UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO

FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

MIE 270F, FLUID MECHANICS I

Problem Set 3 – Fundamentals of One Dimensional Flow Energy

1. (5-20) The closed tank shown, which is full of liquid, is accelerated

downward at 2/3 of g, and to the right at one g. Here L = 2 m an
H = 3 m; the liquid has a specific gravity of 1.3. Determine the
difference in pressure between C and A and between B and A.

Solution

g - 2/3g

2 1
∆p AB = ρ ( g − g ) H = 1.3 γ w H = 12.75kPa
3 3
∆p BC = ρgL = 1.3γ w L = 25.51kPa
∆p AC = ∆p AB + ∆p BC = 38.26kPa
2. Glycerin (specific gravity 1.26) in a processing plant flows in a pipe at a rate of 700 L/s. At a
point where the pipe diameter is 600 mm, the pressure is 300 kPa. Find the pressure at a second
point where the pipe diameter is 300 mm if the second point is 1.0 m lower than the first point.
Neglect head loss.

Solution

2. (Sample Problem 5.2, Finnermore and Franzini 2002)

Facing inside cover: γwater = 9810 N/m 3 = 9.81 kN/m 3
2
Q 0.70 m 3 / s d 
V1 = = = 2.48 m/s , V 2 =  1  V1 = 4V 1 = 9.90 m/s
A1 π (0.3) m
2 2
 d2 
From Bernoulli’s Equation:
p V2
+z+ = constant
γ 2g
300
+0+
(2.48) = p 2 − 1.0 + (9.90)
2 2

1.26(9.81) 2(9.81) 1.26(9.81) 2(9.81)

p 2 = 254 kN/m 2 = 254 kPa
3. Water flows through a 150-ft-long, 9-in-diameter pipe at 3.8 cfs. At the entry point, the
pressure is 30 psi; at the exit point, 15 ft higher than the entry point, the pressure is 20 psi.
Between these two points, find the pipe friction head loss.

Solution

3. (Sample Problem 5.3, Finnermore and Franzini 2002)

 p1 V12   p2 V22 

From the equation  + z1 +   
γ 2 g  − hf =  γ + z 2 + 2 g  ,
   
 30(144 ) V   20(144 )
2
V2 
hf =  +0+  −  + 15 + 
 62.4 2 g   62.4 2 g 
V 1 = V 2 , so the terms involving V cancel, and hf = 8.08 ft
4. Water is pumped through a pipeline to a treatment plant at rate of 130 cfs. The 5-ft-diameter
suction line is 3000 ft long, and the 3-ft-diameter discharge line is 1500 ft long. The pump adds
energy to the water at a rate of 40 ft lb/lb, and the total head loss is 56 ft. If the water pressure at
the pipeline entrance is 50 psi, what is the pressure at the exit which is 15 ft higher than the
entrance?

Solution

4. (Sample Problem 5.5, Finnermore and Franzini 2002)

Q1 130 cfs Q2 130 cfs

V1 = = = 6.62 fps, V2 = = = 18.39 fps
A1 (π 4 )(5)2 ft 2 A2 (π 4 )(3)2 ft 2

 p1 V2   p2 V2 
From the equation  + z1 + 1  + hP − hL =  + z 2 + 2  ,
γ 2g  γ 2g 

 50(144 ) (6.62 )2  + 40 − 56 =  p2 144  + 15.0 + (18.39 )2 

 + 0 +
 62.4 2(32.2 )   62.4 2(32.2 ) 
 
p2 = 34.6 psi
5. A liquid (s = 0.86) with a vapor pressure of 3.8 psia flows through the horizontal constriction
in the following figure. Atmospheric pressure is 26.8 in Hg. Find the maximum theoretical flow
rate, i.e., at what minimum Q does cavitation occur in the throat (narrowest section)? Neglect
head loss.

