Basic Computation

Chapter 2
Edited by JJ Shepherd, James O’Reilly
JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
 Objectives
• Describe the Java data types used for simple data
• Write Java statements to declare variables, define named constants
• Write assignment statements, expressions containing variables and
constants
• Define strings of characters, perform simple string processing

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
 Objectives
• Write Java statements that accomplish keyboard input, screen output
• Adhere to stylistic guidelines and conventions
• Write meaningful comments

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Outline

• Variables and Expressions

• The Class String
• Keyboard and Screen I/O
• Documentation and Style

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Variables and Expressions: Outline
• Variables
• Data Types
• Java Identifiers
• Assignment Statements
• Simple Input
• Simple Screen Output
• Constants
• Named Constants

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Variables and Expressions: Outline
• Assignment Compatibilities
• Type Casting
• Arithmetic Operations
• Parentheses and Precedence Rules
• Specialized Assignment Operators
• Case Study: Vending Machine Change
• Increment and Decrement Operators

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Variables

• Variables store data such as numbers and letters.

• Think of them as places to store data.
• They are implemented as memory locations.

int numberOfCats = 1;

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Variables

• The data stored by a variable is called its value.

• The value is stored in the memory location.
• Its value can be changed.

int numberOfCats = 2;

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
 Naming and Declaring Variables
• Choose names that are helpful such as count or
speed, but not c or s.
• When you declare a variable, you provide its name
and type.
int numberOfBaskets,eggsPerBasket;
• A variable's type determines what kinds of values it
can hold (int, double, char, etc.).
• A variable must be declared before it is used.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Syntax and Examples

• Syntax
type variable_1, variable_2, …;
(variable_1 is a generic variable called a syntactic
variable)
• Examples
int styleChoice, numberOfChecks;
double balance, interestRate;
char jointOrIndividual;

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
THE BIG IDEA

• To declare variables you provide its TYPE and NAME

int numberOfCats;

Type Name

• Let’s look at these in more detail starting with…

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
 JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Data Types

• A class type is used for a class of objects and has

both data and methods.
• "Java is fun" is a value of class type String
• A primitive type is used for simple,
nondecomposable values such as an individual
number or individual character.
• int, double, and char are primitive types.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Primitive Types

• Four integer types (byte, short, int, and

long)
• int is most common

• Two floating-point types (float and double)

• double is more common
• One character type (char)
• One boolean type (boolean)

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Examples of Primitive Values

• Integer types
0 -1 365 12000
• Floating-point types
0.99 -22.8 3.14159 5.0
• Character type: single quotes
'a' 'A' '#' ' '
• Boolean type
true false

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
 Primitive Types

You’ll use
these
most often

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
 JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Java Identifiers

• An identifier is a name, such as the name of a

variable.
• Identifiers may contain only
• Letters
• Digits (0 through 9)
• The underscore character (_)
• And the dollar sign symbol ($) which has a special
meaning
• The first character cannot be a digit.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Java Identifiers

• Identifiers may not contain any spaces, dots (.),

asterisks (*), or other characters:
7-11 oracle.com util.* (not allowed)
• Identifiers can be arbitrarily long.
• Since Java is case sensitive, stuff, Stuff, and
STUFF are different identifiers.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
 Keywords or Reserved Words

• Words such as if are called keywords or reserved

words and have special, predefined meanings.
• Cannot be used as identifiers.
• See Appendix 1 for a complete list of Java keywords.
• Example keywords: int, public, class

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
SYNTAX int class;

ERROR!

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 6th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0132162709 © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Naming Conventions

• Class types begin with an uppercase letter

(e.g. String).
• Primitive types begin with a lowercase letter (e.g.
int).
• Variables of both class and primitive types begin
with a lowercase letters
(e.g. myName, myBalance).
• Multiword names are "punctuated" using
uppercase letters.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Naming Conventions

• The method for lower casing the first letter in the name and then
uppercasing the first letter in each word is sometimes called “Camel
Casing”

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
 Where to Declare Variables

• Declare a variable
• Just before it is used or
• At the beginning of the section of your program that is
enclosed in {}.
public static void main(String[] args)
{ /* declare variables here */
. . .
}

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Assignment Statements

• An assignment statement is used to assign a value

to a variable.
answer = 42;
• The "equal sign" is called the assignment operator.
• It is not the same as mathematical equality.
• The value on the left will only be equal at the end of
the statement until you change the value later.
• We say, "The variable named answer is assigned a
value of 42," or more simply, "answer is assigned
42."
JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Assignment Statements

• Syntax
variable = expression
where expression can be another variable, a
literal or constant (such as a number), or something
more complicated which combines variables and
literals using operators
(such as + and -)
The value on the left must be a variable
2= a //BAD!
Will raise an error
JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Assignment Examples

amount = 3.99;
firstInitial = 'W';
score = numberOfCards + handicap;
eggsPerBasket = eggsPerBasket - 2;

