Divergence theorem

Statement: If 𝑉 is the volume bounded by a closed surface 𝑆 and 𝐴⃗ is a vector function of position
with continuous derivatives, then show that

⃗⃗ ∙ 𝐴⃗)𝑑𝑉 = ∬ 𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑆 = ∯ 𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑆
∭(∇
𝑉 𝑠 𝑆

Where 𝑛̂ is the positive outward drawn unit normal to 𝑆.

Proof: If 𝑉 be the volume bounded by a closed surface 𝑆 which is such that any straight line parallel
to the coordinate axes cuts 𝑆 in at most two points. Let 𝑆1 be the lower portion and 𝑆2 be the upper
portion of the surface 𝑆. Let 𝑧 = 𝑓1 (𝑥, 𝑦) and 𝑧 = 𝑓2 (𝑥, 𝑦) be the equations of 𝑆1 and 𝑆2 respectively.
Let 𝑅 be the projection of the surface 𝑆 on the 𝑥𝑦 plane. Consider first,
Let the equations of the curves 𝐴𝐸𝐵 and 𝐴𝐹𝐵 be 𝑦 = 𝑌1 (𝑥) and 𝑦 = 𝑌2 (𝑥) respectively. We have

𝜕𝐴3 𝜕𝐴3
∭ 𝑑𝑉 = ∭ 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝑉 𝑉
𝑓2 (𝑥,𝑦)
𝜕𝐴3
= ∬[ ∫ 𝑑𝑧] 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑧
𝑅 𝑧=𝑓1 (𝑥,𝑦)

2 𝑓 (𝑥,𝑦)
= ∬[𝐴3 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)]𝑧=𝑓1 (𝑥,𝑦)
𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑅

= ∬[𝐴3 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑓2 (𝑥, 𝑦)) − 𝐴3 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑓1 (𝑥, 𝑦))] 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥

𝑅

(1)
For the upper portion 𝑆2 of the surface 𝑆, 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛾2 𝑑𝑆2 = 𝑘̂ ∙ 𝑛̂2 𝑑𝑆2 since the normal 𝑛̂2 to 𝑆2
make an acute angle 𝛾2 and 𝑘̂.

For the lower portion 𝑆1 of the surface 𝑆, 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛾1 𝑑𝑆1 = −𝑘̂ ∙ 𝑛̂1 𝑑𝑆1 since the normal 𝑛̂1 to
𝑆1 make an obtuse angle 𝛾1 and 𝑘̂.
Then we have

∬[𝐴3 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑓2 (𝑥, 𝑦))] 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = ∬ 𝐴3 𝑘̂ ∙ 𝑛̂2 𝑑𝑆2

𝑅 𝑆2

(2)

∬[𝐴3 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑓1 (𝑥, 𝑦))] 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = − ∬ 𝐴3 𝑘̂ ∙ 𝑛̂1 𝑑𝑆1

𝑅 𝑆1

(3)
Now from (2)-(3), we get

∬ 𝐴3 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑓2 (𝑥, 𝑦))𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 − ∬[𝐴3 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑓1 (𝑥, 𝑦))] 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥

𝑅 𝑅

= ∬ 𝐴3 𝑘̂ ∙ 𝑛̂2 𝑑𝑆2 + ∬ 𝐴3 𝑘̂ ∙ 𝑛̂1 𝑑𝑆1

𝑆2 𝑆1

= ∬ 𝐴3 𝑘̂ ∙ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑆
𝑆

And from (1)

𝜕𝐴3
∭ 𝑑𝑉 = ∬ 𝐴3 𝑘̂ ∙ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑆
𝜕𝑧
𝑉 𝑆

(4)
Similarly, by the projection of the surface 𝑆 on the other coordinate planes 𝑦𝑧 and 𝑧𝑥, we have

𝜕𝐴1
∭ 𝑑𝑉 = ∬ 𝐴1 𝑖̂ ∙ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑆
𝜕𝑥
𝑉 𝑆

