JAVA IMPORTANCE

1)Difference between C ,C++&Java

C Programming

● Overview: C is a general-purpose, structured, high-level procedural

programming language developed by Dennis Ritchie in 1972.
● Top-Down Approach: Involves breaking down a task into a collection of
variables and routines/subroutines following a step-by-step method.
● General Purpose: C is a general-purpose programming language, high-level
procedural programming language.
● Static Programming Language: C is a static programming language,
meaning types are determined at compile time.
● Compilation: Code is executed using a compiler which translates it into
machine language.
● File Generation: Compiled programs generate executable files.
● Keywords: There are 52 keywords in C.

C++ Programming

● Object-Oriented Programming (OOP): C++ is based on OOP, a

programming model that organizes software design around data (objects)
rather than just logic.
● Definition of Object: Data field that has unique attributes and behavior.
● Structure of OOP: OOP is structured with classes acting as blueprints for
individual objects.
● Methods: Functions that objects can perform.
● Attributes: Represent the state of an object; they are the characteristics that
define the object.
● Bottom-Up Approach: Focuses on building applications from the ground
up, starting with individual components (objects).
● Static Programming Language: C++ is a static programming language.
● Execution: C++ code is executed directly using a compiler.
● File Generation: Generates executable files.
● Keywords: There are 60 keywords in C++.
Java Programming

● Overview: Java was developed by James Gosling in 1995.

● Characteristics: Object-oriented, safe, high-level language.
● Usage: Used to develop enterprise applications and web-based applications.
● Programming Paradigms: Pure object-oriented language.
● Bottom-Up Approach: This approach focuses on building applications from
the ground up, starting with individual components (objects).
● Dynamic Nature: Java supports dynamic programming concepts, allowing
flexibility in execution.
● Execution: Java code is executed by the Java Virtual Machine (JVM). Java
uses both a compiler and an interpreter, making it known as an interpreted
language.
● Class Files: The compilation generates class files that contain bytecode.
● Keywords: There are 52 keywords in Java.

2)Define variables and reference variables in C++ and illustrate them with a program.

Variables

A variable is a named storage location in memory that holds a value, which can change
during program execution.
Reference Variables

A reference variable is an alias for an existing variable. It shares the same memory
address as the variable it references, so changes to one are reflected in the other.

3)Define Method overloading and write a program for it.

Method Overloading

Definition: Method overloading is a feature of object-oriented programming where

multiple methods in the same class can have the same name but differ in the number,
type, or sequence of their parameters. The compiler differentiates the methods based on
their signatures during compile-time.
3)Define Function prototyping and write a program for it.

Definition: Function prototyping is the process of declaring a function's interface to the

compiler before its actual implementation. The prototype specifies:

● The function's return type.

● The number, type, and sequence of its arguments.
5)What is Object-Oriented Programming? Explain the principles of Object-Oriented Programming
and illustrate with a simple Hello World program.

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm based on the

concept of "objects," which are instances of classes. It focuses on organizing software
design around data (objects) and the methods (functions) that operate on that data.

Principles of OOP

1. Encapsulation:
Ensures that the internal representation of an object is hidden from the outside
world. Access to the data is controlled via public methods.
2. Inheritance:
Allows a class to acquire properties and methods of another class, promoting code
reuse.
3. Polymorphism:
Enables objects to be treated as instances of their parent class, allowing a single
interface to represent different underlying data types.
4. Abstraction:
Focuses on exposing only essential features while hiding implementation details,
simplifying program complexity.
Module 2:

1)List and explain the buzzwords in Java.

1. Simple

● Java is easy to learn and use, especially for those familiar with object-oriented
programming or C++.
● It removes complex features like pointers and multiple inheritance, simplifying the
development process.

2. Object-Oriented

● Java follows a pragmatic object-oriented model, balancing between simplicity and

performance.
● While primitive types remain non-objects for efficiency, Java provides a clean
object-oriented approach for most programming tasks.

3. Robust

● Java ensures program reliability through strict compile-time and run-time checks.
● Features like automatic garbage collection and exception handling prevent common
programming errors like memory leaks and unhandled exceptions.

4. Multithreaded

● Java supports multithreading to handle multiple tasks simultaneously.

● It provides an elegant solution for synchronization, enabling smooth interactive systems.

5. Architecture-Neutral

● Java achieves platform independence through the use of the Java Virtual Machine (JVM).
● Programs written in Java can run consistently across various hardware and software
configurations, ensuring longevity and compatibility.

6. Interpreted and High Performance

● Java bytecode, an intermediate representation, is interpreted by the JVM.

● For better performance, Just-In-Time (JIT) compilers convert bytecode to native machine
code.

7. Distributed
 ● Java is designed for distributed computing, supporting TCP/IP protocols and features like
Remote Method Invocation (RMI).
● Accessing resources across networks is simplified, making Java ideal for internet-based
applications.

8. Dynamic

● Dynamic refers to Java's ability to adapt and modify its behavior during runtime, such as
loading classes dynamically or allowing changes to program behavior based on
conditions at runtime.
● Java supports dynamic linking, which means classes and methods are linked and resolved
during program execution, rather than at compile time.

2)With an example, explain type casting and type conversion.

