Bundelkhand Institute of Engineering and Technology

Jhansi (U.P.)

POWER SYSTEM-I LAB

(BEE-551)

SUBMITTED TO:- SUBMITTED BY:-

Er. Bhupendra Kumar Mr. Priyanshu
Lecturer B.Tech (EE) 3rd year
EE Department Rollno. 2300430209004

1| Department of Electrical
Engineering
BIET Jhansi UP 284128
2| Department of Electrical
Engineering
BIET Jhansi UP 284128
3| Department of Electrical
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BIET Jhansi UP 284128
⁰

INDEX
S.No. Experiment Page No. Date Faculty sign
1. Calculate the parameters of
single phase transmission line.
2. Calculate the parameters of three
phase single circuit transmission
line.
3. Determine the ABCD constant
for transmission line.
4. Calculate the corona loss of
transmission line.
5. Calculation of sag & tension of
transmission line.
6. Calculation of string efficiency
of insulator of transmission line.
7. Simulate the Ferranti effect in
transmission line.
8. Calculation of parameter of
underground cables.

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 Experiment No. -1 Date
AIM : Calculate the parameters of single phase transmission line.
THEORY:
Transmission line has four parameters namely resistance, inductance, capacitance and
conductance. The inductance and capacitance are due to the effect of magnetic and electric fields
around the conductor. The resistance of the conductor is best determined from the manufactures
data, the inductances and capacitances can be evaluated using the formula.

By using these formula we can find the R, L and C parameters of single phase two wire line.

PROBLEM STATEMENT:
A two conductor Single Phase line operates at 50 Hz. The diameter of each conductor is 20mm
and spacing between the conductors is 3m. Calculate
(a) The inductance of each conductor per km.
(b) The capacitance per phase per km

PROCEDURE:
1. Enter the command window of the MATLAB.
2. Create a new M – file by selecting File – New – M – File
3. Type and save the program in the editor window.
4. Execute the program by either pressing Tools – Run.
5. View the results

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PROGRAM
fprintf('calculation of parameter of single phase transmission line \n');
fprintf('written by Mr. Priyanshu Roll No 2300430209004 Batch B2 \n');
fprintf('\n');
l=input ('input length l=');
r=input('input the radius r=');
p=input('enter the resistivity of material p= ');
D=input('input the distance between conductors D= ');
A=pi*r*r;
R=p*(l/A);
r1=0.7788*r;
L=4*10^-7*log(D/r1);
C=(2*pi*eps)/log(D/r);
fprintf("\n");
fprintf('OUTPUT PARAMETERS \n');
fprintf('\n');
fprintf('the resistance of the trnsmission line is R=%f Ohm.\n',R);
fprintf('the inductance of transmission line is L=%d Henry/m.\n',L);
fprintf('the capacitance of transmission line is C=%d Farad/m.\n',C);

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 Experiment No. 2 Date:24456556

AIM: Calculate the parameters of three phase single circuit transmission line.
SOFTWARE USED: MATLAB
THEORY:
Transmission line has four parameters namely resistance, inductance, capacitance and
conductance. The inductance and capacitance are due to the effect of magnetic and electric fields
around the conductor. The resistance of the conductor is best determined from the manufactures
data, the inductances and capacitances can be evaluated using the formula.
FORMULAS:
Inductance:
The general formula:
L = 0.2 ln (Dm / Ds) mH / KM
Where, Dm = geometric mean distance (GMD) Ds = geometric mean radius (GMR)
Single phase 2 wire system
GMD = D
GMR = re-1/4 = r’ = 0.7788 r
Where, r = radius of conductor Three phase – symmetrical spacing GMD = D
GMR = re-1/4 = r’
Where, r = radius of conductor & GMR = re-1/4 = r’ = 0.7788 r
Capacitance: A general formula for evaluating capacitance per phase in micro farad per km of a
transmission line is given by
C = 0.0556/ ln (Deq / r) μF/km
Where, GMD is the “Geometric mean distance” which is same as that defined for inductance
under various cases.
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PROBLEM STATEMENT:
A three phase transposed line has its conductors placed at a distance of 11M, 11 M & 22 M. The
conductors have a diameter of 3.625cm Calculate the inductance and capacitance of the
transposed conductors. (a) Determine the inductance and capacitance per phase per kilometer of
the above three lines. (b) Verify the results using the MATLAB program.
PROCEDURE:
1. Enter the command window of the MATLAB.
2. Create a new M – file by selecting File – New – M – File
3. Type and save the program in the editor window.
4. Execute the program by either pressing Tools – Run.
5. View the results