(5)

𝜕𝐴2
∭ 𝑑𝑉 = ∬ 𝐴2 𝑗̂ ∙ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑆
𝜕𝑦
𝑉 𝑆

(6)
Now adding (4), (5) and (6), we get

𝜕𝐴1 𝜕𝐴2 𝜕𝐴3

∭( + + ) 𝑑𝑉 = ∬(𝐴1 𝑖̂ + 𝐴2 𝑗̂ + 𝐴3 𝑘̂) ∙ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑆
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑉 𝑆

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∭( 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂) ∙ ((𝐴1 𝑖̂ + 𝐴2 𝑗̂ + 𝐴3 𝑘̂) 𝑑𝑉 = ∬ 𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑆
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑉 𝑆

⃗⃗ ∙ 𝐴⃗)𝑑𝑉 = ∬ 𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑆 = ∯ 𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑆
∭(∇
𝑉 𝑠 𝑆

Example-1-18: Verify divergence theorem for 𝐴⃗ = 4𝑥𝑖̂ − 2𝑦 2 𝑗̂ + 𝑧 2 𝑘̂, taken over the region
bounded by 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4, 𝑧 = 0 and z= 3.
Solution: We know that the divergence theorem

⃗⃗ ∙ 𝐴⃗)𝑑𝑉 = ∬ 𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑆
∭(∇
𝑉 𝑠

⃗⃗ ∙ 𝐴⃗)𝑑𝑉
The volume integral=∭𝑉 (∇
 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
= ∭[ (4𝑥) + (−2𝑦 2 ) + (𝑧 2 )] 𝑑𝑉
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑉

= ∭(4 − 4𝑦 + 2𝑧) 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥

𝑉

𝑥=2 𝑦=√4−𝑥 2 𝑧=3

= ∫ ∫ ∫ (4 − 4𝑦 + 2𝑧) 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑥=−2 𝑦=−√4−𝑥 2 𝑧=0

𝑥=2 𝑦=√4−𝑥 2
𝑧=3
[4𝑧 − 4𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧 2 ]𝑧=0
= ∫ ∫ 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑥=−2 𝑦=−√4−𝑥 2

𝑥=2 𝑦=√4−𝑥2

= ∫ ∫ (21 − 12𝑦) 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥

𝑥=−2 𝑦=−√4−𝑥 2

𝑥=2
𝑦=√4−𝑥 2
= ∫ [21𝑦 − 6𝑦 2 ]𝑦=−√4−𝑥2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=−2
𝑥=2

= ∫ [21√4 − 𝑥 2 − 6(4 − 𝑥 2 ) + 21√4 − 𝑥 2 + 6(4 − 𝑥 2 )] 𝑑𝑥

𝑥=−2
𝑥=2

= 42 ∫ √4 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=−2
𝑥=2
𝑥√22 − 𝑥 2 22 𝑥
= 42 [ + 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ]
2 2 2 𝑥=−2

As we know

𝑥√𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑎2 𝑥
∫ √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1
2 2 𝑎

𝜋 𝜋
= 42 [0 + 2. + 2. ] = 84𝜋
2 2

The surface 𝑆 of the cylinder consists of a base 𝑆1 (𝑧 = 0), the top 𝑆2 (𝑧 = 3) and the convex portion
𝑆3 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4). Then
Surface integral=∬𝑆 𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑛̂𝑑𝑆 = ∬𝑆 𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑆1 + ∬𝑆 𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑆2 + ∬𝑆 𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑆3
1 2 3

Now on the base surface 𝑆1, 𝑧 = 0, 𝑛̂ = −𝑘̂, 𝐴⃗ = 4𝑥𝑖̂ − 2𝑦 2 𝑗̂ and 𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑛̂ = 0.

Therefore,

∬ 𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑆1 = 0
𝑆1

On the top surface 𝑆2 , 𝑧 = 3, 𝑛̂ = 𝑘̂, 𝐴⃗ = 4𝑥𝑖̂ − 2𝑦 2 𝑗̂ + 9𝑘̂ and 𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑛̂ = 9.

