Python CheatSheet Basics Basic syntax from the python programming language Showing Output To User The print function is used to display or print output as follows risus CCRT EIEN See) we can display the content present in object using prit function as follows: Sits print("Hi my name is: ",var1) Taking Input From the User The input function is used to take input as string or character from the user as follows: var1 = input("Enter Panam To take input in form of other datatypes we need to typecaste them as follows:- To take input as an integer- vari=int(input("enter the integer value")) Peters) To take input as an float:- Nels eaters eui id Grn ea CL Tanr eC) puna Cc) range Function range function returns a sequence of numbers, eg, numbers starting from 0 to n-I for range(0, n)Here the start value and step value are by default | if not mentioned by the programmer. but int_stop_value is the compulsory parameter in range function example- Display all even numbers between | to 100 oan) (0,101,2): print (i) Comments Comments are used to make the code more understandable for programmers, and they are not executed by compiler or interpreter. Single line comment Sas Multi-line comment Escape Sequence An escape sequence is a sequence of characters; it doesn't represent itself (but is translated into another character) when used inside string literal or character. Some of the escape sequence characters are as follows: Newline Newline Character Backslash Itadds a backslashSingle Quote Itadds a single quotation mark print("\'") Tab It gives a tab space sth a) Backspace Itadds a backspace Petia ; Octal value It represents the value of an octal number print("\ooo") Hex value it represents the value of a hex number Pana Gae cD) Carriage Return Carriage return or \r will just work as you have shifted your cursor to the beginning of the string or line.Strings Python string is a sequence of characters, and each character can be individually accessed using its index. String You can create Strings by enclosing text in both forms of quotes - single quotes or double quotes, Sse oars example Indexing The position of every character placed in the string starts from Oth position ans step by step it ends at length-1 position Slicing Slicing refers to obtaining a sub-string from the given string. The following code will include index |, 2, 3, and 4 for the variable named var_name Slicing of the string can be obtained by the following syntax- SORES] Scar eae here start and step value are considered 0 and | respectively if not mentioned by the programmmer isalnum() method Returns True if all the characters in the string are alphanumeric, else False Ce mec Cece PUTO) isalpha() method Returns True if all the characters in the string are alphabetsBeStm CSc ICeeec ITO) isdecimal() method Returns True if all the characters in the string are decimals eeu s ca Ceee cout) isdigit() method Returns True if all the characters in the string are digits string variable. isdigit() islower() method Returns True if all characters in the string are lower case riable.islower() isspace() method Returns True if all characters in the string are whitespaces string_variable.isspace() isupper() method Returns True if all characters in the string are upper case string_variable.isupper() lower() method Converts a string into lower case equivalent string_variable.lower() upper() methodConverts a string into upper case equivalent string_variable.upper() strip() method It removes leading and trailing spaces in the string string_variable.strip() A List in Python represents a list of comma-separated values of any data type between square brackets. These elements can be of different datatypes Indexing The position of every elements placed in the string starts from Oth position ans step by step it ends at length-1 position List is ordered,indexed,mutable and most flexible and dynamic collection of elements in python. Empty List This method allows you to create an empty list Cet see) index method Returns the index of the first element with the specified value Ore euo) append method Adds an element at the end of the list Cua)extend method Add the elements of a given list (or any iterable) to the end of the current list SRE sent) insert method Adds an element at the specified position SRE ae UTC (position, element) pop method Removes the element at the specified position and returns it list.pop(position) remove method The remove() method removes the first occurrence of a given item from the list Reet) clear method Removes all the elements from the list petiatot C0) count method Returns the number of elements with the specified value sees nec) reverse method Reverses the order of the listsort method Sorts the list Sr ) Tuples Tuples are represented as comma-separated values of any data type within parentheses. Tuple Creation OCs mast These elements can be of different datatypes Indexing The position of every elements placed in the string starts from Oth position ans step by step it ends at length-1 position Tuples are ordered,ndexing,immutable and most secured collection of elements Lets talk about some of the tuple methods: count method it returns the number of times a specified value occurs in a tuple meee TA) index method It searches the tuple for a specified value and returns the position. BUT SOc Fut} Sets A set is a collection of multiple values which is both unordered and unindexed. It is written in curly brackets. Set Creation: Way 1Set is unordered,immutable,non-indexed type of collection.Duplicate elements are not allowed in sets. Set Methods Lets talk about some of the methods of sets: add() method Adds an element to a set -add(element) clear() method Remove all elements from a set ott e) discard() method Removes the specified item from the set are (Ora) intersection() method Returns intersection of two or more sets -intersection(set1, set2 ... etc) issubset() method Checks if a set is a subset of another setpop() method Removes an element from the set -pop() remove() method Removes the specified element from the set Lek) union() method Returns the union of two or more sets -union(set1, set2...) Dictionaries The dictionary is an unordered set of comma-separated key:value pairs, within {}, with the requirement that within a dictionary, no two keys can be the same. Dictionary Dictionary is ordered and mutable collection of elements.Dictionary allows duplicate values but not duplicate keys. Empty Dictionary By putting two curly braces, you can create a blank dictionary Adding Element to a dictionary By this method, one can add new elements to the dictionary[] = Updating Element in a dictionary If a specified key already exists, then its value will get updated [] = Deleting an element from a dictionary del keyword is used to delete a specified key-value pair from the dictionary as follows Cec as CLECs Dictionary Functions & Methods Below are some of the methods of dictionaries len() method It returns the length of the dictionary, i.c., the