In Java, type conversion refers to the process of converting a value of one type to another. This is
essential when working with different types of data. There are two primary types of conversions:

1. Automatic Type Conversion (Widening)

2. Explicit Type Casting (Narrowing)

1. Java's Automatic Type Conversions (Widening)

Automatic type conversion occurs when you assign a value of one type to another type that is
compatible, and the destination type is large enough to hold the value of the source type. Java
will automatically convert the smaller type to the larger type.

Conditions for Automatic Type Conversion:

● The two types must be compatible.

● The destination type must be larger than the source type.

Here, the byte type is automatically converted to int because int is larger than byte.

2. Java's Casting (Narrowing)

In cases where a larger type (like double, int, or long) needs to be assigned to a smaller type (like
byte, short, or char), you must use explicit casting because there is a risk of data loss.
Narrowing Conversion:

● A cast must be used when the target type is smaller than the source type.
● This conversion might lead to loss of precision or data (e.g., truncating fractional parts).

Detailed Example with Type Conversions:

3)Define constructors and give an example for it. List and explain its types.

A constructor in Java is a special type of method that is used to initialize objects when they are
created. It has the same name as the class and does not have a return type. Constructors are called
automatically when an object is created using the new keyword.
Types of Constructors in Java:

1. Default Constructor
2. Parameterized Constructor
3. Copy Constructor

1. Default Constructor:

A default constructor is a constructor that takes no parameters. If no constructor is defined in a

class, the Java compiler automatically provides a default constructor. The default constructor
initializes the object with default values (e.g., 0 for numeric fields, false for boolean, and null for
reference types).
2. Parameterized Constructor:

A parameterized constructor allows you to initialize an object with specific values at the time
of creation. It takes arguments and assigns them to the object's fields.

3. Copy Constructor:

A copy constructor is used to create a new object by copying the values of an existing object. It
is typically used to copy the data from one object to another object of the same class.

4) Illustrate and provide code for this keyword.

The this keyword in Java is a reference variable that refers to the current object. It is commonly
used to refer to the instance variables of the current object, and to differentiate between instance
variables and parameters with the same name.

Use Cases for this keyword:

1. To refer to the current instance variable when the parameter has the same name.
2. To call the current object's method.
3. To invoke the current object's constructor.
5)Discuss the primitive data types used in Java.

Primitive data types in Java are the most basic data types built into the language. They
are simple and not derived from other data types.

There are eight primitive data types in java these are:

byte: A data type that represents small integers. It occupies 1 byte of memory and can store
values from -128 to 127.

short: Used for small integers, it occupies 2 bytes of memory and can store values from -32,768
to 32,767.

int: The most commonly used integer data type, it occupies 4 bytes of memory and can store
values from approximately -2.1 billion to 2.1 billion.

long: Used for large integers, it occupies 8 bytes of memory and can store very large values,
ranging from approximately -9.2 quintillion to 9.2 quintillion.
float: A data type used for single-precision floating-point numbers, it occupies 4 bytes of
memory and can store decimal numbers with up to 7 digits of precision.

double: A data type used for double-precision floating-point numbers, it occupies 8 bytes of
memory and can store decimal numbers with up to 15 digits of precision.

char: Represents a single character, it occupies 2 bytes of memory and can store a single
Unicode character, such as a letter or symbol.

boolean: Used to represent logical values, it occupies a small amount of memory and can store
only true or false.
6)How is the for-each loop different from the traditional for loop?develop a program to show
working for each loop.

Program to develop a for-each loop

7)Explain what an array is, and differentiate between one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional
(2D) arrays. Provide an example of a 1D array

An array is a data structure that stores multiple values of the same type in a single
variable. Arrays are useful when you need to manage a collection of elements in a
systematic and organized way.

One-Dimensional Arrays

A one-dimensional (1D) array is a list of elements, all of the same type, arranged in a
single row. Each element in the array is accessed using an index, starting from 0.

Steps to Use a 1D Array in Java

1. Declaration: Define an array variable of the desired type.

Example: int[] month_days;
2. Allocation: Use the new keyword to allocate memory for the array.
Example: month_days = new int[12];
3. Initialization: Assign values to the array elements.
Example: month_days[0] = 31;

Two-Dimensional Arrays

A two-dimensional (2D) array is a grid or table of elements arranged in rows and

columns. It is essentially an array of arrays. Each element is accessed using two indices:
one for the row and one for the column.

Declaration and Initialization of a 2D Array

1. Declaration: Define a 2D array.

Example: int[][] matrix;
2. Allocation: Use the new keyword to allocate memory.
Example: matrix = new int[3][3];
3. Initialization: Assign values to the elements.
Example: matrix[0][0] = 1;
Example for 1D array
Module 3:
Define inheritance and give an example for simple inheritance.
Defination:
Inheritance allows a class to reuse the properties and behaviors of another class by using the
extends keyword. For example, a subclass (derived class) can inherit fields and methods from a
superclass (base class).
Example:
2) Explain keyword super develop a program for it
Definition:
The super keyword in Java is a powerful feature used to interact with a superclass's
constructor or methods from within a subclass
Key Uses of super
Calling a Superclass Constructor:

● The super keyword allows a subclass to invoke a constructor of its immediate

superclass.
● This helps initialize the fields inherited from the superclass efficiently, ensuring
the superclass handles its own data.

Accessing Members of a Superclass:

● The super keyword can also be used to access methods or fields of a superclass
that are hidden or overridden in the subclass.

Example:
3)Illustrate with an example multilevel inheritance