PROGRAM
Fprintf(‘calculatin of three phase single circuit transmission line ‘);
Fprintf(‘name of the student vaibhaw maurya roll no 2300430209006 \n’);
D12=input(‘enter the distance b/w D12 in cm’);
D23=input (‘enter he distance between D23 in cm’);
D31=input(‘enter the distance between D31 in cm’);
D=input(‘enter the value of d’);
R=d/2;
Ds=0.7728*r;
X=D12*D23*D31;
Deq=nthroot(x,3);
Y=log(Deq/Ds);
Inductance=0.2*Y;
Capacitance=0.0556/log(Deq/r);

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Fprintf(‘the inductance per phase per kilometer is %f mH/ph/km \n’, inductance);
Fprintf(‘the capacitance per phase per kilometer is %f mF/ph/km \n’, capacitance);

Experiment No. 3 Date:

AIM: Determine the ABCD constant for transmission line.

THEORY:

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PROBLEM:

Experiment No. 4 Date:

AIM: Calculate the corona loss of transmission line.
THEORY:
Corona Effect:
The phenomenon of violet glow, hissing noise and production of Ozone gas in an overhead
transmission line is known as Corona Effect.
Algorithm for Calculation:
Find formula for unknown quantity.
Input known parameters.
Calculate unknown parameters.
Print result.
Peek’s Formula:
Where,
PC – corona power loss
F – frequency of supply in Hz
Δ – air density factor

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En – r.m.s phase voltage in kV
E0 – disruptive critical voltage per phase in kV
R – radius of the conductor in meters
D-spacing between conductors in meters

For a single-phase line,

En = ½ × line voltage and for a three phase line,
En = 1/(√3) × line voltage

Critical Disruptive Voltage

The critical disruptive voltage is defined as the minimum phase to neutral voltage at which
corona occurs. It is denoted as Vd
For a given transmission conductor, the gradient is maximum at the surface i.e. at distance of
radius ‘r’ from the centre. So, if there are two conductors each of radius ‘r’ and distance between
them is ‘d’ then the potential gradient at the surface of the conductor is given by,
G_max=V_d/(r ln d/r)
V_d=r〖 g〗_max ln d/r ………………………………..(1)

At the critical disruptive voltage, the complete disruption of dielectric occurs. At this voltage, the
potential gradient developed is equal to breakdown strength of the air which is denoted as g_o .
At a normal temperature of 25°C and pressure of 76 cm of Hg, the value of g_o, is 30 kV/cm.

Hence Vd can be expressed as,

V_d=r〖 g〗_o ln d/r ………………………………..(2)

But for any other temperature and pressure the value of 〖 g〗_o. is different. It is given by,

〖 g’〗_o = 〖 δg〗_o …..……………………(3)

Where, δ = air density correction factor

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The air density correction factor which depends on the pressure and temperature is given by,
Δ=(3.92 b)/(273+t) …..……………………(4)
Where, b = barometric pressure in cm of H
T = temperature in 0C
Hence Va can be further expressed as,
V_d=r〖 δg〗_o ln d/r …………………..(5)

The equation (5) is valid if the conductors are solid and having uniform smooth surface. But the
surface conditions are different for large cables and stranded conductors. Hence another
correction factor must be introduced in Vd. Such a factor is called irregularity factor denoted as
mo. This factor is the average value of the ratio of breakdown voltage for irregular conductor to
the smooth conductor.
The table gives the values of mo for various cases.

