Python Introduction

Python is an interpreted, object-oriented, high-level programming language with

dynamic semantics. Its high-level built in data structures, combined with dynamic
typing and dynamic binding, make it very attractive for Rapid Application
Development, as well as for use as a scripting or glue language to connect existing
components together. Python's simple, easy to learn syntax emphasizes readability
and therefore reduces the cost of program maintenance. Python supports modules and
packages, which encourages program modularity and code reuse. The Python
interpreter and the extensive standard library are available in source or binary
form without charge for all major platforms, and can be freely distributed.

1. Write programs to parse text files, CSV, HTML, XML and JSON documents and
extract relevant data. After retrieving data check any anomalies in the data,
missing values etc.

Parsing CSV Files and Checking for Missing Values:

import csv
with open("covid_19_clean_complete.csv", 'r') as csvfile:
data=[]
reader = csv.reader("covid_19_clean_complete.csv")
header = next(reader) # Read the header
for row in reader:
data.append(row)

def check_missing_values(data):
missing_values = []
for row in data:
for value in row:
if not value:
missing_values.append(row)
break
return missing_values

csv_file_path = 'data.csv'
header, csv_data = parse_csv_file(csv_file_path)
missing_values = check_missing_values(csv_data)
print("Missing values in CSV:", missing_values)

Parsing HTML Files Using Beautiful Soup:

You'll need to install the beautifulsoup4 library. You can install it using pip
install beautifulsoup4.

# import module
import requests
import pandas as pd
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup

# link for extract html data

def getdata(url):
r = requests.get(url)
return r.text

htmldata = getdata("https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/how-to-automate-an-excel-sheet-
in-python/?ref=feed")
soup = BeautifulSoup(htmldata, 'html.parser')
data = ' '
for data in soup.find_all("p"):
print(data.get_text())
Parsing XML Files Using ElementTree:
import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET

def parse_xml_file(file_path):
tree = ET.parse(file_path)
root = tree.getroot()
return root

xml_file_path = 'data.xml'
parsed_xml = parse_xml_file(xml_file_path)
print(ET.tostring(parsed_xml, encoding='utf-8').decode('utf-8')) # Print parsed
XML content

Parsing JSON Files and Checking for Anomalies:

import json

def parse_json_file(file_path):
with open(file_path, 'r') as json_file:
data = json.load(json_file)
return data

def check_anomalies(data):
anomalies = []
# Implement your own logic to check for anomalies in the JSON data
# For example, you can check for unexpected keys or missing values
# and add them to the 'anomalies' list.
return anomalies

json_file_path = 'data.json'
parsed_json = parse_json_file(json_file_path)
anomalies = check_anomalies(parsed_json)
print("Anomalies in JSON:", anomalies)

Writing Binary File:

data = b'\x00\x01\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07\x08\x09' # Example binary data

with open('binary_data.bin', 'wb') as f:

f.write(data)

print("Binary data has been written to 'binary_data.bin'")

Reading binary data from a file

with open('binary_data.bin', 'rb') as f:

binary_data = f.read()

print("Binary data read from 'binary_data.bin':", binary_data)

Write programs for searching, splitting, and replacing strings based on pattern
matching using regular expressions

import re

# Searching for a pattern in a string

def search_pattern(pattern, text):
result = re.search(pattern, text)
 if result:
print("Pattern found:", result.group())
else:
print("Pattern not found")

# Splitting a string based on a pattern

def split_string(pattern, text):
result = re.split(pattern, text)
print("Splitted parts:", result)

# Replacing a pattern in a string

def replace_pattern(pattern, replacement, text):
result = re.sub(pattern, replacement, text)
print("Replaced text:", result)

# Example usage
text = "Hello there! My email is example@example.com and my phone number is 123-
456-7890."
pattern_email = r'\S+@\S+' # Matches email addresses
pattern_phone = r'\d{3}-\d{3}-\d{4}' # Matches phone numbers

search_pattern(pattern_email, text)
split_string(pattern_email, text)
replace_pattern(pattern_phone, '[PHONE]', text)

Design a relational database for a small application and populate the database.
Using SQL do the CRUD (create, read, update and delete) operations

