Interpret Plans and Drawings Layout of an orchard is very important.

Layout means
Farm lay-out is the preparation of land and creative fixing the position of trees, roads, buildings, etc. in an
planning on how to cultivate properly the different orchard being planned.
types of plants whether vegetables or orchard plants. Systems of layout refer to the design of planting the
trees.
Farm lay outs that should be taking care of in the
farm: Systems of Planting
Vegetable Farm A. Square system. In square system, the trees are
Site selection is important. Slopes to the north east planted in four corners of a square keeping the same
are preferred for maximum sunlight, warmth, and distance between rows and from plant to plant in the
protection from wind. Slopes are prone to erosion and same row. This is the simplest and easiest system of
need to be farmed with care. To prevent soil plantation.
erosion and the silting of waterways, do not grow B. Rectangular system. The trees are planted in the
vegetables on slopes greater than seven degrees (7°). same way as in a square system except that the
Buffer zones distance between rows will be more than the distance
1. Riparian areas include flood plains, adjacent to between plants in the same row. Four adjacent trees
rivers and streams and other watercourses. in this system make a rectangular design.
2. Wetlands (the areas of land that are either C. Quincunx or Diagonal system. Basically, quincunx
temporarily or permanently covered with shallow or diagonal system is the same as the square system
water, and which play a crucial role in nutrient except for the addition of a tree in the center of each
recycling). Wetlands have a high ecological square. In this system, the number of trees planted in
productivity and should not be drained, filled, or used the same area is almost double. But the distance
as storages. between the trees is much reduced.
Drainage lines D. Hexagonal system. The trees are planted at the
Care for your creek. corners of an equilateral triangle.
Soil types need to be suitable for the crop being E. Contour system. In these system contour lines
grown. The better soil types are deep, well-drained themselves become the rows and are marked at the
sands, sandy loams and loams. Heavy clays are much row-to-row distance. Proper design of an irrigation
less suitable as they drain poorly and waterlog easily. system requires that the pumping system precisely
If in doubt have a physical test of the soil type. match the irrigation distribution system so that the
Check for groundwater contamination. Any pressure and flow rate required can be efficiently
contamination of the groundwater by pollutants can provided by the pumping system.
affect your farm business operations. Although well-
drained soils are preferred for growing vegetables, Irrigation water management involves
there is a greater risk that pesticides, herbicides, and determining when to irrigate, the amount of water to
fertilizer can leach through them and contaminate supply each irrigation event and during each stage of
groundwater resources. plant, and operating and maintaining the irrigation
Windbreaks also prevent drift and movement of system. The main management objective is to manage
sprays, dust, pests, and noise to adjoining areas. Wind the production system for profit without
protection and screening of the whole farm and of compromising environment and in agreement with
individual large paddocks is recommended. Screening water
of the property, especially with trees, prevents many availability.
complaints about farm activities.
Soil management. It is important to provide good 1. Surface Irrigation - Water is applied to the field in
drainage and install grassed drainage/ waterways in either the controlled or uncontrolled manner.
conjunction with fields designed to prevent erosion 1.1. Furrow Irrigation
from irrigation and heavy rain. A. Furrow Irrigation by Cutting the Ridge - Only a
Water management strategies require pre-cropping part of the land surface (the furrow) is wetted thus
assessment. Water supplies must be able to meet the minimizing evaporation loss.
needs of crops in periods of drought when water B. Furrow Irrigation by Siphons -
demand is the highest. Inadequately designed water
supplies will limit crop production and profitability. 1.2. Border Irrigation System - Controlled surface
flooding is practiced whereby the field is divided into
Orchard Planting and Planting Designs (Fruit-bearing strips by parallel ridges or dikes and each strip is
trees and flowers) irrigated separately by introducing water upstream
and it progressively covers the entire strip.
 1.3. Basin Irrigation System - Water is flooded in Processing Farm Wastes (PFW)
wider areas. It is ideal for irrigating rice. Agricultural waste otherwise called Agro-waste is
waste produced as a result of various agricultural
operations. It is comprised of animal waste (manure,
2. Sprinkler Irrigation System - A Sprinkler system animal carcasses), crop / plant waste (corn stalks, rice
conveys water through pipes and applies it with a straw, corn leaves, sugarcane bagasse, cassava stem,
minimum amount of losses. coconut shell and leaves, drops and culls from fruits
2.1. Fully Portable System and vegetables, pruning) and hazardous and toxic
2.2. Semi – Portable System agricultural waste (excess fertilizers, pesticides,
2.3. Fully Permanent System insecticides and herbicides).