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Initializing Variables

• A variable that has been declared, but no yet given

a value is said to be uninitialized.
• Uninitialized class variables have the value null.
• Uninitialized primitive variables may have a default
value.
• ***It's good practice not to rely on a default
value.***

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Initializing Variables

• To protect against an uninitialized variable (and to

keep the compiler happy), assign a value at the time
the variable is declared.
• Examples:
int count = 0;
char grade = 'A';

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Initializing Variables

• syntax
type variable_1 = expression_1,
variable_2 = expression_2, …;

int powerLevel = 9001;

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
 Assignment Evaluation
• The expression on the right-hand side of the
assignment operator (=) is evaluated first.
• The result is used to set the value of the variable on the
left-hand side of the assignment operator.
score = numberOfCards + handicap;
eggsPerBasket = eggsPerBasket - 2;

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
 JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Simple Input

• Sometimes the data needed for a computation are

obtained from the user at run time.
• Keyboard input requires
import java.util.Scanner
at the beginning of the file.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Simple Input

• Data can be entered from the keyboard using

Scanner keyboard =
new Scanner(System.in);
followed, for example, by
eggsPerBasket =
keyboard.nextInt();
which reads one int value from the keyboard and
assigns it to eggsPerBasket.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
 Simple Screen Output
System.out.println("The count is " + count);

• Outputs the sting literal "the count is "

• Followed by the current value of the variable count.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
 JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Constants

• Literal expressions such as 2, 3.7, or 'y' are

called constants.
• Integer constants can be preceded by a + or - sign,
but cannot contain commas.
• Floating-point constants can be written
• With digits after a decimal point or
• Using e notation.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
 Named Constants
• Java provides mechanism to …
• Define a variable
• Initialize it
• Fix the value so it cannot be changed
public static final Type Variable = Constant;

• Example
public static final double PI = 3.14159;

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
e Notation

• e notation is also called scientific notation or

floating-point notation.
• Examples
• 865000000.0 can be written as 8.65e8
• 0.000483 can be written as 4.83e-4

• The number in front of the e does not need to

contain a decimal point.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Imprecision in Floating-Point Numbers
• Floating-point numbers often are only approximations
since they are stored with a finite number of bits.
• Hence 1.0/3.0 is slightly less than 1/3.
• 1.0/3.0 + 1.0/3.0 + 1.0/3.0
is less than 1.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Assignment Compatibilities

• Java is said to be strongly typed.

• You can't, for example, assign a floating point value to a
variable declared to store an integer.
• When you declare a variable you must give its type
• Sometimes conversions between numbers are
possible.
doubleVariable = 7;
is possible even if doubleVariable is of type
double, for example.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
 Assignment Compatibilities

• A value of one type can be assigned to a variable of

any type further to the right
byte --> short --> int --> long
--> float --> double
• But not to a variable of any type further to the left.
• You can assign a value of type char to a variable of type
int.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Type Casting

• A type cast temporarily changes the value of a

variable from the declared type to some other type.
• For example,
double distance;
distance = 9.0;
int points;
points = (int)distance;
• Illegal without (int)

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Type Casting

• The value of (int)distance is 9,

• The value of distance, both before and after the
cast, is 9.0.
• Any nonzero value to the right of the decimal point
is truncated rather than rounded.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
 JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Arithmetic Operators

• Arithmetic expressions can be formed using the +,

-, *, and / operators together with variables or
numbers referred to as operands.
• When both operands are of the same type, the result is of
that type.
• When one of the operands is a floating-point type and the
other is an integer, the result is a floating point type.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
 Arithmetic Operations
• Example
If hoursWorked is an int to which the value 40 has
been assigned, and payRate is a double to which
8.25 has been assigned

hoursWorked * payRate

is a double with a value of 330.0.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Arithmetic Operations

• Expressions with two or more operators can be

viewed as a series of steps, each involving only two
operands.
• The result of one step produces one of the operands to be
used in the next step.
• Regular order of operations (~PEMDAS)
• example
balance + (balance * rate)

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Arithmetic Operations

• If at least one of the operands is a floating-point

type and the rest are integers, the result will be a
floating point type.
• The result is the rightmost type from the following
list that occurs in the expression.
byte --> short --> int --> long
--> float --> double

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
The Division Operator

• The division operator (/) behaves as expected if

one of the operands is a floating-point type.
• When both operands are integer types, the result
is truncated, not rounded.
• Hence, 99/100 has a value of 0.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
The mod Operator

• The mod (%) operator is used with operators of

integer type to obtain the remainder after integer
division.
• 14 divided by 4 is 3 with a remainder of 2.
• Hence, 14 % 4 is equal to 2.
• The mod operator has many uses, including
• determining if an integer is odd or even
• determining if one integer is evenly divisible by another
integer.
• Integer division(/) gives results without remainder and
mod, next, gives remainder… together useful
JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved