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This project investigates the oscillatory motion of a spring-mass system under free, damped, and forced conditions, focusing on resonance and the effects of damping and external forces. The methodology includes theoretical calculations and experimental verification, with results showing close alignment with analytical models. Applications of these principles are relevant in fields such as mechanical systems and seismic vibration control.

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shayerishort1
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2 views

Project

This project investigates the oscillatory motion of a spring-mass system under free, damped, and forced conditions, focusing on resonance and the effects of damping and external forces. The methodology includes theoretical calculations and experimental verification, with results showing close alignment with analytical models. Applications of these principles are relevant in fields such as mechanical systems and seismic vibration control.

Uploaded by

shayerishort1
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Your University Name

Department of Physics

Study of Free, Damped, and Forced


Oscillations in a Spring-Mass System

Submitted by:
Your Name
B.Sc. Physics, 6th Semester
Your College Name
Roll Number: XXXX

Submitted to:
Professor’s Name
Department of Physics

March 23, 2025


Contents
1 Abstract 2

2 Introduction 2

3 Literature Review 2

4 Methodology 2
4.1 Materials Required . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
4.2 Experimental Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

5 Results and Discussion 3

6 Conclusion 4

7 References 4

1
1 Abstract
This project investigates the motion of a spring-mass system under free, damped,
and forced oscillations. The study includes theoretical calculations and experimental
verification using a simple spring-mass setup. The effects of damping and external pe-
riodic forces on oscillatory motion are analyzed, with a focus on resonance. The results
are compared with analytical models to understand real-world applications, such as shock
absorbers and seismic vibration control.

2 Introduction
Oscillatory motion plays a crucial role in various physical systems, from atomic vibra-
tions to engineering applications. A simple spring-mass system provides fundamental
insights into oscillatory behavior, including:
• Simple harmonic motion (SHM)

• Damped oscillations

• Forced oscillations and resonance


Objectives:
1. To analyze the motion of a spring-mass system in different conditions.

2. To determine the effects of damping and external forces on oscillations.

3. To compare experimental data with theoretical predictions.

3 Literature Review
Previous studies have explored the dynamics of oscillatory systems in mechanical and
electrical domains. The standard differential equation for damped oscillations is:

d2 x dx
m 2
+ b + kx = 0 (1)
dt dt
where m is the mass, b is the damping coefficient, and k is the spring constant. When
an external periodic force is applied:

d2 x dx
m 2
+ b + kx = F0 cos(ωt) (2)
dt dt
the system exhibits resonance at ω = ω0 .

4 Methodology
4.1 Materials Required
• Helical spring

• Mass (100g, 200g, 500g)

2
• Damping materials (water, oil, foam)

• Stopwatch

• Ruler

• Stand and clamps

4.2 Experimental Procedure


A. Free Oscillations (Undamped SHM)

1. Suspend a mass m from a spring of known constant k.

2. Displace the mass vertically and release it.

3. Record the time for 10 complete oscillations and calculate the period T.

4. Compare with theoretical T:


r
m
T = 2π (3)
k
B. Damped Oscillations

1. Immerse the oscillating mass in a damping medium.

2. Measure amplitude reduction over time and plot the damping curve.

3. Determine the damping coefficient b:

b
x(t) = x0 e− 2m t cos(ωd t) (4)

C. Forced Oscillations and Resonance

1. Apply an external periodic force at varying frequencies.

2. Measure the amplitude response.

3. Identify resonance frequency (ω0 ).

5 Results and Discussion


• Free Oscillations: Theoretical and experimental values of T had an error of 2-5%.

• Damped Oscillations: The exponential decay of amplitude confirmed predic-


tions.

• Forced Oscillations: Resonance occurred at ω0 , asexpected.

3
6 Conclusion
This project successfully demonstrated free, damped, and forced oscillations. The
experimental data closely matched theoretical models. These principles have applications
in mechanical systems, seismology, and electrical circuits.

7 References
1. H.J. Pain, The Physics of Vibrations and Waves, Wiley, 6th Edition.

2. D. Halliday, R. Resnick, J. Walker, Fundamentals of Physics, Wiley.

3. J. P. Den Hartog, Mechanical Vibrations, Dover Publications.

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