Hence we obtain,

∬ 𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑆2 = 9 ∬ 𝑑𝑆2 = 36𝜋

𝑆2 𝑆2

since area of 𝑆2 = 𝜋𝑟 2 = 𝜋22 = 4𝜋, where the radius of the circle 𝑟 = 2.

Finally, the convex portion of the 𝑆3 , A perpendicular to 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4 has the direction
2𝑥𝑖̂+2𝑦𝑗̂ 𝑥𝑖̂+𝑦𝑗̂
⃗∇⃗(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4) = 2𝑥𝑖̂ + 2𝑦𝑗̂. Then a unit normal is 𝑛̂ = = , since 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4.
√4𝑥 2 +4𝑦 2 2

𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂
𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑛̂ = (4𝑥𝑖̂ − 2𝑦 2 𝑗̂ + 𝑧 2 𝑘̂) ∙ = 2𝑥 2 − 𝑦 3
2
From the above figure, 𝑥 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑦 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃, and 𝑑𝑆3 = 2𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑧.
Hints: In above figure, we see that the projection of 𝑑𝑆3 on the 𝑧 and 𝑥 plane is 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧. So, we
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑆3 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
−2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑆3 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
Since 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧 represents the area so we can write
2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑧 = 𝑛̂ ∙ 𝑗̂ 𝑑𝑆3
𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂
2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑧 = ∙ 𝑗̂ 𝑑𝑆3
2
𝑦
2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑆3
2
2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑆3
2
2𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑆3
2𝜋 𝑧=3

∬ 𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑆3 = ∫ ∫ [2(2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)2 − (2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)3 ]2𝑑𝑧𝑑𝜃

𝑆3 𝜃=0 𝑧=0

2𝜋 𝑧=3

= ∫ ∫ (16𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 16𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃)𝑑𝑧𝑑𝜃

𝜃=0 𝑧=0
 2𝜋

= ∫ (48𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 48𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃)𝑑𝜃

𝜃=0
2𝜋

= ∫ 48𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃
𝜃=0
3 1
Hints: Since 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃 = 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
2𝜋

= 24 ∫ (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃)𝑑𝜃
𝜃=0

𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 2𝜋
= 24 [𝜃 + ] = 48𝜋
2 𝜃=0
Therefore, the whole surface integral=0 + 36𝜋 + 48𝜋 = 84𝜋, which is equal to the volume integral
and verifying the divergence theorem.
Note that evaluation of the surface integral over 𝑆3 could also have been done by projection of 𝑆3 on
the 𝑥𝑧 or 𝑦𝑧 coordinate planes.

Example-2-53: Verify divergence theorem for 𝐴⃗ = 2𝑥 2 𝑦𝑖̂ − 𝑦 2 𝑗̂ + 4𝑥𝑧 2 𝑘̂ , taken over the region in
the first octant bounded by 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 9, and 𝑥 = 2.
Solution: We know that the divergence theorem

⃗⃗ ∙ 𝐴⃗)𝑑𝑉 = ∬ 𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑆
∭(∇
𝑉 𝑠

⃗⃗ ∙ 𝐴⃗)𝑑𝑉
The volume integral=∭𝑉 (∇

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
= ∭[ (2𝑥 2 𝑦) + (−𝑦 2 ) + (4𝑥𝑧 2 )] 𝑑𝑉
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑉

= ∭(4𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦 + 8𝑥𝑧) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧

𝑉

2
𝑥=2 𝑦=3 𝑧=√9−𝑦

= ∫ ∫ ∫ (4𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦 + 8𝑥𝑧) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧

𝑥=0 𝑦=0 𝑧=0
 𝑦=3 𝑧=√9−𝑦2
𝑥=2
[2𝑥 2 𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑥 2 𝑧]𝑥=0
= ∫ ∫ 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
𝑦=0 𝑧=0

𝑦=3 𝑧=√9−𝑦2

= ∫ ∫ (4𝑦 + 16𝑧) 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧

𝑦=0 𝑧=0

Using polar coordinate 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑧 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 therefore, 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 = 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃 where the radius of the
circle 𝑟 = 3.