CRUD:
design a simple relational database schema and perform CRUD operations using SQL.
Let's assume we're creating a small application to manage a library's book
collection. The database will need tables to store information about books and
authors. Here's how the schema could look:

Tables:

Authors

author_id (Primary Key)

first_name
last_name

Books
book_id (Primary Key)
title
publication_year
author_id (Foreign Key referencing Authors)
Creating the Database:
CREATE DATABASE LibraryApp;
USE LibraryApp;

CREATE TABLE Authors (

author_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
first_name VARCHAR (50),
last_name VARCHAR (50)
);
CREATE TABLE Books (
book_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
title VARCHAR(100),
publication_year INT,
author_id INT,
FOREIGN KEY (author_id) REFERENCES Authors(author_id)
);

Populating the Database:

INSERT INTO Authors (author_id, first_name, last_name)
VALUES
(1, 'John', 'Doe'),
(2, 'Jane', 'Smith');

INSERT INTO Books (book_id, title, publication_year, author_id)

VALUES
(1, 'The Book Title', 2020, 1),
(2, 'Another Book', 2018, 2);

CRUD Operations:
1. Create (INSERT):
INSERT INTO Authors (author_id, first_name, last_name)
VALUES (3, 'Michael', 'Johnson');

INSERT INTO Books (book_id, title, publication_year, author_id)

VALUES (3, 'New Book', 2022, 3);
2. Read (SELECT):
-- Get all books with their authors
SELECT Books.title, Authors.first_name, Authors.last_name
FROM Books
JOIN Authors ON Books.author_id = Authors.author_id;

-- Get books published after 2019

SELECT title, publication_year
FROM Books
WHERE publication_year > 2019;

3. Update (UPDATE):
-- Update book title
UPDATE Books
SET title = 'Updated Title'
WHERE book_id = 2;

-- Update author's last name

UPDATE Authors
SET last_name = 'Johnson'
WHERE author_id = 1;

4. Delete (DELETE):
-- Delete a book
DELETE FROM Books
WHERE book_id = 3;

-- Delete an author and their books

DELETE FROM Authors
WHERE author_id = 3;
Create a Python MongoDB client using the Python module pymongo. Using a collection
object practice functions for inserting, searching, removing, updating, replacing,
and aggregating documents, as well as for creating indexes

create a Python MongoDB client using the pymongo module and practice various
functions on a collection:
Reasons to opt for MongoDB :
1. It supports hierarchical data structure (Please refer docs for details)
2. It supports associate arrays like Dictionaries in Python.
3. Built-in Python drivers to connect python-application with Database. Example-
PyMongo
4. It is designed for Big Data.
5. Deployment of MongoDB is very easy.

Create a connection : The very first after importing the module is to create a
MongoClient.
from pymongo import MongoClient
client = MongoClient(“mongodb://localhost:27017/”)

EXAMPLE
from pymongo import MongoClient

# Connect to MongoDB
client = MongoClient('mongodb://localhost:27017/')
db = client['mydatabase'] # Replace 'mydatabase' with your database name
collection = db['mycollection'] # Replace 'mycollection' with your collection name

# Insert documents
data_to_insert = [
{"name": "Alice", "age": 30, "city": "New York"},
{"name": "Bob", "age": 25, "city": "San Francisco"},
{"name": "Charlie", "age": 40, "city": "Los Angeles"}
]
collection.insert_many(data_to_insert)

# Find documents
result = collection.find({"city": "New York"})
for doc in result:
print(doc)

# Update documents
collection.update_one({"name": "Alice"}, {"$set": {"age": 31}})

# Replace document
collection.replace_one({"name": "Bob"}, {"name": "Bobby", "age": 26, "city": "San
Francisco"})

# Remove documents
collection.delete_one({"name": "Charlie"})

# Aggregation
pipeline = [
{"$group": {"_id": "$city", "count": {"$sum": 1}}}
]
aggregation_result = collection.aggregate(pipeline)
for doc in aggregation_result:
print(doc)

# Create an index
collection.create_index("name")
# Close the connection
client.close()

Write programs to create numpy arrays of different shapes and from different
sources, reshape and slice arrays, add array indexes, and apply arithmetic, logic,
and aggregation functions to some or all array elements
What is NumPy?
NumPy is a Python library used for working with arrays.
It also has functions for working in domain of linear algebra, fourier transform,
and matrices.
NumPy was created in 2005 by Travis Oliphant. It is an open source project and you
can use it freely.
NumPy stands for Numerical Python.

