Python CheatSheet

Basics
Basic syntax from the python programming language
Showing Output To User
The print function is used to display or print output as follows

print("Content that you wanna print on screen")

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we can display the content present in object using prit function as
follows:-

print("content if you want to display",var1)

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Taking Input From the User
The input function is used to take input as string or character from the
user as follows:

var1 = input("Enter your name: ")

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To take input in form of other datatypes we need to typecaste them as
follows:-
To take input as an integer:-

var1=int(input("enter the integer value"))

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To take input as an float:-

var1=float(input("enter the float value"))

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range Function
range function returns a sequence of numbers, eg, numbers starting
from 0 to n-1 for range(0, n)
range(int_start_value,int_stop_value,int_step_value)

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Here the start value and step value are by default 1 if not mentioned by
the programmer. but int_stop_value is the compulsory parameter in
range function
Comments
Comments are used to make the code more understandable for
programmers, and they are not executed by compiler or interpreter.
Single line comment

# This is a single line comment

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Multi-line comment

'''This is a
multi-line
comment'''

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Escape Sequence
An escape sequence is a sequence of characters; it doesn't represent
itself (but is translated into another character) when used inside string
literal or character. Some of the escape sequence characters are as
follows:
Newline
Newline Character

\n

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Backslash
It adds a backslash

\\
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Single Quote
It adds a single quotation mark

\'

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Tab
It gives a tab space

\t

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Backspace
It adds a backspace

\b

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Octal value
It represents the value of an octal number

\ooo

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Hex value
It represents the value of a hex number

\xhh

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Carriage Return
Carriage return or \r will just work as you have shifted your cursor to the
beginning of the string or line.

\r

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Strings
Python string is a sequence of characters, and each character can be
individually accessed using its index.
String
You can create Strings by enclosing text in both forms of quotes - single
quotes or double quotes.

variable_name = "String Data"

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Indexing
The position of every character placed in the string starts from 0th
position ans step by step it ends at length-1 position
Slicing
Slicing refers to obtaining a sub-string from the given string. The
following code will include index 1, 2, 3, and 4 for the variable
named var_name
Slicing of the string can be obtained by the following syntax-

string_var[int_start_value:int_stop_value:int_step_value]

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var_name[1 : 5]

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Here int_start_value and int_step_value are by default 1 if not
mentioned by the programmer
isalnum() method
Returns True if all the characters in the string are alphanumeric, else
False

string_variable.isalnum()

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here start and stop value are considered 0 and 1 respectively if not
mentioned by the programmmer
isalpha() method
Returns True if all the characters in the string are alphabets
string_variable.isalpha()

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isdecimal() method
Returns True if all the characters in the string are decimals

string_variable.isdecimal()

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isdigit() method
Returns True if all the characters in the string are digits

string_variable.isdigit()

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islower() method
Returns True if all characters in the string are lower case

string_variable.islower()

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isspace() method
Returns True if all characters in the string are whitespaces

string_variable.isspace()

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isupper() method
Returns True if all characters in the string are upper case

string_variable.isupper()

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lower() method
Converts a string into lower case equivalent

string_variable.lower()
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upper() method
Converts a string into upper case equivalent

string_variable.upper()

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strip() method
It removes leading and trailing spaces in the string

string_variable.strip()

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List
A List in Python represents a list of comma-separated values of any data
type between square brackets.

var_name = [element1, element2, ...]

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These elements can be of different datatypes
Indexing
The position of every elements placed in the string starts from 0th
position ans step by step it ends at length-1 position
characterstics of list

• Lists are ordered.

• List elements can be accessed by index.
• Lists can be nested to arbitrary depth.
• Lists are mutable.
• Lists are dynamic.

Empty List
This method allows you to create an empty list

my_list = []

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index method
Returns the index of the first element with the specified value

list.index(element)

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append method
Adds an element at the end of the list

list.append(element)

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extend method
Add the elements of a given list (or any iterable) to the end of the current
list

list.extend(iterable)

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insert method
Adds an element at the specified position

list.insert(position, element)

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pop method
Removes the element at the specified position and returns it

list.pop(position)

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remove method
The remove() method removes the first occurrence of a given item from
the list

list.remove(element)

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clear method
Removes all the elements from the list

list.clear()

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count method
Returns the number of elements with the specified value

list.count(value)

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reverse method
Reverses the order of the list

list.reverse()

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sort method
Sorts the list

list.sort(reverse=True|False)

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Tuples
Tuples are represented as comma-separated values of any data type
within parentheses.
Tuple Creation

variable_name = (element1, element2, ...)