𝜋/2 𝑟=3

= ∫ ∫ (4𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 16𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
𝜃=0 𝑟=0
𝜋/2 𝑟=3

= ∫ ∫ 4𝑟 2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
𝜃=0 𝑟=0

𝜋/2
3
4𝑟 3
= ∫ (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) [ ] 𝑑𝜃
3 𝑟=0
𝜃=0
𝜋/2

= 36 ∫ (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) 𝑑𝜃
𝜃=0
𝜋/2
= 36[𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 4𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃]𝜃=0

= 36(1 − 0 − 0 + 4) = 180
The surface 𝑆 consists of a base 𝑆1 (𝑥 = 0), the convex portion 𝑆2 (𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 9) and the top 𝑆3 (𝑥 =
2). Then

Surface integral=∬𝑆 𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑛̂𝑑𝑆 = ∬𝑆 𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑆1 + ∬𝑆 𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑆2 + ∬𝑆 𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑆3

1 2 3

Now on the base surface 𝑆1, x= 0, 𝑛̂ = −𝑖̂, 𝐴⃗ = −𝑦 2 𝑗̂ and 𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑛̂ = 0.

Therefore,

∬ 𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑆1 = 0
𝑆1

From the convex portion of the surface 𝑆2 , A perpendicular to 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 9 has the direction
̂
2𝑦𝑗̂ +2𝑧𝑘 ̂
𝑦𝑗̂ +𝑧𝑘
⃗∇⃗(𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − 9) = 2𝑦𝑗̂ + 2𝑧𝑘̂. Then a unit normal is 𝑛̂ = = , since 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 9.
√4𝑦 2 +4𝑧 2 3

𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂ −𝑦 3 + 4𝑥𝑧 3

𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑛̂ = (2𝑥 2 𝑦𝑖̂ − 𝑦 2 𝑗̂ + 4𝑥𝑧 2 𝑘̂) ∙ =
3 3
From the above figure, y= 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, z= 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃, and 𝑑𝑆2 = 3𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑥.
Hints: In above figure, we see that the projection of 𝑑𝑆2 on the 𝑧 and 𝑥 plane is 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧. So, we
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑆2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑆2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
3𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑆2
 𝜋/2 𝑥=2
1
∬ 𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑆2 = ∫ ∫ [−27(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)3 + 108𝑥(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)3 ]3𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑥
3
𝑆2 𝜃=0 𝑥=0

𝜋/2 𝑥=2

= 27 ∫ ∫ (−𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 + 4𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃)𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑥

𝜃=0 𝑥=0
𝜋/2
2
𝑥2
= 27 ∫ [−𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 4. 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃]
3
𝑑𝜃
2 𝑥=0
𝜃=0
𝜋/2

= 27 ∫ (−2𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 + 8𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃)𝑑𝜃

𝜃=0
𝜋 𝜋
2 2

= −54 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃𝑑𝜃 + 216 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃𝑑𝜃

𝜃=0 𝜃=0
3 1
Hints: Since 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃 = 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝜃

3 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + cos3𝜃
4 4

𝜋 𝜋
2 2
3 1 3 1
= −54 ∫ ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝜃) 𝑑𝜃 + 216 ∫ ( 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝜃) 𝑑𝜃
4 4 4 4
𝜃=0 𝜃=0

𝜋
3 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝜃 2 3 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝜃 𝜋/2
= −54 [ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + ] + 216 [− 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + ]
4 4 3 𝜃=0 4 4 3 𝜃=0
3 1 3 1
= −54 [ − ] + 216 [ − ] = 108
4 12 4 12

On the top surface 𝑆3 , 𝑥 = 2, 𝑛̂ = 𝑖̂, 𝐴⃗ = 8𝑦𝑖̂ − 2𝑦 2 𝑗̂ + 8𝑧 2 𝑘̂ and 𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑛̂ = 8𝑦.