Why Use NumPy?

In Python we have lists that serve the purpose of arrays, but they are slow to
process.
NumPy aims to provide an array object that is up to 50x faster than traditional
Python lists.
The array object in NumPy is called ndarray, it provides a lot of supporting
functions that make working with ndarray very easy.
Arrays are very frequently used in data science, where speed and resources are very
important.

import numpy as np
# Create arrays of different shapes and sources
array1d = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]) # 1D array
array2d = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]]) # 2D array
array_zeros = np.zeros((3, 4)) # 3x4 array of zeros
array_ones = np.ones((2, 2)) # 2x2 array of ones
array_range = np.arange(0, 10, 2) # Array with values [0, 2, 4, 6, 8]
# Reshape arrays
reshaped_array = array2d.reshape(3, 2) # Reshape 2x3 array to 3x2
# Slicing arrays
sliced_array = array1d[1:4] # Slice elements from index 1 to 3 (inclusive)
sliced_2d_array = array2d[:, 1] # Slice second column from 2D array
# Add array indexes
indexed_array = array1d + np.arange(5) # Add array indexes to each element
# Arithmetic operations
addition_result = array1d + 10
multiplication_result = array2d * 2
# Logic operations
boolean_array = array1d > 3 # Array of boolean values based on condition
# Aggregation functions
sum_array = np.sum(array1d) # Sum of all elements
mean_array = np.mean(array2d) # Mean of all elements
max_value = np.max(array1d) # Maximum value in the array
print("1D Array:", array1d)
print("2D Array:", array2d)
print("Reshaped Array:", reshaped_array)
print("Sliced Array:", sliced_array)
print("Sliced 2D Array:", sliced_2d_array)
print("Indexed Array:", indexed_array)
print("Addition Result:", addition_result)
print("Multiplication Result:", multiplication_result)
print("Boolean Array:", boolean_array)
print("Sum of Array:", sum_array)
print("Mean of Array:", mean_array)
print("Maximum Value:", max_value)

Write programs to use the pandas data structures: Frames and series as storage
containers and for a variety of data-wrangling operations, such as:

• Single-level and hierarchical indexing

Single-Level Indexing:
Single-level indexing is the basic way of indexing in Pandas, where you have a
single index to access rows and columns of a DataFrame or Series.
DataFrame Single-Level Indexing:

import pandas as pd
data = {'A': [1, 2, 3], 'B': [4, 5, 6]}
df = pd.DataFrame(data, index=['row1', 'row2', 'row3'])

# Accessing a single column using label-based indexing

column_a = df['A'] # Returns a Series

# Accessing a single row using label-based indexing

row_1 = df.loc['row1'] # Returns a Series

# Accessing a specific cell using label-based indexing

cell_value = df.at['row2', 'B'] # Returns a scalar value
Series Single-Level Indexing:
import pandas as pd

data = [10, 20, 30]

s = pd.Series(data, index=['a', 'b', 'c'])

# Accessing a single element using label-based indexing

value = s['b'] # Returns a scalar value
Hierarchical Indexing (MultiIndexing):
Hierarchical indexing allows you to have multiple levels of indexing, which is
especially useful when dealing with multi-dimensional or hierarchical data. It's
used to index and manipulate data in higher-dimensional structures.
DataFrame Hierarchical Indexing:
import pandas as pd

data = {'A': [1, 2, 3], 'B': [4, 5, 6]}

index = pd.MultiIndex.from_tuples([('row1', 'sub1'), ('row1', 'sub2'),
('row2', 'sub1'), ('row2', 'sub2')],
names=['index1', 'index2'])

df = pd.DataFrame(data, index=index)

