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Module-5 DOMESTIC WIRING

Electrical power is very essential for any domestic or commercial purpose to run various
appliances and for lighting. The electrical supply is obtained from generation station to local
distribution section by stepping down the voltage from 440V to 230V.
Service mains: The conductors which bring electrical energy from the nearest pole carrying the
secondary distribution system to the consumers premises are known as Service mains. For all
domestic purposes only, single phase supply is required. There are 2 types namely: Overhead
service mains and Underground service mains.

Overhead service mains: In this, the conductors from the pole to the meter board run above
the ground level at a reasonably good height providing clearance from the adjacent buildings.
Aluminum core steel reinforced or hard drawn copper conductors are used as service mains.
Theirsize depends on load of the consumer.

Underground service mains: This is provided if the load of the consumer is more than 25kW.
In these overhead connections cannot be given and this improves the beauty of the building.

Meter Board and Distribution Board:

Fig: 5.1. Meter board & distribution board.

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Supply is taken through service mains and connected to the input terminals of the energy
meter which is fixed in wooden box is shown in Fig 5.1. The wooden box is known as
meter board. This consists of a use which is a safety device during over loads or short
circuits. The energy meter is provided by the electricsupply company. The energy meter must
be installed at a place which is easily accessible by meter readers.

The main switch is used to switch on and off the supply to the building. This is provided next
to the energy meter and output terminals of the energy meter are connected as input terminals
to main switch. The outputterminals of the energy meter are connected as input terminals of
main switch and this is connected to distribution board. The main switch is usually an iron
clad double pole [ICDP] switch. The main switch isfixed inside the distribution board itself.
The distribution board is a rectangular box which consists of 2 busbars fixed. One neutral bus
bar and another phase bus bar. Domestic load is distributed to various sub circuits from
distribution board.

Types of wiring
➢ Cleat wiring

➢ CTS wiring or TRS wiring or batten Wiring

➢ Metal sheathed wiring or lead sheathed Wiring

➢ Casing and capping

➢ Conduit wiring

1. Cleat Wiring: In this type of wiring, insulated conductors (usually VIR, Vulcanized
indian rubber) are supported or wodden cleats. The cleats have two halves: one base and
another cap. The cables are placed in the grooves provided in the base and then the cap is
placed. Bothe are fixed securely on the walls by 40 mm long screws. The cleats are easy to
erect and are fixed 4.5-15 cms apart. This wiring is suitable for temporary installations
where cost is the main criteria but not the appearance.

2. CTS wiring or TRS wiring or batten Wiring: In this wiring system, wires sheathed in
tough rubber are used which are quite flexible. They are clipped on wodden batten with
brass clips and fixed on to the walls or ceiling by flat head screws. These cables are
moisture and chemical proof. They are suitable for damp climate but not suitable for
outdoor use in sunlight. TRS is suitable for lighting in low voltage installations.

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3. Metal sheathed wiring or lead sheathed Wiring: The wiring is similar to that of CTS but
the conductors (two or three) are individually insulated and convered with a common outer
lead-alluminium alloy sheath. The sheath protets the cable against dampness, atmospheric
extremities and mechanical damage.

4. Casing and Capping: It consists of insulated conductors laid inside rectangular teakwood
or PVC boxes having grooves inside it. A rectangular strip of wood called capping having
same width as that of casing is fixed over it. Both the casing and the capping are screwed
together at every 15 cms. Casing is attached to the wall. Two or more wires of same
polarity are drawn through different grooves. The system is suitable for indoor and
domestic installations.

5. Conduit Wiring: In this system, PVC (polyvinyl chioride) or VIR cables are run through
metallic or PVC pipes providing good protection against mechanical injury and fire due to
short circuit. They are either embedded inside the walls or supported over the walls, and are
known as concealed wiring or surface conduit wiring (open conduit) respectively. The
conduits are buried inside the walls on wooden gutties (the wires are drawn through them
with fish (steel) wires. The system is bests public buildings, industries and workshops.