3. Drip or Trickle Irrigation - Water is applied directly Hazardous waste refers to any type of solid or liquid
to the crop ie. entire field is not wetted. There is no waste that has the potential to cause harm to human
need for a drainage system. or animal health or contribute to environmental
damage. Most hazardous waste comes from industrial
Apply Safety Measures in Farm Operations spillage, medical waste, electronic waste, toxic wastes
Agricultural crop production deals with a lot of from power plants, etc.
activities to be done in the different workplace.
Workplace hazard is a major cause of accident, injury, HAZMAT is an abbreviation for “hazardous materials”
or harm to a worker who performs such task. These substances in quantities or forms that may pose a
hazards should be the major concern of all who are reasonable risk to health, property, or the
involved in a certain job or work. environment. HAZMATs include such substances as
management. toxic chemicals, fuels, nuclear waste products, and
biological, chemical, and radiological agents.
Hazard is the potential for harm, or adverse effect on
an employee‘s health. Anything which may cause Farm Waste Management, covers the responsible
injury or ill health to anyone at or near a workplace is storage, collection and disposal of all farm waste and
a hazard. the preparation and implementation of a farm waste
Risk is the likelihood that a hazard will cause injury or management plan. The term usually relates to
ill health to anyone at or near a workplace. The level materials produced by human activity, and the
of risk increases with the severity of the hazard and process is generally undertaken to reduce their effect
the duration and frequency of exposure. on health and environment.
Exposure occurs when a person comes into contact In addition, the following are tools and
with a hazard. materials needed for collection of farm waste:

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

1. Hard Hat - Protect your head with a hard hat when
performing construction work, trimming trees,
repairing machinery, and doing other jobs with head
injury risks.
2. Safety Glasses/Goggles/Face-shields - Protect your Waste Management
vision with appropriate safety eyewear when applying - If wastes are not properly handled, they can pollute
pesticides, fertilizers, working in the shop, or in heavy surface and groundwater and contribute to air
dust conditions. pollution.
3. Acoustics Earmuffs/Plugs - Used for operating noisy - Proper waste management on agricultural
equipment such as grain dryers, feed grinders, older operations can contribute in a significant way to farm
tractors, chain saws, etc. operations.
4. Dust masks, Cartridge Respirators, Gas Masks, Air - Waste management helps to maintain a healthy
Packs - Used when working in dusty or moldy environment for farm animals and can reduce the
conditions, spray painting, applying chemicals, need for commercial fertilizers while providing other
working in bins, tanks, silos, and manure storage nutrients needed for crop production.
places. - The waste which is reduced, recycled, and made
5. Hand Gloves with Rubber Matting – Used it when usable for a different purpose is waste management.
handling farm tools and equipment.
6. Safety Shoes – Used it when going to farm to avoid Treat And Process Farm Wastes
risks of being slipped. Six farm waste management processes:
One of the farm waste management processes is repair machinery, protect crops and ensure general
treatment and processing of upkeep of the farm. Wastes may be deemed
waste. This can be done through the following: hazardous because they are poisonous, flammable, or
- When dealing with agricultural waste, we must corrosive, or because they react with other
follow health and safety regulations. substances in a dangerous way.
- We should provide written instruction for the
storage and disposal of each type of waste we
produce. These include the following:
- We must dispose of waste if we have determined 1. Chemicals – used, unused, expired or de-regulated
that we cannot use prevention, preparation for reuse, pesticides and biocides such as herbicides, fungicides
recycling, or any other recovery method. and insecticides.
2. Contaminated gloves, rags, clothes and overalls –
Agricultural Wastes Treatment Process used when administering medicines, spraying
A. Composting - is a method in which organic matter pesticides, handling oils or any other hazardous
present in agricultural waste is decomposed materials.
aerobically/anaerobically through a biochemical 3. Machinery waste which includes waste motor oil,
process and converted into humus. transmission fluid, gasoline etc.

Three-step operation in composting:

1. Preparation of agricultural waste
2. Decomposition. Waste is decomposed in three
ways:

3. Product preparation and marketing

B. Recycling – is the process to change waste into new

products. Prevent waste of potentially useful
materials, reduce the consumption of fresh raw
materials, reduce energy usage. Reduce air pollution
from incineration and water pollution from landfills.
Lower greenhouse gas emissions. A key component of
modern waste reduction and is the third component
of Reduce, Reuse, Recycle

C. Incineration is a waste treatment process that

involves the combustion of organic substances
contained in waste materials. Incineration and other
high temperature waste treatment systems are
described as "thermal treatment." Incineration of
waste materials converts the waste into ash, fuel gas,
and heat.

Hazardous waste encompasses an expansive range of

materials used to aid animal health, maintain and