# Accessing using MultiIndex

value = df.loc['row1', 'sub1'] # Returns a Series

Series Hierarchical Indexing:

import pandas as pd

data = [10, 20, 30, 40]

index = pd.MultiIndex.from_tuples([('A', 'x'), ('A', 'y'),
('B', 'x'), ('B', 'y')],
names=['index1', 'index2'])
s = pd.Series(data, index=index)

# Accessing using MultiIndex

value = s.loc['A', 'y'] # Returns a scalar value

Handling missing data

Handling missing data is an important aspect of data analysis and manipulation in

pandas, a popular Python library for data manipulation and analysis. Pandas
provides several tools and techniques to handle missing data effectively. Here are
some common approaches:
1. Detecting Missing Data: You can use various methods to detect missing data in
a pandas DataFrame or Series:

import pandas as pd

df = pd.DataFrame({'A': [1, 2, None, 4], 'B': [5, None, 7, 8]})

# Check for missing values

print(df.isnull())

# Count missing values in each column

print(df.isnull().sum())

Dropping Missing Data: If the missing data is not critical and doesn't affect your
analysis, you can drop rows or columns containing missing values using the dropna()
method:

# Drop rows with any missing value

df_dropped = df.dropna()

# Drop columns with any missing value

df_dropped_columns = df.dropna(axis=1)

Filling Missing Data: You can fill missing values with specific values using the
fillna() method:

Filling null values with the previous ones

# importing numpy as np
import numpy as np
# dictionary of lists
dict = {'First Score':[100, 90, np.nan, 95],
'Second Score': [30, 45, 56, np.nan],
'Third Score':[np.nan, 40, 80, 98]}
# creating a dataframe from dictionary
df = pd.DataFrame(dict)
# filling missing value using fillna()
print(df.fillna(0))
(OR)
# importing pandas as pd
import pandas as pd
# importing numpy as np
import numpy as np
# dictionary of lists
dict = {'First Score':[100, 90, np.nan, 95],
'Second Score': [30, 45, 56, np.nan],
'Third Score':[np.nan, 40, 80, 98]}
# creating a dataframe from dictionary
df = pd.DataFrame(dict)
# filling a missing value with
# previous ones
print(df.fillna(method ='pad’))
#df.fillna(method ='bfill’)

Filling a null values using replace() method

# importing pandas package
import pandas as pd

# making data frame from csv file

data = pd.read_csv("employees.csv")

# will replace Nan value in dataframe with value -99

data.replace(to_replace = np.nan, value = -99)
Using interpolate() function to fill the missing values using linear method.
# importing pandas as pd
import pandas as pd

# Creating the dataframe

df = pd.DataFrame({"A":[12, 4, 5, None, 1],
"B":[None, 2, 54, 3, None],
"C":[20, 16, None, 3, 8],
"D":[14, 3, None, None, 6]})

# Print the dataframe

print(df)

Arithmetic and Boolean operations on entire columns and tables

you can perform arithmetic and Boolean operations on entire columns and tables
using various built-in functions and operators. Pandas is a powerful library in
Python for data manipulation and analysis. Here's how you can perform these
operations:
1. Arithmetic Operations on Columns: You can perform arithmetic operations
(addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, etc.) on entire columns in a
Pandas DataFrame.

import pandas as pd

# Create a DataFrame
data = {'A': [1, 2, 3], 'B': [4, 5, 6]}
df = pd.DataFrame(data)

# Perform arithmetic operations on columns

df['C'] = df['A'] + df['B']
df['D'] = df['A'] * 2

print(df)

Boolean Operations on Columns: You can perform Boolean operations (comparison,

masking, etc.) on entire columns in a Pandas DataFrame.

import pandas as pd

# Create a DataFrame
data = {'A': [1, 2, 3], 'B': [4, 5, 6]}
df = pd.DataFrame(data)
# Boolean operations on columns
df['C'] = df['A'] > 1 # Creates a Boolean column based on a comparison
filtered_df = df[df['B'] > 4] # Creates a new DataFrame with a Boolean mask

print(df)
print(filtered_df)

Applying Functions to Columns: You can also apply custom functions to columns using
the apply method.

import pandas as pd

# Create a DataFrame
data = {'A': [1, 2, 3], 'B': [4, 5, 6]}
df = pd.DataFrame(data)

# Applying functions to columns

def custom_function(x):
return x * 2

df['C'] = df['A'].apply(custom_function)

print(df)