Two Way and Three-Way Control of Lamps:

Fig: 5.2. Two-way control of lamps

Two-way control of the lamp is also known as staircase wiring. If we want to control a
lamp from more than one point (stair case) say from two places then it is called two- way
control is shown in Fig 5.2. Similarly, we can control a lamp from two places under
certain circumstances and is called as two-way control. The switching table gives the

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clarity about the operation of the switches. The operation of the circuit is explained in the
following table

Position of S1 Position of S2 Condition of lamp

1 3 ON
1 4 OFF
2 3 OFF
2 4 ON
Table 1: Two-way control of lamps

The Wiring Diagram of Three-Way Control of the Lamp with OC – Open:

Three-way control: This is also called as staircase wiring which consists of two switches
SW1 and SW2 along with one intermediate switch SW3. Fig 5.3 shows the circuit to control a
lamp at three different points. SW1 and SW2 are single pole double throw switches (SPDT).
SW3 is a double pole double throw switch (DPDT). The operation of the circuit is given in
table.

Fig:5.3. Three Way Control of the Lamp

SW1 SW2 SW3 State of Lamp

A G CD, EF ON
A H CD, EF OFF
B G CD, EF OFF
B H CD, EF ON
A G CF, ED OFF
A H CF, ED ON
B G CF, ED ON
B H CF, ED OFF
Table 2: Three way control of lamps

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Equipment Safety measures

A safe work environment is not always enough to control all potential electrical hazards. You
must be very cautious and work safely. Safety rules help you control your and others risk of
injury or death from workplace hazards.
Generally, safety equipment is the protection that is used by workers to avoid injuries,
casualties, life threatening situations etc.. Different types of safety equipment are used by
workers depending upon the nature of risk involved in the work. Figure 5.4 shows different
types of fuses for different applications

Fig 5.4 Different types of fuses

Working of a fuse
An electric fuse is based on the principle of heating effect of electric current. When an
excessive current flows in the circuit, it generates heat in the circuit which leads to melt the
fuse due to its low melting point, and it also opens the circuit.

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Figure 5.5 shows the basic structure of a fuse.

 A fuse consists of a metal strip or wire fuse element, of small cross-section compared
to the circuit conductors, mounted between a pair of electrical terminals, and (usually)
enclosed by a non-combustible housing.

 The fuse is arranged in series to carry all the current passing through the protected
circuit.

 The resistance of the element generates heat due to the current flow.
 The size and construction of the element is (empirically) determined so that the heat
produced for a normal current does not cause the element to attain a high temperature.

 If very high current flows, the element rises to a higher temperature and either directly
melts, or else melts a soldered joint within the fuse, opening the circuit.

 The fuse element is made of zinc, copper, silver, aluminium, or alloys among these or
other various metals to provide stable and predictable characteristics.

 The fuse ideally would carry its rated current indefinitely, and melt quickly on a small
excess. The element must not be damaged by minor harmless surges of current, and
must not oxidize or change its behaviour after possibly years of service.

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Functions of the fuse are:

➢ Prevents device failure due to faulty circuit operation

➢ Prevents overload and blackouts

➢ Fuse prevents short-circuits

➢ Prevents damage that is caused due to mismatched loads

Terms Related with Fuses:

1. Rated current: It is the maximum current, which a fuse can carry without undue
heating or melting.It depends on the following factors: Permissible temperature rise of
the contacts of the fuse holder and the fuse material, Degree of deterioration due to
oxidation
2. Fusing current: The minimum current at which the fuse melts is known as the fusing
current. It depends on the material characteristics, length, diameter, cross- sectional area
of the fuse element andthe type of enclosure used.
3. Fusing Factor: It is the ratio of the minimum fusing current to the rated current. It is
always greaterthan unity.

Miniature Circuit Breaker:

Fig 5.6 miniature circuit breaker

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4. Actuator lever - used to manually trip and reset the circuit breaker. Also indicates the
status of the circuit breaker (On or Off/tripped). Most breakers are designed so they
can still trip even if the lever is held or locked in the "on" position. This is sometimes
referred to as "free trip" or "positive trip" operation.
5. Actuator mechanism - forces the contacts together or apart.
6. Contacts - allow current when touching and break the current when moved apart.
7. Terminals
8. Bimetallic strip - separates contacts in response to smaller, longer-term overcurrent
9. Calibration screw - allows the manufacturer to precisely adjust the trip current of the
device after assembly.
10. Solenoid - separates contacts rapidly in response to high overcurrent
11. Arc divider/extinguisher
Operation :

 Once a fault is detected, the circuit breaker contacts must open to interrupt the circuit;
this is commonly done using mechanically stored energy contained within the breaker,
such as a spring or compressed air to separate the contacts. Figure 5.6 shows the basic
circuit breaker cross section.