Hence the final expression for the critical disruptive voltage becomes,
V_d=r〖 δg〗_o 〖 m〗_o ln d/r kV/phase

PROBLEM:

A 3 phase, 50 Hz, 132 kV transmission line consists of conductors of1.17 cm diameter and
spaced equilaterally at a distance of 3 m. The conductors have smoothsurface with m_{0} = 0.96
The barometric pressure is 72 cm of Hg and the temperature is20°C. Determine loss per km per
phase under fair and foul weather conditions.

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Solution: b = 72 cm and t = 20 0C, d = 3m = 300 cm

Δ=(3.92 b)/(273+t) = (3.92 ×72)/(273+20 ) = 0.9632

R =Diameter/2 =(1.17)/2 = 0.585 cm

G_o (r.m.s.)=(30 kV/cm)/(√2) = 21.21 kV/cm

Case i) Under fair weather condition,

V_d=r〖 δg〗_o 〖 m〗_o ln d/r

= 0.585 × 0.9632 × 21.21 × 0.96 ln 300/(0.585)

= 71.5918 kV/phase

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 V_ph =(System line voltage )/(√3)=(132 )/(√3)

= 76.2120 kV

P = 241×10-3 ((f+25))/δ √(r/d) (Vph – Vd)2

P = 241×10-3 ((50 +25))/(0.9632) √((0.585)/300) (76.2120– 71.5918)2

= 0.1767 kW/ km/phase

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MATLAB PROGRAM:

RESULT:

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Experiment No. 5 Date:

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AIM: Calculation of sag & tension of transmission line.

THEORY:

Introduction:

The transmission line is not fully stretched but it is allowed to sag down. The point O is the
lowest point on the conductor.

Sag: The difference is the level between point of support and the lowest point on the conductor is
called sag.

Support are at equal level:

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The point O is the lowest point on the trajectory. Mathematically it can be proved that point O is
at the midspan.

Let, L = Length of span in metres

W = Weight per unit length of the conductor in kg/m

T = Tension in the conductor in kg

Consider a point P on the conductor and let point O is origin. Hence the co-ordinates of point P
are

(x, y).

The length of span L is large compared to sag ‘S’ hence the shape of conductor takes the form of
parabola.

As the curve is very small due to very small sag, it can be assumed that the length OP of
conductor is same as the x co-ordinate of point P.
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L(OP) = x

Now there are external forces acting on the portion OP of conductor,

The tension T

The weight wx which act at a distance of x/2 from the point O or P, as OP= x, the tension
T acts in horizontal direction at point O

Taking moments of these two forces about point P and equating them we get,

T × y = wx × (x )/2

Y = (w )/2T x2 ……………………………….(1)

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The Equation shows that the trajectory is parabolic in nature. At the support A and B, the vertical
distance y from the origin O indicates the sag

At A or B, x = l = L/2 and y= S

Substituting in equation (1),

S = (w )/2T (L/2)2

S = (w L^2)/(8T ) ……………………………….
(2)

Where, L = Total span length

And T = Tension in conductor = (w L^2)/(8T ) - (w

x^2)/(2T )

The sag at any point P of the conductor is

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 =S–y Sag at P = w/(8T )[L2 -
4x2]

Factor of Safety

While calculating sag and tension in conductor which is under the effect of ice, wind, etc. a
particular factor of safety is always considered.

Every conductor has certain ultimate strength which it can sustain. If tension increases beyond
this value, mechanical failure of conductor occurs. This ultimate strength is called breaking
stress. While the normal tension T is called the working stress. The ratio of breaking stress to the
working stress is defined as the factor of safety. Both breaking stress and working stress must be
expressed in same units. The factor of safety is denoted as Sf and mathematically expressed as,

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Sf = (breaking stress)/(working stress)

= (Ultimate strength)/(allowable working tension T )

PROBLEM:

Statement : An overhead line has a span of 250 m. The tension in the line is 1500 kg while the
conductor weighs 750 kg per 1000 metres. Calculate the maximum sag in the conductor.

