2013-eng

Ivan Dumitru Mircea

u
r

v
= 0 pe M. Let D M be a rectangle,
D = {(u, v) | u
0
u u
0
+ u, v
0
v v
0
+ v}.
w
First let us calculate the area of the parallelogram defned by
the vectors
r (u
0
+ u, v
0
) r (u
0
, v
0
), r (u
0
, v
0
+ v) r (u
0
, v
0
).
We have:
arie(S(D))
(r (u
0
+ u, v
0
) r (u
0
, v
0
)) (r (u
0
, v
0
+ v) r (u
0
, v
0
))
T.medie
r

u
(u
0
, v
0
)u r

v
(u
0
, v
0
)v,
hence
arie(S(D)) r

u
r

v
uv.
w
Thus, the following defnition is justifed.
D 1 The area of the surface S(M) is defned by
area(S(M)) :=
__
M
r

u
r

v
dudv.
D 2 The differential d := r

u
r

v
dudv is called the element
of area.
From
r

u
r

v
=

u
y

u
z

u
x

v
y

v
z

= A + B + C,
where
w
A =

u
z

u
y

v
z

, B =

u
x

u
z

v
x

, C =

u
y

u
x

v
y

,
we get
d =
_
A
2
+ B
2
+ C
2
dudv.
From
r

u
r

2
= r

u
2
r

v
2
sin
2
(

u
, r

v
)
= r

u
2
r

v
2
r

u
2
r

v
2
cos
2
(r

u
, r

v
)
= r

u
2
r

v
2
(r

u
r

v
)
2
,
with:
E = r

u
2
= x

u
2
+ y

u
2
+ z

u
2
F = r

u
r

v
= x

u
x

v
+ y

u
y

v
+ z

u
z

v
G = r

v
2
= x

v
2
+ y

v
2
+ z

v
2
,
we obtain
d =
_
EGF
2
dudv.
w
If S possesses an explicit representation z = z(x, y), with
p :=
z
x
=:
x
z,
q :=
z
y
=:
y
z,
we get
d =
_
1 + p
2
+ q
2
dxdy.
w
Ex 3 Find the element of area on the surface of the sphere of
radius R,
S :
_
_
_
x = Rsin cos
y = Rsin sin
z = Rcos
, [0, 2), [0, ].
By using the formulas:
E = x

2
+ y

2
+ z

2
,
G = x

2
+ y

2
+ z

2
,
F = x

+ y

+ z

,
we get:
E = R
2
(sin
2
sin
2
+ sin
2
cos
2
) = R
2
sin
2
,
G = R
2
(cos
2
cos
2
+ cos
2
sin
2
+ sin
2
) = R
2
,
F = R
2
(sin sin cos cos + sin sin cos cos ) = 0,
hence d =
_
EGF
2
d d = R
2
sin d d. 4
Let f be a real continuous function defned on a domain
containing S(M).
D 4 The number
__
S
f(x, y, z) d
:=
__
M
f(x(u, v), y(u, v)z(u, v)) r

u
r

v
dudv.
is the surface integral of f with respect to area on S .
Rem 5 The surface integral with respect to area is also called
surface integral of the frst kind .
w
Note that:
arie(S) =
__
S
d.
Similarly, if r = x +y +z is the position vector of a point
on S, then the position vector r
G
of the centroid G of S is
given by
r
G
=
__
S
r d
__
S
d
.
w
Ex 6 Find the centroid of the hemisphere
S: x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= R
2
, z 0.
We have
S :
_
_
_
x = Rsin cos
y = Rsin sin
z = Rcos
, [0, 2), [0,

2
].
From symmetry reasons, we have: x
G
= 0, y
G
= 0. We get:
z
G
=
__
S
z d/
__
S
d,
__
S
z d = R
3
_
2
0
d
_
/2
0
sin cos d = R
3
,
__
S
d = R
2
_
2
0
d
_
/2
0
sin d = 2R
2
,
z
G
=
R
3
2R
2
=
R
2
. 4
Surface Integrals of the Second Kind
Let n = n(A) =
r

u
r

v
r

u
r

be the unit vector normal to S at

u
r

v
r

u
r

.
Let us consider a continuous vector feld v = P +Q +R
defned on a domain including S(M).
D 8 The number

S
(v ) :=
__
S
v n d
is called the fux across the surface S .
The notation d := nd is often used. w
We note that:

S
(v ) =
__
M
v
r

u
r

v
r

u
r

u
r

v
dudv
=
__
M
v (r

u
r

v
) dudv =
__
M

P Q R
x

u
y

u
z

u
x

v
y

v
z

dudv,
hence

S
(v ) :=
__
S
v n d =
__
M

P Q R
x

u
y

u
z

u
x

v
y

v
z

dudv 4
Ex 9 Calculate the fux of the vector feld v = k
across the positive side of the sphere
S :
_
_
_
x = Rsin cos
y = Rsin sin
z = Rcos
, [0, 2), [0, ].
We have:
n = sin cos + sin sin + cos , v n = cos ,
d = R
2
sin dd,