Solution

5. (Sample Problem 5.9, Finnermore and Franzini 2002)

Since the standard atmosphere is equivalent to 29.92 in Hg and 14.70 psia,
26.8
patm = (14.70) = 13.16 psia
29.92
For ( pcrit ) gage = −( patm − pV ) ,
 pcrit  13.16 − 3.8 
  = − 144 = −25.1 ft
 γ  gage  0.86(62.4 ) 
Q 4Q 4Q Q Q 4Q Q
V1 = = = = ; V 2 = = =
A1 πD12 π 3 2 7.07 A2 π 12 0.785

 p1 V 2   p2 V2 
From the equation  + z1 + 1  =  + z 2 + 2  ,
γ 2g   γ 2g 
10(144 )
2 2
 Q  1  Q  1
+0+  = −25.1 + 0 +  
0.86(62.4 )  7.07  2(32.2 )  0.785  2(32.2 )
Q = 45.7 cfs
6. With reference to the figure below, the wooden beam (s = 0.6) has a cross-section of 15 cm by
15 cm and is 4 m long. It is hinged at point A and partially submerged in water. What is the
angle between beam axis and water surface?

Solution

6. (Midterm Test 1999, Question 8)

Note: M = ρV
 l
MB = [(1 − s )γH2O ]⋅ [(0.15 × 0.15)(l )]⋅  L −  cosθ
 2

MW = [s × γH2O ]⋅ [(0.15 × 0.15)(L − l )]⋅

(L − l )cosθ
2
(∑ M ) A = M B + M W =0
 l 1
l (1 − s ) L −  = s (L − l )
2

 2 2
l 2 − 2lL = − sL2
(
∴l = L 1 − 1 − s )
⇒ l = 1.47 m
1 1
cos θ = = = 0.395
L − l 2.53
θ = 66.7 0
7. (4.1) In the system in the figure, the valve at C is gradually opened in such a way that a
constant rate of increase in discharge is produced. How would you classify the flow at B while
the valve is being opened? How would you classify the flow at A?

Solution

7. (Problem 4.1, Crowe, Elger and Roberson 2001)

At B: Non-uniform, unsteady; At A: unsteady, uniform.(in the usual 1-D sense!)

8. (4.17) The discharge of water in a 25-cm pipe is 0.03 m3/s. What is the mean velocity?

Solution

8. (Problem 4.17, Crowe, Elger and Roberson 2001)

Water flows in a 25 cm diameter pipe. Q = 0.03 m3/s.

V = Q / A = 0.03 / (π / 4 × 0.25 2 ) = 0.611 m/s

9. (4.22) An aircraft engine test pipe is capable of providing a flow rate of 200 kg/s at altitude
conditions corresponding to an absolute pressure of 50 kPa and a temperature of -18oC. The
velocity of air through the duet attached to the engine is 240 m/s. Calculate the diameter of the
duct.

Solution

9. (Problem 4.22, Crowe, Elger and Roberson 2001)

A pipe for an aircraft engine test has

m& = 200 kg/s and V = 240 m/s. p = 50 kPa − abs, T = −18 o C.

Thus,

ρ = p / RT = (50 × 10 3 ) /((287)(273 − 18)) = 0.683 kg/m 3

m& = ρAV

or

A = m& /( ρV ) = (200) /((0.683)(240)) = 1.22 m 2

A = ( π / 4) D 2 = 1.22
D = ((4)(1.22) / π) 1 / 2 = 1.25 m
10. (4.30) The rectangular channel shown is 2 m wide. What is the discharge in the channel?

Solution

10. (Problem 4.30, Crowe, Elger and Roberson 2001)

Open channel flow down a 30o incline. Velocity profile is u = y1/3 m/s. Vertical depth is 1
m. Width is 2 m.
0.866
Q=∫ y 1 / 3 ( 2 dy )
0
0.866
= 2∫ y 1 / 3 dy
0
4
3 3 0.866
=2 y 0 = ( 2 /(4 / 3)) y 4 / 3 0.866 m
|0
4
Q = 1.24 m 3 /s
11. (4.54) The velocity of water flow in the nozzle shown is given by the following expression: V
= 2t / (1-0.5x / L) 2, where V = velocity in feet per second, t = time in seconds, x = distance along
the nozzle, and L = length of nozzle = 4 ft. When x = 0.5L and t = 3 s, what is the local
acceleration along the centerline? What is the convective acceleration? Assume one-dimensional
flow prevails.

