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integrating factor

The document outlines the steps for solving a first-order linear differential equation using an integrating factor. It provides a structured approach, including identifying functions P(x) and Q(x), calculating the integrating factor, and integrating both sides of the equation. An example is given to illustrate the process, including the substitution of initial conditions to find the arbitrary constant.

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sma08ss
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2 views

integrating factor

The document outlines the steps for solving a first-order linear differential equation using an integrating factor. It provides a structured approach, including identifying functions P(x) and Q(x), calculating the integrating factor, and integrating both sides of the equation. An example is given to illustrate the process, including the substitution of initial conditions to find the arbitrary constant.

Uploaded by

sma08ss
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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STEP EXAMPLE

1. Arrange to the form 𝑑𝑦


𝑑𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑥2
𝑑𝑥
+ 𝑷(𝒙)𝑦 = 𝑸(𝒙)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑦
+ =𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
2. 𝑃(𝑥) =? 𝑄(𝑥) =? 𝑑𝑦 𝟏
+ 𝑦=𝒙
𝑑𝑥 𝒙
𝟏
𝑷(𝒙) = 𝑸(𝒙) = 𝒙
𝒙
1
3. Integrating Factor:
𝒗(𝒙) = 𝑒 ∫𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝒗(𝒙) = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝒗(𝒙) = 𝑒 ln 𝑥
𝒗(𝒙) = 𝒙
4. Multiply 𝒗(𝒙) to 𝑑𝑦 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝒙 + 𝒙 ( ) = 𝒙(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
+ 𝑷(𝒙)𝑦 = 𝑸(𝒙)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑥2
𝑑𝑥
5. Change to the form 𝑑
𝑑 (𝒙𝑦) = 𝑥 2
(𝒗(𝒙)𝑦) = 𝑸(𝒙)𝒗(𝒙) 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥

6. Integrate both side 𝑑


∫ (𝒙𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝒙𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

𝑥3
𝒙𝑦 = +𝐶
3
7. Substitute initial condition (if Example : 𝑦 = 0 , 𝑥 = 3
given) to find value of
(3)3
arbitrary constant (3)(0) = +𝐶
3
𝐶 = −9
𝑥3
𝑥𝑦 = −9
3
𝑥2 9
𝑦= −
3 𝑥

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