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These elements can be of different datatypes
Indexing
The position of every elements placed in the string starts from 0th
position ans step by step it ends at length-1 position
characterstics of list

• Tuples are ordered.

 • Tuples elements can be accessed by index.
• Tuples can be nested to arbitrary depth.
• Tuples are immutable.

Lets talk about some of the tuple methods:

count method
It returns the number of times a specified value occurs in a tuple

tuple.count(value)

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index method
It searches the tuple for a specified value and returns the position.

tuple.index(value)

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Sets
A set is a collection of multiple values which is both unordered and
unindexed. It is written in curly brackets.
Set Creation: Way 1

var_name = {element1, element2, ...}

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Set Creation: Way 2

var_name = set([element1, element2, ...])

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characterstics of sets:

• set is unordered
• sets are immutable
• sets have no indexing property
• duplicate elements are not allowed in sets

Set Methods
Lets talk about some of the methods of sets:
add() method
Adds an element to a set

set.add(element)

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clear() method
Remove all elements from a set

set.clear()

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discard() method
Removes the specified item from the set

set.discard(value)

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intersection() method
Returns intersection of two or more sets

set.intersection(set1, set2 ... etc)

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issubset() method
Checks if a set is a subset of another set

set.issubset(set)

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pop() method
Removes an element from the set

set.pop()

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remove() method
Removes the specified element from the set
set.remove(item)

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union() method
Returns the union of two or more sets

set.union(set1, set2...)

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Dictionaries
The dictionary is an unordered set of comma-separated key:value pairs,
within {}, with the requirement that within a dictionary, no two keys can
be the same.
Dictionary

<dictionary-name> = {<key>: value, <key>: value ...}

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characterstics of dictionary:

• dictionary is ordered collection of elements

• dictionary allows duplicate values but not duplicate keys
• dictionaries are mutable

Empty Dictionary
By putting two curly braces, you can create a blank dictionary

mydict={}

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Adding Element to a dictionary
By this method, one can add new elements to the dictionary

<dictionary>[<key>] = <value>

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Updating Element in a dictionary
If a specified key already exists, then its value will get updated
<dictionary>[<key>] = <value>

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Deleting an element from a dictionary
del keyword is used to delete a specified key:value pair from the
dictionary as follows:

del <dictionary>[<key>]

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Dictionary Functions & Methods
Below are some of the methods of dictionaries
len() method
It returns the length of the dictionary, i.e., the count of elements (key:
value pairs) in the dictionary

len(dictionary)

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clear() method
Removes all the elements from the dictionary

dictionary.clear()

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get() method
Returns the value of the specified key

dictionary.get(keyname)

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items() method
Returns a list containing a tuple for each key-value pair

dictionary.items()

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keys() method
Returns a list containing the dictionary's keys

dictionary.keys()

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values() method
Returns a list of all the values in the dictionary

dictionary.values()

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update() method
Updates the dictionary with the specified key-value pairs

dictionary.update(iterable)

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Indentation
In Python, indentation means the code is written with some spaces or
tabs into many different blocks of code to indent it so that the
interpreter can easily execute the Python code.
Conditional Statements
The if, elif and else statements are the conditional statements in Python,
and these implement selection constructs (decision constructs).
if Statement

if(conditional expression):
statements

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if-else Statement

if(conditional expression):
statements
else:
 statements

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if-elif Statement

if (conditional expression):
statements
elif (conditional expression):
statements
else:
statements

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Nested if-else Statement

if (conditional expression):
if (conditional expression):
statements
else:
statements
else:
statements

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Loops in Python
A loop or iteration statement repeatedly executes a statement, known as
the loop body, until the controlling expression is false (0).
For Loop
The for loop of Python is designed to process the items of any sequence,
such as a list or a string, one by one.

for <variable> in <sequence>:

statements_to_repeat

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While Loop
A while loop is a conditional loop that will repeat the instructions within
itself as long as a conditional remains true.

