Basic SQL Topics (Roadmap)

Best resource: https://www.w3schools.com/sql/sql_intro.asp

Primary key: Unique + Not Null

Candidate key: Unique

Foreign key:
If there are two tables then one table's primary key is another table’s foreign key.
Foreign key refers to another table’s primary key.

What is RDBMS ?
●​ How data is stored in a relational database?
●​ What is schema write to relational database?
SQL Commands

●​ DDL, DML, DCL, TCL, DQL

●​ What are commands under each of these categories and what each of these
commands actually do?

Data Types

●​ String data type like VARCHAR, TEXT etc

●​ Integer data type like INT, NUMBER etc.
●​ DATE
●​ FLOAT/DECIMAL
●​ BOOLEAN
●​ Also check out IDENTITY column (Auto Increment column)

Constraints:
●​ Primary key
●​ Foreign key
●​ Check constraints,Not null constraint, Unique constraint, default etc.
Normalisation in SQL

●​ Different normal forms like 1NF, 2NF, 3NF, BCNF

Operators

●​ Arithmetic operator
●​ Logical operator
●​ Comparison operator
●​ UNION, UNION ALL operator

CASE statement

●​ Simple case statement as well nested case statement

Important SQL clause
●​ DISTINCT clause
●​ ORDER BY clause
●​ LIMIT/TOP clause

Inner Join
●​ How to fetch data from multiple tables

Let’s start ……..

https://www.w3schools.com/sql/sql_intro.asp (just read the articles)

-​ SQL keywords are NOT case sensitive: select is the same as SELECT
-​ Database systems require a semicolon at the end of each SQL statement ( Yes ).

Note: Database and DBMS are not the same. DBMS is basically a software which is
used to do CRUD operations in a database.

Data types -
Some of The Most Important SQL Commands

●​ SELECT - extracts data from a database

●​ UPDATE - updates data in a database
●​ DELETE - deletes data from a database
●​ INSERT INTO - inserts new data into a database
●​ CREATE DATABASE - creates a new database
●​ ALTER DATABASE - modifies a database
●​ CREATE TABLE - creates a new table
●​ ALTER TABLE - modifies a table
●​ DROP TABLE - deletes a table
●​ CREATE INDEX - creates an index (search key)
●​ DROP INDEX - deletes an index

Mytable:
Create table

SELECT Statement
Syntax:

For selecting a particular field or column:

SELECT CustomerName, City FROM Customers;

Returns all columns:

SELECT * FROM Customers;

Return all columns with unique and sorted way:

SELECT DISTINCT Country FROM Customers;

Returns how many unique countries are there:

SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT Country) FROM Customers;

Note: The COUNT(DISTINCT column_name) is not supported in Microsoft Access

databases.

Here is a workaround for MS Access:

SELECT Count(*) AS cnt
FROM (SELECT DISTINCT Country FROM Customers);

Where clause
SELECT * FROM Customers
WHERE Country='Mexico';
So it will return basically all the record of the table where Mexico presents.

We can also select particular field by condition rather returning the whole table:
Select ContactName, City, Country from Customers
Where Country = 'Mexico';

Note: The WHERE clause is not only used in SELECT statements, it is also used in UPDATE,
DELETE, etc.!

Text fields vs numeric fields is that text fields include single quotation ( sometimes
double in other databases ) and numeric doesn’t allow quotation !

So various use of where is ,

SELECT * FROM Customers
WHERE CustomerID=1;

SELECT * FROM Customers

WHERE CustomerID > 80;

Etc…………!
Operator Description

= Equal

> Greater than

< Less than

>= Greater than or equal

<= Less than or equal

 <> Not equal. Note: In some versions of SQL this operator
may be written as !=

BETWEEN Between a certain range

LIKE Search for a pattern

IN To specify multiple possible values for a column

<> :
SELECT *From Products
WHERE Price <> 18;

Output:

BETWEEN :
SELECT * FROM Products
WHERE Price BETWEEN 50 AND 60;

LIKE:
SELECT *FROM Customers
WHERE City LIKE ‘s%’;

‘X%’ represents every city’s first letter and will be X, Where X could be any alphabet !

IN :
SELECT * FROM Customers
WHERE City IN ('Paris','London');
ORDER BY keyword
The ORDER BY keyword is used to sort the result-set in ascending or descending order.