S
(v ) =
__
S
v n d
= R
2
_
2
0
d
_

0
sin cos d = 0. 4
The Kelvin-Stokes Formula
T 10 (G. G. STOKES) The Stokes Formula,
_
S
v dr =
__
S
(rot v )n d.
relates the surface integral of the curl of a vector feld v over
a surface S to the line integral of the vector feld v along its
boundary S.
Rem 11 The Stokes Formula can be rewritten in the form
_
S
P dx + Qdy+Rdz =
__
S
_
Q
x

P
y
_
dxdy
+
_
R
y

Q
z
_
dydz+
_
P
z

R
x
_
dzdx.
w
If (S) is a domain included in the xOy plane, we obtain:
dz = dydz = dzdx = 0,
and we reobtain the Green Formula. w
The Volume Integral
Let R
3
be a bounded measurable domain and let
= {
i
| 1 i n} be a partition of ,
=
n
_
i=1

i
,
i

j
fr
i
fr
j
, for i = j.
Let be the maximum diameter of the sets in and v(
i
)
be the volume of
i
.

i
N
i
w
Let f : R.
D 12 If for any partition of , and for any system of points N
i
=
(
i
,
i
,
i
)
i
, the limit lim
0
n

i=1
f(
i
,
i
,
i
)v(
i
), exists and is indepen-
dent of the points N
i
, then it is denoted by
___

f(x, y, z) dxdydz or
___

f(x, y, z) d
and is called the volume integral or the triple integral of f over the domain
.
For f = 1, we obtain the volume of the solid ,
v() =
___

dxdydz.
If : R is the density of the solid , then the mass of
this solid will be given by
mass() =
___

(x, y, z) dxdydz.
The position vector r
G
of the center of mass is
r
G
=
___

r (x, y, z)(x, y, z) dxdydz

(x, y, z) dxdydz
.
Evaluating Triple Integrals
Consider the domain
= {(x, y, z) | (x, y) D, g
1
(x, y) z g
2
(x, y)},
where g
1
, g
2
: D R are continuous.
T 13 If f : R is continuous, then the following equality
holds true.
___

f(x, y, z) dxdydz =
__
D
_
_
g
2
(x,y)
g
1
(x,y)
f(x, y, z) dz
_
dxdy.
Rem 14 The following notation is also used.
__
D
_
_
g
2
(x,y)
g
1
(x,y)
f(x, y, z) dz
_
dxdy =
__
D
dxdy
_
g
2
(x,y)
g
1
(x,y)
f(x, y, z) dz.
Change of Variables in Triple integrals
Let R
3
be measurable and let T : be a
difeomorphism.
If f : R is continuous, then
___

f(x, y, z) dxdydz=
___

f(T(u, v, w))

D(x, y, z)
D(u, v, w)

dudvdw.
w
Ex 15 Find the volume of the sphere of radius R,
= {(x, y, z) R
3
| x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
R
2
}.
Consider the transformation
T : ,
T :
_
_
_
x = sin cos
y = sin sin
z = cos ,
= {(, , ) | 0 R,
0 < 2, 0 }.
The Jacobian of the transfor-
mation T is
D(x, y, z)
D(, , )
=
2
sin .
w
We have:
v() =
___

dxdydz =
___

D(x, y, z)
D(, , )
ddd
=
___

2
sin ddd
=
_
R
0

2
d
_
2
0
d
_

0
sin d =
4R
3
3
. 4
Ex 16 Find the volume of the solid body generated by the inter-
section of the three cylinders:
x
2
+ y
2
1, y
2
+ z
2
1, z
2
+ x
2
1.
The volume is
8(2

2).
The Gauss-Ostrogradski Formula (the divergence theorem)
Let v = P + Q + R : E
3
a vector feld of C
1
class
and let
div v :=
P
x
+
Q
y
+
R
z
be the divergence of v .
T 17 (Gauss-Ostrogradski) The outward fux of a vector feld v
through a closed surface is equal to the volume integral of
the divergence of the region inside the surface, i.e.,
__

v nd =
___

div v dxdydz.
(n is the outward pointing unit normal feld of the boundary )
Rem 18 The Gauss-Ostrogradski formula can be rewritten as
__

P dydz + Qdzdx + Rdxdy
=
___

_
P
x
+
Q
y
+
R
z
_
dxdydz.
Ex 19 Calculate the outward fux of the vector feld v = x +
y + z through the surface of the sphere
S = = {(x, y, z) R
3
| x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= R
2
}.
By the Gauss-Ostrogradski Formula, we get
__

(x + y + z)n d
=
___

_
x
x
+
y
y
+
z
z
_
dxdydz
= 3
___

dxdydz = 3v() = 4R
3
. 4