Programming Basics and Data Analytics

with Python
Programming Basics
 Learning Objectives

By the end of this lesson, you will be able to:

Explain software and the need of software

Categorize different types of software

Explain distribution of software

Illustrate procedural and object-oriented programming

Summarize program structure with its syntax

 Business Scenario

ABC is a supply-chain management company. The development team at ABC is

working on developing software to manage the supply chain of its client's
products. This can be a web, or a desktop application installed at all warehouses.

The company must determine what type of software will best meet the given
demand and make use of programming procedures to implement it.

To address these challenges, we will explore the following:

- What is software​?
- Types of software​
- Distribution of software​
- Implementation of procedural and object-oriented programming
Introduction to Software
Discussion
 Software

Why is software necessary? How do they make our lives easy?

• What is software?
• Why do we need software?
What Is Software ?

• Software is a set of instructions written for the computer

to understand, interpret, and execute.
• Software programs are structured, organized, and
formally written in a computer language. Hardware is
used to run software programs.
• Without software support, hardware cannot increase its
capabilities. The network and computer systems cannot
function without software programs.
 Software Examples

A few examples of software are:

Operating Internet Adobe Spreadsheet Office

system browser
 Hardware Examples

Hardware is a physical electronic device used in or with a machine. Some examples of

hardware in a computer are:

Mouse Keyboard Ethernet Hard drive

cords
 Why Do We Need Software?

Software makes human tasks easier and provides a

1 consistent way of executing instructions with minimal to
zero error, unlike execution done by human beings.

Software can be customized for any organization or

2 user and designed for the mass market, such as
commercial off-the-shelf software.

For instance, a calculator comes with software that makes

Note 3
regular calculations simpler and faster.
 Why Do We Need Software?

• Software has evolved with time with the

advancement in technology.
• In today’s era, software can be used to create
complex enterprise applications for various
industries, such as transportation, medicine,
defense, telecommunications, and others.

Note
 Software

Why is software necessary? How do they make our lives easy?

• What is software?
Answer: Software is a set of instructions written for the computer to
understand, interpret, and execute.

• Why do we need software?

Answer: Software makes human tasks easier and provides a consistent way
of executing instructions with minimal to zero error.
Categories of Software
Discussion
 Types of Software

What are the different types of software?

What type of software is Excel?

What type of software is Windows?
 Types of Software

Software can be broadly classified in two categories:

Application software
Photoshop
Calculator
Microsoft
office • System software
System software Browser
Games • Application software

Operating Utilities
system Hardware
CPU, RAM, I/O devices,
and others
 System Software

• It acts as an interface between hardware and

:Operating Utility application software.
system programs
• These software run background processes.
• Machine understands binary language and system
software helps to convert human instructions into
Language machine understandable instructions.
translators
• System software can be categorized based on its
functions.
 Application Software

It is a set of programs that are used to perform a specific task on a system. These are
customized to solve specific types of problems and provide functionalities.

Example

• Excel is used for operations with numbers.

• PowerPoint is used to create presentations.
• A browser is used for surfing the internet.
• A library management system provides functionalities related to the library.
• Tally is used for accounting.
 Distribution of Software

The software can be distributed in many ways :

Freeware Shareware

It refers to software that is freely It is typically released under a

available without any charge. It is shareware license. It is time-limited
typically released under a freeware free software that requires payment
license, which allows users to use, for continued use after the trial
copy, distribute, and modify the period.
software without any restrictions.
 Distribution of Software

The software can be distributed in many ways :

Open-source software Licensed software

It is often released under an open- It is protected by copyright and

source license, and enables must be purchased from a
unrestricted usage, modification, vendor. It is governed by a
and distribution. Its source code is proprietary license, granting
generally accessible to the public, users usage rights but not
fostering inspection and permitted to modify or distribute
improvement by a wide range of the software.
individuals.
Types of Software

What are the different types of software?

Answer: Software is broadly classified into system software
and application software

• What type of software is Excel?

Answer: Excel is an application software as it is a set of programs
used to perform a specific task on a system.

• What type of software is Windows?

Answer: Windows is an operating system (OS) software. It is a
widely used OS developed by Microsoft that provides a platform
for running applications and managing computer hardware.
Programming Models
Discussion
 Procedural Programming

Scenario: You are a data scientist in your organization and have been put
into a project that deals with critical information. While coding for an
application, you hide everything but the necessary information about an item
to simplify it and boost productivity.

In simple terms, you decide to showcase only the data that is relevant and
hide all the other critical and unnecessary data from the user.

Which OOPs concept is being used here?

 Procedural Programming

• Procedural programming is a programming paradigm built around the idea

that programs are sequences of instructions to be executed.
• A program is divided into multiple sections called modules, subroutines, or
block structures, and the aim is to improve the clarity, quality, and
development time of a computer program.
• Instead of using a go-to statement like assembly language, procedural
programming (structured programming) uses blocks, control structures, and
loops.
• Example: Pascal, C
 Object-Oriented Programming Language

OOPs refer to languages that use objects in programming. It aims to implement real-world
entities such as inheritance, information hiding, and polymorphism in programming.

Advantages of OOPs

• OOPs are faster and easier to execute.

• OOPs provide a clear structure for the programs.
• OOPs are more secure than procedural languages.
• Objects can move freely within member functions.
• OOPs help in creating reusable applications with less code and shorter
development time.
 OOPs: Concepts

OOPs focus on the following principles:

Inheritance Encapsulation

OOPs concepts

Abstraction Polymorphism
 Procedural Programming

Scenario: You are a data scientist in your organization and have been put
into a project that deals with critical information. While coding for an
application, you hide everything but the necessary information about an item
to simplify it and boost productivity.