Solution

11. (Problem 4.54, Crowe, Elger and Roberson 2001) (Flow in a nozzle)

Find: Convective acceleration: ac ;Local acceleration: al

[ ]
a l = ∂V / ∂t = ∂ / ∂t 2t / (1 − 0.5 x / L ) = 2 / (1 − 0.5 x / L )
2 2

= 2 / (1 − 0.5 × 0.5L / L ) = 3.56 ft/s 2

2

[ ] [
a c = V (∂V / ∂x ) = 2t / (1 − 0.5 x / L ) ∂ / ∂x 2t / (1 − 0.5 x / L )
2 2
]
( )
= 4t 2 / (1 − 0.5 x / L ) l = 4(3) 2 /((1 − 0.5 × 0.5L / L) 5 4)
5

= 37.9 ft/s 2
12. (4.61) Both pistons are moving to the left, but piston A has a speed twice as great as that of
piston B. Then the water level in the tank is a) rising, b) not moving up or down, c) falling.

Solution

12. (Problem 4.61, Crowe, Elger and Roberson 2001)

The level in the tank (see below) is influenced by the motion of pistons A and B. Each
piston moves to the left. VA=2VB
c.s.

VB

VA=2VB

Determine whether the water level is rising, falling or staying the same

Solution: Select a control volume as shown above. Assume it is coincident with and moves with
the water surface. Continuity principle

∑ ρV ⋅ A = −d / dt ∫ ρdV
cv

ρ 2V B AA − ρV B AB = ρd / dt ∫ dV
cv

where AA = (π / 4)3 ; AB = (π / 4 )6 2 and AA = (1 / 4)AB . Then

2

2V B (1 / 4) AB − V B AB = −d / dt ∫ dV
cv

V B AB ((1 / 2) − 1) = −d / dt ∫ dV
cv

d / dt ∫ dV = (1 / 2)V B AB
cv

d / dt ( Ah) = (1 / 2)V B AB
Adh / dt = (1 / 2)V B AB

Because (1/2)VBAB is positive, dh/dt is positive; thus the water surface is rising.
13.(4.73) For a steady flow of gas in the conduit shown, what is the mean velocity at section 2?

Solution

13. (Problem 4.73, Crowe, Elger and Roberson 2001): Steady flow of gas in a conduit

To find the mean velocity at section 2 V2, simply apply the continuity equation:

V 2 = ( ρ 1 A1V1 ) /( ρ 2 A2 ) = ( ρ 1 D1 V1 ) /( ρ 2 D2 )
2 2

= (2.0 × 1.2 2 × 15) /(1.5 × 0.6 2 ) = 80.0 m/s

14. (5.21) A truck carries a tank that is open at the top. The tank is 18 ft long, 6 ft wide, and 7 ft
high. Assuming that the driver will not accelerate or decelerate the truck at a rate greater than
8.02 ft / s2, to what maximum depth may the tank be filled so that water will not be spilled?

Solution

V14. (Problem 5.21, Crowe, Elger and Roberson 2001): Find the maximum depth before spilling:

Solution:
tan α = a x / g = 8.02 / 32.2 = 0.2491
tan α = h / 9
h = 9 tan α = 9 × 0.2491 = 2.242 ft
Maximum depth = 7 − 2.242 = 4.758 ft
15. (5.36) Mercury is the liquid in the rotating U-tube. Determine the rate of rotation ω if l = 6 in.
Then, if rotation is stopped, to what level z will the mercury level drop in the larger leg?

Solution

15. (Problem 5.36, Crowe, Elger and Roberson 2001)

Find: level of mercury in larger leg after rotation stops.

Rotating flow equation from the liquid surface in the small tube to the liquid surface in the large
tube.
p s + γa s − ρrs ω 2 / 2 = p L + z L − ρrL ω 2 / 2
2 2

But p s = p L , rs = 0.5l and rL = 1.5l. Then

(ρ / 2)ω 2 (rL2 − rs2 ) = γ (z L − z s )
(γ / 2 g )ω 2 (1.5 2 l 2 − 0.5 2 l 2 ) = γ (2l )
ω 2 = 2g / l
ω = 2 g /(1 / 2)
= 11.35 rad/s
Change in volume of Hg in small tube is same as in large tube. That is
∀s = ∀L
∆z s πd 2 / 4 = ∆z L π(2d) 2 / 4
∆z s = 4∆z L
Also
∆z s + ∆z L = 2l
4∆z L + ∆z L = 2 × 0.5 ft
∆z L = 1.0 ft / 5 = 0.20 ft
Mercury level in large tube will drop 0.2 ft from it original level.