Solution: The span L = 250 m and T = 1500 kg

W = (730kg)/(1000m) = 0.75kg / m

The sag is given by.

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S = (w L^2)/(8T )

= (0.75 × 〖(250)〗^2)/(8×1500 )

=3.9062 m

Statement : An overhead transmission line has a span of 230 m and the conductor weight is 650
kg/cm2. Calculate the maximum sag if the breaking stress is 4465 kg/cm² whilethe area of the
conductor is 1.29 cm². Assume factor of safety as 2.

Solution: L = Span = 230m

W = 650 kg / km = 0.65kg /m

Breaking stress = 4465 × 1.29 = 5759.85 kg

Sf = (breaking stress)/(working stress)

2 = 5759.85/T

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 T = 2879.925 = tension

S = (w L^2)/(8T )

= (0.65 × 〖(230)〗^2)/(8×2879.925 )

=1. 4924 ……. Maximum sag

MATLAB PROGRAM:

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RESULT:

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Experiment No. 6 Date:

AIM: Calculation of string efficiency of insulator of transmission line.

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THEORY:

Introduction:

The non-uniformity in the Voltage distribution over a string of suspension insulators.

More the value of string efficiency, more uniform is the voltage distribution across the
string.

If there are n discs in string then,

String Efficiency = (Voltage across string s)/(n × (voltage across the unit adjacent to the line
conductor))

Formula:

V₁ = V/((1+k)×(3+k));

V2 =V1× (1+k);

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V3 =V2 + (V1 + V2 )×k;

C= kC

PROBLEM:

In a 33kV overhead line, there are three units in the string of inductors. If the capacitance
between each inductor pin & earth is 11% of self-capacitance of each conductor, find

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1)the distribution of Voltage over 3 insulators

2)string efficiency.

MATLAB PROGRAM:

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RESULT

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Experiment No. 7 Date:

AIM: Simulate the Ferranti effect in transmission line.

SOFTWARE USED: MATLAB SIMULINK

THEORY:

Ferrante Effect:

The effect in which the voltage at the receiving end of the transmission line is more than the
sending voltage is known as the Ferranti effect. Such type of effect mainly occurs because of
light load or open circuit at the receiving end. Ferranti effect is due to the charging current of the
line. When an alternating voltage is applied, the current that flows into the capacitor is called

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charging current. A charging current is also known as capacitive current. The charging current
increases in the line when the receiving end voltage of the line is larger than the sending end.

Capacitance and inductance are the main parameters of the lines having a length 240km or
above. On such transmission lines, the capacitance is not concentrated at some definite points. It
is distributed uniformly along the whole length of the line. When the voltage is applied at the
sending end, the current drawn by the capacitance of the line is more than current associated with
the load. Thus, at no load or light load, the voltage at the receiving end is quite large as compared
to the constant voltage at the sending end.

PROBLEM STATEMENT:

Consider 400km line with sending end voltage of 110 kV has the following parameters:

R = 0.05 ohms/Km, L = 1.11mH / km and C= 1.11×10-8 farad/km. Find out receiving voltage?

Solution:

X/Km = 2πf L = 2×3.14×50×1.11×10-3 = 0.35 ohms/km

Y/Km = 2πf C = 2×3.14×50×1.11×10-8 = 0.35 ×10-6 Siemens/km

Z = (0.05+ j 0.35) x 400= 20 + j 140 ohms

Y = (j3.5×10-6) ×400 = j 14×10-4Siemens

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 Vr = Vs / (1 + YZ / 2)

=110/(1+(20+j 140) (j 14×10-4/ 2 )

| Vr | = 121.7kV

PROCEDURE:

Enter the Simulink window of the MATLAB.

Create a new model file.

Draw and save the model with the help of Simulink library.

Execute the program by either pressing Tools – Run.

View the results.

SIMULINK MODEL:

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Ferranti Effect Simulink

Ferranti Effect Reduction with Reactor

Waveform

RESULT: Hence the Ferrenti Effect is Verified using Matlab Simulink Model

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 Experiment No. 8 Date:

AIM : Calculation of parameter of underground cables.