In simple terms, you decide to showcase only the data that is relevant and
hide all the other critical and unnecessary data from the user.

Which OOPs concept is being used here?

Answer: The OOPs concept being used here is data abstraction.
Program Structure
Discussion
 Program Structure

• How do you decide if a programming language is a compiler-based

language or an interpreter-based language?

• What is the difference between a compiler-based language and an

interpreter-based language?
 Program Structure

A program consists of multiple components that interact with each other and have
1 interrelationships. A well-structured program might be complex but not
complicated.

In a well-structured program, the division into components follows a recognized

2 principle, such as information hiding, and the interfaces between components are
explicit and simple.
 Program Structure

In contrast, a poorly structured program has interfaces that are implicit and
3 difficult to understand, and the division into components is largely arbitrary (or
non-existent.)

A well-structured program employs appropriate data structures and program

4 units with a single-entry point and a single exit point, while a poorly structured
program employs arbitrary data structures and flow of control.
 Structured Program

Virtually all structured programs share a similar overall pattern:

Variable declaration

Statements to start Program statements

1 3
the program (blocks of code)
 Syntax in Different Languages

The programming languages listed below support the following syntax:

Language Syntax example

#include<stdio.h>
C
void main(){printf(“Hey Hi!!”);}

#include<iostream>
C++
int main(){cout<<(“Hey Hi!!”; return 0;}
program HelloWorld;
begin
Pascal
writeIn(“Hey Hi!!”);
end
CREATE OR REPLACEPROCEDURE helloworld AS BEGIN
Oracle PL/SQL DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(‘HELLO WORLD’);
END;
 Syntax in Different Languages

The programming languages listed below support the following syntax:

Language Syntax example

class helloworld{
Java public static void main (String args []) {
System.out.printIn(“Hello World!!”);}}

#!/usr/bin/env perl
use strict;
Perl
use warnings;
print “Hello World”;

Basic print “Hello World”

 Types of Programming Language

Programming languages can be compiled or interpreted.

Compiler-based language Interpreter-based language

A compiler takes the entire program in one go. An interpreter takes a single line of code at a time.
The compiler generates an intermediate machine The interpreter never produces any intermediate
code. machine code.
The compiler is best suited for the production An interpreter is best suited for a software
environment. development environment.
Programming Languages, such as C, C++, C#, Scala, Python, Ruby, PHP, and Perl are interpreter-based
and Java are compiler-based languages. languages.
 Program Structure

• How do you decide if a programming language is a compiler-based

language or an interpreter-based language?
Answer: If a language is being used for the production environment, then it is
a compiler-based language. If a language is being used for the software
development environment, then it is an interpreter-based language.

• What is the difference between a compiler-based language and an

interpreter-based language?
Answer: One of the difference is that a compiler-based language takes the
entire program in one go, whereas an interpreter-based language only takes
a single line of code at a time.
 Programming Concepts

There are five basic concepts used in any programming language.

Variables

Tools

Control
structures

Syntax

Data
structures
 Variables

A variable is a storage location and an associated symbolic name that contains some known
or unknown quantity or information, that is, a value.

Example

• int no;
• string name;
• double amount;

In some programming languages, it is important to specify the type of value

that will be stored in the variable, which is known as the data type.
 Control Structures

Control structures direct the program's flow depending on a decision, causing it to jump from one
line to another or return a section of code. It can be done using an if-else construct.

Example

if (age >= 18)

“a person can vote “
else
“a person cannot vote “

It controls the flow of the program structure. When a program runs, a compiler reads and executes
the user program line by line. This is called the top to bottom approach.
 Data Structures

Data structures are a way of storing and organizing data in a computer in a way that can be
effectively used. Lists, dictionaries, and arrays are a few examples of data structures.

Example

To store a list of contacts for 100

people, instead of creating 100
variables, a data structure like a list
or array can be used to store these
contacts.
 Syntax

Syntax defines a set of rules that specify the combinations of symbols that are correctly
structured statements or expressions in that language.

Example

String name = “Jack Ford”;

Symbols, characters, and words in a programming language have special meanings and rules to
enable the compiler to understand the instructions.
 Tools

Tools in programming are the editors that help the user code quickly and efficiently.

Example

• Eclipse
• Atom
• Jupyter
• Microsoft Visual Studio

There are various IDEs (Integrated development environments) available for coding based on the
technology and language.
 Key Takeaways

Software is a set of instructions given to the computer to process

and give the desired output.

Software can be categorized based on the purpose into system or

application software.

Procedural and object-oriented programming are the two types of

programming models.

A program needs to be well-defined and structured to be able to

enhance, scale, and extend its capabilities for future requirements.
Knowledge Check
Knowledge
Check
The language understood by a computer without translation is called ____________
1

A. Command language

B. High-level language

C. Assembly language

D. Machine language
 Knowledge
Check
The language understood by a computer without translation is called ____________
1

A. Command language

B. High-level language

C. Assembly language

D. Machine language

The correct answer is D

The computer understands machine language without translation.

Knowledge
Check
Which of the following software defines an operating system and utility program?
2

A. System software

B. Application software

C. Device driver

D. Customized software
 Knowledge
Check
Which of the following software defines an operating system and utility program?
2

A. System software

B. Application software

C. Device driver

D. Customized software

The correct answer is A

Operating systems and utility programs are examples of system software.

Knowledge
Check
Which feature of OOPs indicates code reusability?
3

A. Inheritance

B. Abstraction

C. Polymorphism

D. Encapsulation
 Knowledge
Check
Which feature of OOPs indicates code reusability?
3

A. Inheritance

B. Abstraction

C. Polymorphism

D. Encapsulation

The correct answer is A

Inheritance is used for code reusability.