,mean=5,sd=1)

set.seed(123)

kmeans<-kmeans(data,centers=3)

print(kmeans$cluster)

ggplot(data,aes(x=x,y=y,color=factor(kmeans$cluster)))+geom_point()+theme_classic()

OUTPUT:

[1] 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 2 2 3 2 3 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 2 2 3 2 3 3 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2
[48] 3 3 2 3 3 3 2 2 3 3 2 3 2 3 2 2 3 2 3 3 2 3 3 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 2 3 2 3 2
[95] 2 3 3 2 2 2
 10.Pie Charts and Bar Charts Using R

A.PROGRAM

patient <- c(50, 30, 15, 5)

count <- c("child", "adult", "teenage", "old age")
pie(patient, labels = count, col = rainbow(length(patient)),
main = "Pie Chart of patient")
patient <- c(50, 30, 15, 5)
count <- c("child", "adult", "teenage", "old age")
barplot(patient, names.arg = count, col = "skyblue",
main = "Sample Bar Chart",
xlab = "Categories", ylab = "Values")
OUTPUT:
B.PROGRAM
data <- read.csv("D:/DV/Book1.csv")
print(data)
barplot(data$value,
names.arg = data$category,
col = "blue",
main = "Bar Chart",
xlab = "Category",
ylab = "Value",
border = "white")
percentages <- round(data$value / sum(data$Value) * 100, 1)
pie(data$value,
labels = paste(data$category, "(", percentages, "%)", sep = ""),
col = rainbow(length(data$value)),
main = "Pie Chart")
 9.CLASSIFICATION ALGORITHM

A.PROGRAM:
library(rpart)
library(rpart.plot)
library(caret)
data(iris)
set.seed(123)
train_index<-createDataPartition(iris$Species,p=0.8,list=FALSE)
train_data<-iris[train_index,]
test_data<-iris[-train_index,]
tree_model<-rpart(Species ~ .,
data=train_data,
method="class",
control=rpart.control(minsplit=10,cp=0.01))
rpart.plot(tree_model,box.palette="auto",nn=TRUE)
predictions<-predict(tree_model,test_data,type="class")
confusionMatrix(predictions,test_data$Species)
OUTPUT:
Confusion Matrix and Statistics

Reference
Prediction setosa versicolor virginica
setosa 10 0 0
versicolor 0 10 1
virginica 0 0 9

Overall Statistics

Accuracy : 0.9667
95% CI : (0.8278, 0.9992)
No Information Rate : 0.3333
P-Value [Acc > NIR] : 2.963e-13

Kappa : 0.95

Mcnemar's Test P-Value : NA

Statistics by Class:

Class: setosa Class: versicolor Class: virginica

Sensitivity 1.0000 1.0000 0.9000
Specificity 1.0000 0.9500 1.0000
Pos Pred Value 1.0000 0.9091 1.0000
Neg Pred Value 1.0000 1.0000 0.9524
Prevalence 0.3333 0.3333 0.3333
Detection Rate 0.3333 0.3333 0.3000
Detection Prevalence 0.3333 0.3667 0.3000
Balanced Accuracy 1.0000 0.9750 0.9500
9B.PROGRAM:

library(rpart)

library(rpart.plot)

library(caret)

data(mtcars)

mtcars$mpg_category <- ifelse(mtcars$mpg > 20, "High", "Low")

set.seed(123)

train_data <- mtcars[createDataPartition(mtcars$mpg_category, p=0.8, list=FALSE), ]

test_data <- mtcars[-createDataPartition(mtcars$mpg_category, p=0.8, list=FALSE), ]

tree_model <- rpart(mpg_category ~ ., data=train_data)

rpart.plot(tree_model)

predictions <- predict(tree_model, test_data, type="class")

confusionMatrix(predictions, test_data$mpg_category)
OUTPUT: