Core Java All Interview Q&A:

JAVA CODING INTERVIEW Q&A BANK: 240 Coding Q&A

Top 50 JAVA Interview Q&A:

Top 20 Java Coding Q&A : Most Frequently Asked

1. How to use Java Concepts like overloading, overriding, interface,

multithreading,exception handling in Test Automation ?

Check the answers here

Basics of Object-Oriented Programming (OOPS)

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) is a fundamental programming paradigm used in
software development, defined by its use of classes and objects.
It’s built on four main principles: Inheritance, Polymorphism, Abstraction, and
Encapsulation.
These principles not only help in creating structured and reusable code but also make it
easier to understand, maintain, and modify.
Inheritance
Inheritance allows one class to inherit the properties and methods of another class. It's
a way to form a hierarchy between classes, promoting code reusability.
Example:
class Vehicle {

public void startEngine() {

System.out.println("Engine started");

class Car extends Vehicle {

public void openTrunk() {

System.out.println("Trunk opened");
 }

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Car myCar = new Car();

myCar.startEngine(); // Inherited method

myCar.openTrunk(); // Own method

In this Java example, Car inherits from Vehicle.

Car can use the startEngine method from Vehicle, demonstrating inheritance.
Polymorphism
Polymorphism allows objects of different classes to be treated as objects of a common
superclass. It’s the ability of multiple object types to implement the same functionality,
which can be achieved either by method overloading or method overriding.
Example:
class Bird {

public void sing() {

System.out.println("Bird is singing");

class Sparrow extends Bird {

public void sing() {

System.out.println("Sparrow is singing");

}
public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Bird myBird = new Sparrow();

myBird.sing(); // Outputs: Sparrow is singing

Here, Sparrow overrides the sing method of Bird. Despite referring to Sparrow with a
Bird reference, the overridden method in Sparrow is called.
Abstraction
Abstraction is the concept of hiding complex implementation details and showing only
the necessary features of an object. It can be achieved using abstract classes and
interfaces.
Example:
abstract class Animal {

abstract void makeSound();

public void eat() {

System.out.println("Animal is eating");

class Dog extends Animal {

public void makeSound() {

System.out.println("Bark");

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

 Animal myDog = new Dog();

myDog.makeSound(); // Outputs: Bark

myDog.eat(); // Inherited method

Animal is an abstract class that provides a method makeSound().

Dog provides the specific implementation of this method.
Encapsulation
Encapsulation is the technique of bundling data (variables) and methods that act on the
data into a single unit, often called a class, and restricting access to some of the
object’s components.
class BankAccount {

private double balance;

public void deposit(double amount) {

if (amount > 0) {

balance += amount;

public void withdraw(double amount) {

if (amount <= balance) {

balance -= amount;

public double getBalance() {

return balance;

}
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

BankAccount account = new BankAccount();

account.deposit(1000);

account.withdraw(500);

System.out.println("Balance: " + account.getBalance());

In this example, the balance of the BankAccount is kept private. It can only be modified
through the deposit and withdraw methods and read through the getBalance method,
showcasing encapsulation.

JAVA Scenario Based Interview Q&A:

Overloading:

Question: How would you create overloaded methods for finding elements using
Selenium WebDriver?
Answer:

import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;

public class ElementFinder {

public WebElement findElement(WebDriver driver, String locator) {
return driver.findElement(By.xpath(locator));
}

public WebElement findElement(WebDriver driver, By locator) {

return driver.findElement(locator);
}
}

Overriding:
Question: Describe a scenario where you would override the toString() method in a
custom WebElement class for logging purposes in Selenium.
Answer:

import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;

public class CustomWebElement extends WebElement {

@Override
public String toString() {
return "Custom element with tag name: " + this.getTagName();
}
}\
Encapsulation:

Question: How can encapsulation be applied to manage WebDriver instances in

Selenium tests?
Answer:

import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;

public class WebDriverManager {

private WebDriver driver;

public WebDriver getDriver() {

if (driver == null) {
// Initialize WebDriver here
}
return driver;
}
}

Inheritance:
Question: How does the Page Object Model (POM) utilize inheritance in Selenium
tests?
Answer:

public class BasePage {

// Common page elements and methods
}

public class HomePage extends BasePage {

// Page-specific elements and methods
}

Enums:
Question: Explain how you could use enums to define browser types for cross-browser
testing in Selenium.
Answer:

public enum BrowserType {

CHROME, FIREFOX, SAFARI, EDGE
}

Generics:
Question: How would you create a generic method to handle dynamic waits in
Selenium?
Answer:

import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.WebDriverWait;

public class WaitUtils {

public static <T> T waitFor(WebDriver driver, long timeoutInSeconds, T condition)
{
WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, timeoutInSeconds);
return wait.until(condition);
}
}
Strings:

Question: Provide an example of using strings in Selenium to verify page titles.

Answer:

import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;

public class PageTitleChecker {

public boolean isPageTitleCorrect(WebDriver driver, String expectedTitle) {
return driver.getTitle().equals(expectedTitle);
}
}

Array:
Question: How could you use arrays in Selenium to store multiple element locators?
Answer:

import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;

public class ElementLocator {

private By[] locators;
 public ElementLocator(By... locators) {
this.locators = locators;
}

public WebElement findElement(WebDriver driver) {

for (By locator : locators) {
WebElement element = driver.findElement(locator);
if (element != null) {
return element;
}
}
return null;
}
}

List:
Question: How would you use lists in Selenium to store a collection of WebElements?
Answer:

import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;

import java.util.List;

public class ElementList {

public List<WebElement> findElements(WebDriver driver, By locator) {
return driver.findElements(locator);
}
}

Map:
Question: Describe a scenario where you would use a map in Selenium to store test
data for data-driven testing.

import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import java.util.Map;

public class TestData {

public void performTest(WebDriver driver, Map<String, String> testData) {
// Use test data for test execution
}
}

These scenarios demonstrate how core Java concepts can be applied in the context of

Selenium WebDriver for effective test automation.

INTERFACE:

How to use Java Interface in Test Automation ?

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