Arithmetic Operations on Tables (DataFrames): You can perform element-wise

arithmetic operations on entire DataFrames.

import pandas as pd

# Create DataFrames
data1 = {'A': [1, 2, 3], 'B': [4, 5, 6]}
data2 = {'A': [2, 3, 4], 'B': [7, 8, 9]}
df1 = pd.DataFrame(data1)
df2 = pd.DataFrame(data2)

# Element-wise arithmetic operations on DataFrames

result_df = df1 + df2

print(result_df)

Database-type operations (such as merging and aggregation)

In pandas, a popular Python library for data manipulation and analysis, you can
perform various database-type operations such as merging and aggregation on
DataFrame and Series data structures. These operations are essential for working
with structured data and conducting data analysis tasks. Here's an overview of how
to perform merging and aggregation using pandas:
Merging DataFrames:
Merging is the process of combining two or more DataFrames based on common columns
or indices. The primary function for merging DataFrames in pandas is the merge()
function. Commonly used types of merges include:
1. Inner Merge: Retains only the rows with matching keys in both DataFrames.
2. Outer Merge: Includes all rows from both DataFrames, filling in missing
values with NaN where necessary.
3. Left Merge: Keeps all rows from the left DataFrame and only matching rows
from the right DataFrame.
4. Right Merge: Keeps all rows from the right DataFrame and only matching rows
from the left DataFrame.
Example of performing an inner merge:

import pandas as pd

df1 = pd.DataFrame({'key': ['A', 'B', 'C'], 'value1': [1, 2, 3]})

df2 = pd.DataFrame({'key': ['B', 'C', 'D'], 'value2': [4, 5, 6]})

merged_df = pd.merge(df1, df2, on='key', how='inner')

print(merged_df)

Aggregation:
Aggregation involves summarizing data using functions like sum, mean, count, etc.
Pandas provides the groupby() function to group data by one or more columns and
then perform aggregation operations on the grouped data.
import pandas as pd

data = {'Category': ['A', 'B', 'A', 'B', 'A'],

'Value': [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]}
df = pd.DataFrame(data)

grouped = df.groupby('Category')
aggregated_result = grouped['Value'].sum()
print(aggregated_result)

You can also perform multiple aggregation functions at once:

aggregated_result = grouped['Value'].agg(['sum', 'mean', 'count'])

print(aggregated_result)

Plotting individual columns and whole tables

In pandas, you can easily plot individual columns and whole tables using the built-
in plotting capabilities. Pandas provides a .plot() function that can be applied to
both Series (individual columns) and DataFrames (whole tables). This function uses
Matplotlib for visualization by default.
Here's how you can plot individual columns and whole tables using pandas:
python

import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Create a sample DataFrame

data = {
'A': np.random.rand(10),
'B': np.random.rand(10),
'C': np.random.rand(10)
}
df = pd.DataFrame(data)

# Plotting individual columns

df['A'].plot(kind='bar') # You can change the plot type as needed (e.g., 'line',
'scatter', etc.)
plt.title('Individual Column A')
plt.xlabel('Index')
plt.ylabel('Value')
plt.show()

# Plotting whole table

df.plot(kind='line') # This will plot all columns as lines
plt.title('Whole Table')
plt.xlabel('Index')
plt.ylabel('Value')
plt.legend(loc='upper right')
plt.show()

Reading data from files and writing data to files

Pandas is a powerful Python library for data manipulation and analysis. It provides
various functions and methods for reading and writing data from/to files using
different data structures like DataFrames and Series. Here's how you can read and
write data using pandas:
Reading Data from Files:
1. CSV Files: CSV (Comma-Separated Values) files are one of the most common file
formats for storing tabular data.

import pandas as pd

# Reading CSV file into a DataFrame

data = pd.read_csv('data.csv')

# Display the DataFrame

print(data)

Excel Files: Pandas can also read data from Excel files (.xls or .xlsx).

import pandas as pd

# Reading Excel file into a DataFrame

data = pd.read_excel('data.xlsx', sheet_name='Sheet1')