SELECT * FROM Products

ORDER BY Price;

DESC : For decreasing manners .

SELECT * FROM Products
ORDER BY Price, City DESC;

Using both ASC and DESC:

SELECT * FROM Customers

ORDER BY Country ASC, CustomerName DESC;

AND Operator
Used to return all the customers' names from the country Spain where the first letter is ‘G’.

SELECT * FROM Customers

WHERE Country = ‘Spain’ AND CustomerName LIKE ‘G%’;

MCQ:

SELECT * FROM Customers

WHERE Country = 'U' AND CustomerName LIKE 'G%';

Here ‘U’ is not a country. Does it provide errors?

Ans: No errors ! , Just it won’t show any value regarding the commands.

All conditions must be true !

SELECT * FROM Customers

WHERE Country = 'Germany'
AND City = 'Berlin'
AND PostalCode > 12000;
Combining AND and OR

With parentheses :

SELECT * FROM Customers

WHERE Country = 'Spain' AND (CustomerName LIKE 'G%' OR CustomerName LIKE 'R%');

Here all countries are Spain

Without parentheses:

Without parenthesis, the select statement will return all customers from Spain that starts with
a "G", plus all customers that starts with an "R", regardless of the country value:

SELECT * FROM Customers

WHERE Country = 'Spain' AND (CustomerName LIKE 'G%' OR CustomerName LIKE 'R%');

Here it is considering other countries also.

OR Operator

SELECT * FROM Customers

WHERE City = 'Berlin' OR CustomerName LIKE 'G%' OR Country = 'Norway';

Not Operator
Used to abstain from some particular thing.

SELECT * FROM Customers

WHERE NOT Country = 'Spain';

SELECT * FROM Customers

WHERE City NOT IN ('Paris', 'London');
INSERT INTO STATEMENT

INSERT INTO (‘Comlumn name1, Column name2…..)

VALUES (‘rohan’, ‘romio’.....);

NULL VAlUES
A NULL value is different from a zero value or a field that contains spaces. A field with a
NULL value is one that has been left blank during record creation!

It is not possible to test for NULL values with comparison operators, such as =, <, or <>.
We will have to use the IS NULL and IS NOT NULL operators instead.

Syntax:

Select CustomerName, Address where Address IS NULL;

UPDATE Statement

UPDATE Customers
SET ContactName = 'Alfred Schmidt', City= 'Frankfurt'
WHERE CustomerID = 1;

Here,
Customer -> table name
ContactName -> column name

DELETE Statement

For deleting any specific record in the table:

DELETE FROM table_name WHERE condition;

Ex:
DELETE FROM Customers WHERE CustomerName='Alfreds Futterkiste';

For deleting the whole record in the table without deleting the
whole table:

DELETE FROM tablename;

Ex: DELETE FROM Customers;

TOP / LIMIT

TOP - Not supported for all database;

Select top 3 *from table_name;

LIMIT - For mysql it will select a particular portion;

Select *from table_name

Limit 3;

MIN() and MAX(); function

Syntax:
select MIN(price) as [giving column name like MinimumID in ex]
from tablename;

Like:
select MIN(teacherid) as Minimum_ID
from teachers;

Likewise MAX()...............

Count function

Find the total number of rows in the Products table:

SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM Products;

Syntax:
SELECT COUNT(column_name)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;
How many different prices are there in the Products table:

SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT Price)

FROM Products;

Name the column "Number of records":

SELECT COUNT(*) AS [Number of records]

FROM Products;

SUM / AVG (functions)

Syntax;
Select SUM(column_name)
From table_name
Where condition;

Select SUM(*) not recognized;

Note : all statements will be at first and while performing function
we’ve to select that particular function.

Like

Select *from table_name

Where columnName Like ‘firsttowletter%’;

In operator

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name IN (value1, value2, ...);

Ex:
Select *from customer
where customerID IN (select customerID from Orders)

It returns all the customers have an order in the order table

JOIN / INNER JOIN

select a.name, b.resturant from MyInfo a inner join Resturants b
on a.OrderNO = b.OrderNo;

With aliasing a and b .

It basically display all the common information between two table.

MyInfo table

Restaurants table

If this are tow table inner join will provide

Left join:
select a.Resturant, b.name from resturants a
left join MyInfo b on a.OrderNO = b.OrderNO;

It will provide all values from left and all unique from right

Right join:
Vice versa of left join.