while <logical-expression>:
loop-body

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Break Statement
The break statement enables a program to skip over a part of the code. A
break statement terminates the very loop it lies within.

for <var> in <sequence>:

statement1
if <condition>:
break
statement2
statement_after_loop

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Continue Statement
The continue statement skips the rest of the loop statements and
causes the next iteration to occur.

for <var> in <sequence>:

statement1
if <condition> :
continue
statement2
statement3
statement4

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Functions
 A function is a block of code that performs a specific task. You can pass
parameters into a function. It helps us to make our code more organized
and manageable.
Function Definition

def my_function(parameters):
#statements

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def keyword is used before defining the function.
Function Call

my_function(parameters)

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Whenever we need that block of code in our program simply call that
function name whenever neeeded. If parameters are passed during
defing the function we have to pass the parameters while calling that
function
File Handling
File handling refers to reading or writing data from files. Python provides
some functions that allow us to manipulate data in the files.
open() function

var_name = open("file name", " mode")

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modes-

1. r - to read the content from file

2. w - to write the content into file
3. a - to append the existing content into file
4. r+: To read and write data into the file. The previous data in the
file will be overridden.
5. w+: To write and read data. It will override existing data.
6. a+: To append and read data from the file. It won’t override
existing data.

close() function
var_name.close()

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read () function
The read functions contains different methods, read(),readline() and
readlines()

read() #return one big string

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It returns a list of lines

readlines() #returns a list

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It returns one line at a time

readline #returns one line at a time

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write function
This function writes a sequence of strings to the file.

write() #Used to write a fixed sequence of characters to a

file

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It is used to write a list of strings

writelines()

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Exception Handling
An exception is an unusual condition that results in an interruption in
the flow of a program.
try and except
A basic try-catch block in python. When the try block throws an error, the
control goes to the except block.
try:
[Statement body block]
raise Exception()
except Exceptionname:
[Error processing block]

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else
The else block is executed if the try block have not raise any exception
and code had been running successfully

try:
#statements
except:
#statements
else:
#statements

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finally
Finally block will be executed even if try block of code has been running
successsfully or except block of code is been executed. finally block of
code will be executed compulsory
Object Oriented Programming (OOPS)
It is a programming approach that primarily focuses on using objects
and classes. The objects can be any real-world entities.
class
The syntax for writing a class in python

class class_name:
pass #statements

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self parameter
 The self parameter is the first parameter of any function present in the
class. It can be of different name but this parameter is must while
defining any function into class as it is used to access other data
members of the class
class with a constructor
Constructor is the special function of the class which is used to
initialize the objects. The syntax for writing a class with the constructor
in python

class CodeWithHarry:

# Default constructor
def __init__(self):
self.name = "CodeWithHarry"

# A method for printing data members

def print_me(self):
print(self.name)

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Creating an object
Instantiating an object can be done as follows:

<object-name> = <class-name>(<arguments>)

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filter function
The filter function allows you to process an iterable and extract those
items that satisfy a given condition

filter(function, iterable)

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issubclass function
Used to find whether a class is a subclass of a given class or not as
follows
issubclass(obj, classinfo) # returns true if obj is a
subclass of classinfo

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Iterators and Generators
Here are some of the advanced topics of the Python programming
language like iterators and generators
Iterator
Used to create an iterator over an iterable

iter_list = iter(['Harry', 'Aakash', 'Rohan'])

print(next(iter_list))
print(next(iter_list))
print(next(iter_list))

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Generator
Used to generate values on the fly

# A simple generator function

def my_gen():
n = 1
print('This is printed first')
# Generator function contains yield statements
yield n
n += 1
print('This is printed second')
yield n
n += 1
print('This is printed at last')
yield n

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Decorators
Decorators are used to modifying the behavior of a function or a class.
They are usually called before the definition of a function you want to
decorate.
property Decorator (getter)

@property
def name(self):
return self.__name

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setter Decorator
It is used to set the property 'name'

@name.setter
def name(self, value):
self.__name=value

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deleter Decorator
It is used to delete the property 'name'

@name.deleter #property-name.deleter decorator

def name(self, value):
print('Deleting..')
del self.__name