Short Answer Questions

1. What is Java?
o Java is a high-level, class-based, object-oriented programming language widely
used for developing applications. It is known for its portability, security, and
robustness.
2. What are the main features of Java?
o Java is platform-independent, object-oriented, secure, robust, multithreaded,
distributed, dynamic, and provides high performance.
3. What is the Java Virtual Machine (JVM)?
o JVM is an engine that provides a runtime environment to execute Java bytecode.
It is responsible for converting bytecode into machine code specific to the host
operating system.
4. What is bytecode in Java?
o Bytecode is an intermediate code generated by the Java compiler, which is
executed by the JVM. It makes Java platform-independent.
5. What are Java’s primary data types?
o Java has eight primitive data types: byte, short, int, long, float, double,
char, and boolean.
6. Explain the significance of the public static void main(String[] args) method.
o This is the entry point for any standalone Java application. public allows it to be
accessible globally, static means it can be called without an object, void means
it returns no value, and main is the method name.
7. What is the difference between JDK, JRE, and JVM?
o JDK (Java Development Kit) includes tools for developing Java applications, JRE
(Java Runtime Environment) provides libraries to run Java applications, and JVM
(Java Virtual Machine) executes the bytecode.
8. Explain the role of Java’s garbage collector.
o The garbage collector automatically handles memory management by reclaiming
memory from objects that are no longer in use, preventing memory leaks.
9. What is the purpose of the import statement in Java?
o The import statement is used to bring other classes and packages into visibility so
that their functionalities can be used in the current class.
10. What is an IDE, and which IDEs are popular for Java?
o An IDE (Integrated Development Environment) is software that provides
comprehensive tools for Java development. Popular IDEs include Eclipse, IntelliJ
IDEA, and NetBeans.

Long Answer Questions

1. Describe the basic structure of a Java program with an example.

java
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public class HelloWorld {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Hello, World!");
}
}

o The program defines a class HelloWorld and contains the main method, which
prints “Hello, World!” to the console.
2. Explain the process of Java program compilation and execution.
o The Java source code (.java file) is compiled using the Java compiler (javac),
which converts the code into bytecode (.class file). The JVM then loads the
bytecode, verifies it, and executes it line by line.
3. Discuss the concept of platform independence in Java.
o Java’s platform independence is achieved through bytecode and the JVM. Once
the Java source code is compiled into bytecode, it can run on any system with a
compatible JVM, regardless of the underlying hardware and operating system.
4. What are the differences between object-oriented and procedural programming,
and how does Java implement OOP concepts?
o Object-oriented programming (OOP) is based on objects and classes, focusing on
encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and abstraction. Procedural
programming, on the other hand, is based on functions and procedures. Java
implements OOP by allowing developers to define classes and objects,
encapsulate data, and use inheritance and polymorphism to create reusable and
modular code.
5. Describe the various access modifiers in Java and their significance.
o Java has four access modifiers:
 public: Accessible from anywhere.
 private: Accessible only within the declared class.
 protected: Accessible within the same package and subclasses.
 Default (no modifier): Accessible only within the same package.
o These modifiers control the visibility and accessibility of classes, methods, and
variables, promoting encapsulation.
6. Explain the concept of packages in Java. Why are they important?
o Packages are namespaces that organize classes and interfaces in a logical manner,
preventing name conflicts and controlling access. They are used to group related
classes, making code easier to manage and modular.
7. What is the significance of the this keyword in Java?
o The this keyword refers to the current object within a method or constructor. It is
used to differentiate between instance variables and parameters with the same
name, invoke the current class’s constructor, and pass the current object as a
parameter.
8. How does Java handle exceptions, and what are the types of exceptions?
o Java handles exceptions using try, catch, finally, and throw constructs. There
are two main types: checked exceptions (checked at compile-time) and unchecked
exceptions (runtime exceptions). Proper exception handling ensures that programs
can manage errors gracefully without crashing.
9. Discuss the concept of class and object in Java with examples.
o A class is a blueprint for objects, defining their attributes and behaviors
(methods). An object is an instance of a class.
o Example:

java
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class Car {
String color;
void drive() {
System.out.println("Driving");
}
}
// Creating an object of the Car class
Car myCar = new Car();
myCar.color = "Red";
myCar.drive();

10. What are the rules for naming variables, methods, and classes in Java?
o Variable names should start with a letter, dollar sign ($), or underscore (_) and
cannot start with a number. Method names follow the same rules as variables,
while class names should begin with an uppercase letter. Java is case-sensitive,
and keywords cannot be used as names.