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SOFTWARE USED: MATLAB

PROBLEM STATEMENT :

A Concentric cables has a conductor diameter of 0.6cm & the insulation thickness of 1.4cm . If
the dielectric used has relative permittivity of 5 , calculate the capacitance for 1 Km length of
cables , where ρ=7.5*10^2 ohm m.

FORMULA USED :

D=d+2t

Where , D = Total diameter with sheath

D = conductor diameter

Capacitance © = 2πϵ0ϵr/ln(D/d)

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Insulation resistance =

Ri = (ρ / 2πl)*ln(D/d) ohm

PROGRAM :

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RESULT:

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 Experiment No. 7 Date:
AIM: Simulate the Ferranti effect in transmission line.
SOFTWARE USED: MATLAB SIMULINK
THEORY:
FERRANTI EFFECT:
The effect in which the voltage at the receiving end of the transmission line is more than the
sending voltage is known as the Ferranti effect. Such type of effect mainly occurs because of
light load or open circuit at the receiving end. Ferranti effect is due to the charging current of the
line. When an alternating voltage is applied, the current that flows into the capacitor is called
charging current. A charging current is also known as capacitive current. The charging current
increases in the line when the receiving end voltage of the line is larger than the sending end.
Capacitance and inductance are the main parameters of the lines having a length 240km or
above. On such transmission lines, the capacitance is not concentrated at some definite points. It
is distributed uniformly along the whole length of the line. When the voltage is applied at the
sending end, the current drawn by the capacitance of the line is more than current associated with
the load. Thus, at no load or light load, the voltage at the receiving end is quite large as compared
to the constant voltage at the sending end.

PROBLEM STATEMENT:

PROCEDURE:
1. Enter the Simulink window of the MATLAB.
2. Create a new model file.
3. Draw and save the model with the help of Simulink library.
4. Execute the program by either pressing Tools – Run.

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5. View the results.

SIMULINK MODEL:

Ferranti Effect Simulink

Ferranti Effect Reduction with Reactor

RESULT: Hence the Ferrenti Effect is Verified using Matlab Simulink Model

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 Experiment No. 8 Date:
AIM: Calculation of parameter of underground cables.
SOFTWARE USED: MATLAB
PROBLEM STATEMENT :
A concentric cables has a conductor diameter of 0.6cm & the insulation thickness of 1.4cm. If
the dielectric used has relative permittivity of 5, calculate the capacitance for 1 Km length of
cables , where ρ=7.5*10^2 ohm m.

FORMULA USED :
D=d+2t
Where , D= TOTAL DIAMETER WITH SHEATH
d = conductor diameter
Capacitance (c) = 2πϵ0ϵr/ln(D/d)
Insulation resistance , Ri = (ρ / 2πl)*ln(D/d) ohm

PROGRAM :

clc
clear all
fprintf ('Calculation of parameter of underground cables');
fprintf ('\n Name of Student-........................ Roll No.- ………………………..');
d=input ('\n enter the value of conductor diameter (in cm) =');
er=input ('\n enter the value of relative permittivity =');
p=input ('\n enter the value of specific resistance p=');
l=input('\n enter the value of length(in m)=');
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t=input('\n enter the value of insulation thickness(t)=');
D=d+2*t;
Ri=(p/2*3.14*l)*log(D/d);
C=(2*3.14*8.85*10^-12*er)/log(D/d);
fprintf ('\n Insulation Resistance is %f', Ri);
fprintf ('\n Capacitance is %f', C);

RESULT:
Calculation of parameter of underground cables Name of Student-............. Roll No-..........
enter the value of conductor diameter (in cm)=0.6 enter the value of relative permitivity =5
enter the value of specific resistance p=7.5*10^2 enter the value of length(in m)=1000
enter the value of insulation thickness(t)=1.4

Insulation Resistance is 2.0425e+16 ohm Capacitance is 0.1603 micro F

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