# Display the DataFrame

print(data)

Other Formats: Pandas supports reading data from various other formats such as
JSON, SQL databases, HTML tables, and more.

import pandas as pd

# Reading JSON file into a DataFrame

data = pd.read_json('data.json')

# Display the DataFrame

print(data)

Writing Data to Files:

1. CSV Files:

import pandas as pd

# Creating a DataFrame
data = pd.DataFrame({
'Name': ['Alice', 'Bob', 'Charlie'],
'Age': [25, 30, 28]
})
# Writing DataFrame to CSV file
data.to_csv('output.csv', index=False)

Excel Files:
import pandas as pd

# Creating a DataFrame
data = pd.DataFrame({
'Name': ['Alice', 'Bob', 'Charlie'],
'Age': [25, 30, 28]
})

# Writing DataFrame to Excel file

data.to_excel('output.xlsx', sheet_name='Sheet1', index=False)

Other Formats:
import pandas as pd

# Creating a DataFrame
data = pd.DataFrame({
'Name': ['Alice', 'Bob', 'Charlie'],
'Age': [25, 30, 28]
})

# Writing DataFrame to JSON file

data.to_json('output.json', orient='records')

# Writing DataFrame to HTML file

data.to_html('output.html', index=False)

Write a program to purposefully raise Indentation Error and Correct it

program that intentionally raises an IndentationError and then corrects it:

def raise_indentation_error():
print("This will raise an IndentationError")
print("Because there's no indentation before the 'print' statements")

def correct_indentation_error():
print("This corrects the IndentationError")
print("By adding proper indentation before the 'print' statements")

# Uncomment the following lines to test the code

# raise_indentation_error()

# correct_indentation_error()

Write a program to compute distance between two points taking input from the user

# Python Program to Calculate Distance

# Reading co-ordinates
x1 = float(input('Enter x1: '))
y1 = float(input('Enter y1: '))
x2 = float(input('Enter x2: '))
y2 = float(input('Enter y2: '))
# Calculating distance
d = ( (x2-x1)**2 + (y2-y1)**2 ) ** 0.5

# Displaying result
print('Distance = %f' %(d))

Program to display the following information: Your name, Full Address, Mobile
Number, College Name, Course Subjects in python

def personal_details():
name, age = "Simon", 19
address = "Bangalore, Karnataka, India"
print("Name: {}\nAge: {}\nAddress: {}".format(name, age, address))

personal_details()

Write a Program for checking whether the given number is a even number or not.

num = int(input("Enter a Number:"))

if num % 2 == 0:
print("Given number is Even")
else:
print("Given number is Odd")

Program to find the largest three integers using if-else

# Python program to find the largest number among the three input numbers

# change the values of num1, num2 and num3

# for a different result
num1 = 10
num2 = 14
num3 = 12

# uncomment following lines to take three numbers from user

#num1 = float(input("Enter first number: "))
#num2 = float(input("Enter second number: "))
#num3 = float(input("Enter third number: "))

if (num1 >= num2) and (num1 >= num3):

largest = num1
elif (num2 >= num1) and (num2 >= num3):
largest = num2
else:
largest = num3

print("The largest number is", largest)

Python program to multiply two matrices

# Program to multiply two matrices using list comprehension

# take a 3x3 matrix

A = [[12, 7, 3],
[4, 5, 6],
[7, 8, 9]]
# take a 3x4 matrix
B = [[5, 8, 1, 2],
[6, 7, 3, 0],
[4, 5, 9, 1]]

# result will be 3x4

result = [[sum(a * b for a, b in zip(A_row, B_col))
for B_col in zip(*B)]
for A_row in A]

for r in result:
print(r)

Python Program to Find the Gcd of Two Numbers

# Python code to demonstrate the working of gcd()

# importing "math" for mathematical operations
import math

# prints 12
print("The gcd of 60 and 48 is : ", end="")
print(math.gcd(60, 48))

To find the factorial of positive integer

# Python program to find the factorial of a number provided by the user.

# change the value for a different result

num = 7

# To take input from the user

#num = int(input("Enter a number: "))

factorial = 1

# check if the number is negative, positive or zero

if num < 0:
print("Sorry, factorial does not exist for negative numbers")
elif num == 0:
print("The factorial of 0 is 1")
else:
for i in range(1,num + 1):
factorial = factorial*i
print("The factorial of",num,"is",factorial)

Write a program To display prime number from 2 to n.