Hence we obtain,

∬ 𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑆3 = 8 ∬ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
𝑆3 𝑆3
Using polar coordinate 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑧 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 therefore, 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 = 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃 where the radius of the
circle 𝑟 = 3.
𝜋/2 𝑟=3

∬ 𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑆3 = 8 ∫ ∫ 𝑟 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
𝑆3 𝜃=0 𝑟=0

𝜋/2
3
𝑟3
= 8 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 [ ] 𝑑𝜃
3 𝑟=0
𝜃=0
𝜋/2

= 72 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝜃=0
𝜋/2
= 72[𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃]𝜃=0 = 72

Therefore, the whole surface integral=0 + 108 + 72 = 180, which is equal to the volume integral
and verifying the divergence theorem.
Note that evaluation of the surface integral over 𝑆2 could also have been done by projection of 𝑆2 on
the 𝑥𝑦 coordinate planes.

Problem-3-23 surface integration chapter: If 𝐹⃗ = 4𝑥𝑧𝑖̂ − 𝑦 2 𝑗̂ + 𝑦𝑧𝑘̂, evaluate ∬𝑆 𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑛̂𝑑𝑆 where

𝑆 is the surface of the cube bounded by 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 0, 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 1, 𝑧 = 1.
Solution: By the divergence theorem, we can write

⃗⃗ ∙ 𝐹⃗ )𝑑𝑉 = ∬ 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑆
∭(∇
𝑉 𝑠
Now ⃗∇⃗ ∙ 𝐹⃗ = ⃗∇⃗(4𝑥𝑧𝑖̂ − 𝑦 2 𝑗̂ + 𝑦𝑧𝑘̂) = 4𝑧 − 2𝑦 + 𝑦 = 4𝑧 − 𝑦
𝑥=1 𝑦=1 𝑧=1

⃗⃗ ∙ 𝐹⃗ )𝑑𝑉 = ∫
∭(∇ ∫ ∫ (4𝑧 − 𝑦) 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑉 𝑥=0 𝑦=0 𝑧=0

𝑥=1 𝑦=1
𝑧=1
= ∫ ∫ [2𝑧 2 − 𝑦𝑧]𝑧=0 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 𝑦=0

𝑥=1 𝑦=1

= ∫ ∫ (2 − 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 𝑦=0

𝑥=1 𝑦=1
𝑦2
= ∫ [2𝑦 − ] 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑦=0
𝑥=0
𝑥=1 𝑥=1
1 3 3
= ∫ (2 − ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 =
2 2 2
𝑥=0 𝑥=0

Problem-4 from hand note: Evaluate ∬𝑆 𝑟⃗ ∙ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑆 where 𝑆 is the surface of the unit cube.

Solution: By the divergence theorem, we can write

⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑟⃗)𝑑𝑉
∬ 𝑟⃗ ∙ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑆 = ∭(∇
𝑠 𝑉
Now ⃗∇⃗ ∙ 𝑟⃗ = ⃗∇⃗ ∙ (𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂) = 3

⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑟⃗)𝑑𝑉 = 3 ∭ 𝑑𝑉
∭(∇
𝑉 𝑉

= 3𝑉
or
𝑥=1 𝑦=1 𝑧=1

⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑟⃗)𝑑𝑉 = ∫
∭(∇ ∫ ∫ 3 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑉 𝑥=0 𝑦=0 𝑧=0

𝑥=1 𝑦=1
𝑧=1
=3 ∫ ∫ [𝑧]𝑧=0 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 𝑦=0

𝑥=1 𝑦=1

=3 ∫ ∫ 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 𝑦=0

𝑥=1
𝑦=1
= 3 ∫ [𝑦]𝑦=0 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0
𝑥=1

= 3 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 3
𝑥=0