count of elements (key: value pairs) in the dictionary (dictionary) clear() method Removes all the elements from the dictionary dictionary.clear() get() method Returns the value of the specified key dictionary. get (keyname) items() method Returns a list containing a tuple for each key-value pairdictionary. items() keys() method Returns a list containing the dictionary’s keys dictionary. keys() values() method Returns a list of all the values in the dictionary dictionary. values() update() method Updates the dictionary with the specified key-value pairs dictionary. update(iterable) Indentation In Python, indentation means the code is written with some spaces or tabs into many different blocks of code to indent it so that the interpreter can easily execute the Python code. Indentation is applied on conditional statements and loop control statements. Indent specifies the block of code that is to be executed depending on the conditions. Conditional Statements The if, elif and else statements are the conditional statements in Python, and these implement selection constructs (decision constructs). if Statement (conditional expression): Berd if-else Statement(conditional expression): Bere Reread if-elif Statement (conditional expression): Bee ied Cosco Bee Bere Nested if-else Statement (conditional expression): Corecess etd Steed Beret example- *) Loops in Python A loop or iteration statement repeatedly executes a statement, known as the loop body, until the controlling expression is false (0).For Loop The for loop of Python is designed to process the items of any sequence, such as a list or a string, one by one. RSC Ie tls Samer Troe Be ma example- icra (1,101,1): print (4 While Loop Awhile loop is a conditional loop that will repeat the instructions within itself as long as a conditional remains true. while : Steg example- print (i) oo Break Statement The break statement enables a program to skip over a part of the code. A break statement terminates the very loop it lies within Se eee US uta Brescirae Stare este cers Reet) Sete) example- ae ae (1,161,1): etnae an oa)Gera ete Pann aay Continue Statement The continue statement skips the rest of the loop statements and causes the next iteration to occur. Se ee UIST cues Beteiet Stance he tes oneti) Sr teited Seite) Rete) example- for i in [2,3,4,6, phaet 3 oaeunt) print(i) Functions A function is a block of code that performs a specific task. You can pass parameters into a function. tt helps us to make our code more organized and manageable. Function Definition Coa urasCOn def keyword is used before defining the function. Function CallCae CuTO) Whenever we need that block of code in our program simply call that function name whenever needed. If parameters are passed during defing the function we have to pass the parameters while calling that function example- Carton PtssCE surety) EU) cer) eu er)) add() cats Return statement in Python function The function return statement return the specified value or data item to the caller. Sam ACCS CuB) Arguments in python function Arguments are the values passed inside the parenthesis of the function while defining as well as while calling. rg Corser a cee ey my _function(argi,arg2,arg3....argn) example- Caren eit) pe CaED) etree) File Handling File handling refers to reading or writing data from files. Python provides some functions that allow us to manipulate data in the files. open() functionTEC t ji } modes- 1.r- to read the content from file 2.w - to write the content into file 3.a- to append the existing content into file 4. r#: To read and write data into the file. The previous data in the file will be overridden. 5. w#: To write and read data. It will override existing data. 6. a+: To append and read data from the file. It won't override existing data. close() function var_name.close() read () function The read functions contains different methods, read(),readline() and readlines() ero aa Sats It returns a list of lines Pee TEL @ Rate ee it returns one line at a time eCSEL aE write function This function writes a sequence of strings to the file. Exception Handlingin that results in an interruption in the flow of a ‘An exception is an unusual condi program. try and except A basic try-catch block in python. When the try block throws an error, the control goes to the except block. re eseiecnea Nm rad] raise Exception() except Exceptionname: eae ees aa) else The else block is executed if the try block have not raise any exception and code had been running successfully ress finally Finally block will be executed even if try block of code has been running successsfully or except block of code is been executed. finally block of code will be executed compulsory Object Oriented Programming (OOPS) itis a programming approach that primarily focuses on using objects and classes. The objects can be any real-world entities. class The syntax for writing a class in python Pee Creating an objectInstantiating an object can be done as follows: DEUS ee ius) self parameter The self parameter is the first parameter of any function present in the class. It can be of different name but this parameter is must while defining any function into class as itis used to access other data members of the class class with a constructor Constructor is the special function of the class which is used to initialize the objects. The syntax for writing a class with the constructor in python Ce ep def _init_(self) Psa ee Cea CSC eo en print (self.name) Inheritance in python By using inheritance, we can create a class which uses all the properties and behavior of another class. The new class is known as a derived class or child class, and the one whose properties are acquired is known as a base class or parent class. It provides the re-usability of the code. Types of inheritance- Single inheritance Multiple inheritance Multilevel inheritance Hierarchical inheritancefilter function The filter function allows you to process an iterable and extract those items that satisfy a given condition issubclass function Used to find whether a class is a subclass of a given class or not as follows issubclass(obj, classinfo) Iterators and Generators Here are some of the advanced topics of the Python programming language like iterators and generators Iterator Used to create an iterator over an iterable prea ets Sehr cee COT print(next(iter_list)) Pstna Goss etc EEo)) print(next (iter_list)) Generator Used to generate values on the fly Coma O ce Pins Ghee CM Stes strap) en Pitas Ga} Pane) Seon es Crs Gn UE Ce Ui ica) etnDecorators Decorators are used to modifying the behavior of a function or a class. They are usually called before the definition of a function you want to decorate. property Decorator (getter) Cas Cau Cetus ae setter Decorator Itis used to set the property ‘name’ CR ees Cau Seam self.__name=value deleter Decorator Itis used to delete the property ‘name’ Cre ec def (eotaaC tT eae del self.__name CodeWithHarry — copyrigh fyOQOo