1. lower_value = int(input ("Please, Enter the Lowest Range Value: "))

2. upper_value = int(input ("Please, Enter the Upper Range Value: "))
3.
4. print ("The Prime Numbers in the range are: ")
5. for number in range (lower_value, upper_value + 1):
6. if number > 1:
7. for i in range (2, number):
8. if (number % i) == 0:
9. break
10. else:
11. print (number)
Program to write a series of random numbers in a file from 1 to n and display.

import random

print("Random integers between 0 and 9: ")

for i in range(4, 15):
y = random.randrange(9)
print(y)

Program to display a list of all unique words in a textfile

text_file = open('data.txt', 'r')
text = text_file.read()

#cleaning
text = text.lower()
words = text.split()
words = [word.strip('.,!;()[]') for word in words]
words = [word.replace("'s", '') for word in words]

#finding unique
unique = []
for word in words:
if word not in unique:
unique.append(word)

#sort
unique.sort()

#print
print(unique)

Write a program combine lists that combines these lists in to a dictionary

# Quick examples of converting two lists into a dictionary

# Lists for keys and values

keys_list = ['a', 'b', 'c']
values_list = [1, 2, 3]

# Method 1: Using the zip() function and the dict() constructor

my_dict = dict(zip(keys_list, values_list))
print(my_dict)

# Method 2: Using the enumerate() function and a loop

my_dict = {}
for i, key in enumerate(keys_list):
my_dict[key] = values_list[i]
print(my_dict)

# Method 3: Using the zip() function and a loop

my_dict = {}
for k, v in zip(keys_list, values_list):
my_dict[k] = v
print(my_dict)

# Method 4: Using the fromkeys() method and a loop

my_dict = dict.fromkeys(keys_list, None)
for i in range(len(keys_list)):
my_dict[keys_list[i]] = values_list[i]
print(my_dict)

Python Inheritance

class Animal:

# attribute and method of the parent class

name = ""

def eat(self):
print("I can eat")

# inherit from Animal

class Dog(Animal):

# new method in subclass

def display(self):
# access name attribute of superclass using self
print("My name is ", self.name)

# create an object of the subclass

labrador = Dog()

# access superclass attribute and method

labrador.name = "Rohu"
labrador.eat()

# call subclass method

labrador.display()

Polymorphism

class Cat:
def __init__(self, name, age):
self.name = name
self.age = age

def info(self):
print(f"I am a cat. My name is {self.name}. I am {self.age} years old.")

def make_sound(self):
print("Meow")

class Dog:
def __init__(self, name, age):
self.name = name
self.age = age

def info(self):
print(f"I am a dog. My name is {self.name}. I am {self.age} years old.")

def make_sound(self):
 print("Bark")

cat1 = Cat("Kitty", 2.5)

dog1 = Dog("Fluffy", 4)

for animal in (cat1, dog1):

animal.make_sound()
animal.info()
animal.make_sound()

Python program to Data visualization through Sea born for the above program 9.

# Importing libraries
import numpy as np
import seaborn as sns

# Selecting style as white,

# dark, whitegrid, darkgrid
# or ticks
sns.set( style = "white" )

# Generate a random univariate

# dataset
rs = np.random.RandomState( 10 )
d = rs.normal( size = 50 )

# Plot a simple histogram and kde

# with binsize determined automatically
sns.distplot(d, kde = True, color = "g")

Python program to Create an array of 10 zeros

import numpy as np
array=np.zeros(10)
print("An array of 10 zeros:")
print(array)
array=np.ones(10)
print("An array of 10 ones:")
print(array)
array=np.ones(10)*5
print("An array of 10 fives:")
print(array)

Generate an array of 25 random numbers sampled from a standard normal distribution.

import numpy as np
rand_num = np.random.normal(0,1,25)
print("15 random numbers from a standard normal distribution:")
print(rand_num)