 Small circuit breakers typically have a manual control lever to switch off the load or
reset a tripped breaker, while larger units use solenoids to trip the mechanism,
and electric motors to restore energy to the springs.

 The circuit breaker contacts must carry the load current without excessive heating, and
must also withstand the heat of the arc produced when interrupting (opening) the circuit.

 Contacts are made of copper or copper alloys, silver alloys and other highly conductive
materials.

 When a high current or voltage is interrupted, an arc is generated. The length of the arc
is generally proportional to the voltage while the intensity (or heat) is proportional to
the current.

 This arc must be contained, cooled and extinguished in a controlled way, so that the
gap between the contacts can again withstand the voltage in the circuit.

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 Finally, once the fault condition has been cleared, the contacts must
again be closed torestore power to the interrupted circuit.

Advantages of Fuse:

 Fuses are the cheapest form of protection.

 The fuse element change very easily.
 The fuse needs zero maintenance.
 It affords the current limiting effect under short circuit conditions.
 Its operation is completely automatic and requires less time as compared to circuit
breakers and no complexity is involved

 Most of the fuses are self-protecting and also, they extinguishing the arc.
 When we use the small size of the fuse element impose a current limiting effect
under short circuit conditions.

 Its inverse time-current characteristics enable its use for overload protection.
 Fuse has the ability to interrupt enormous short circuits without producing noise,
flame or smoke.

 Easy to removable for replacement without any damage to coming into contact
with a live part.

 The operation time of fuse can be much smaller than the operation of the circuit
breaker. It is the primary protection device, against the short circuits.

Disadvantages of fuse:
 Itis not suitable for overload, at that time fuse blow off replacing of fuse takes time.
During this period of lost power.
 The protection of fuse is not reliable.
 Low breaking capacity.
 Fuse is slow compared to circuit breakers. It is a slow speed.
Considerable time is required in replacing a fuse after the operations, while the circuit
breaker can be used multiple times.
 It can't bear a surge current in the case of motor starting.

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 Fuse has not protected the circuit against under-voltage.

 The fusing elements of the fuse are exposed to air, hence it is oxidized. Therefore the
resistance of the element is increased and produced heat when the current passing
through it.
 There is a possibility of renewal by the fuse wire of the wrong size.
 The current time characteristics of a fuse cannot always be correlated with that of the
protective device.
 When fuses are connected in series it is difficult to discriminate against the fuse unless
the fuse has a significant size difference.

 Fuse does not respond to the high voltage it only cares about current flowing and is not
likely to melt and save the house in case of a direct lightning strike.

 Accurate calibration of fuse wire is impossible, as longer fuse operates earlier than oneof
shorter length.

Difference between fuse and circuit breaker :

 Fuse works on the principle of electrical and thermal properties of the conducting
materials whereas the circuit breakers work on the electromagnetism and switching
principle.
 The fuse provides protection against only power overloads whereas a circuit
breaker provides protection for both power overload and short circuit.
 Breaking the capacity of the fuse is low as compared to that of a circuit breaker.
 The fuse provides both detection and interruption process. Circuit breaker performs
the only interruption, a relay system is attached for detection of any fault in the
circuit.
 No auxiliary contact is required in case of fuse but in circuit breaker, auxiliary
contactis required.
 Operating time of fuse is very less about 0.002 second while operating time of
circuitbreaker is comparatively more than that of fuse, about 0.02 to 0.05 second.
 Fuse cannot be used as an ON/OFF switch while in circuit breaker can be used as
anON/OFF as a switch.
 Fuse is only single pole version is available while in circuit breaker single and
multiplepole version is available.
 Fuses are independent of ambient temperature but circuit breaker depends on
theambient temperature.

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 The cost of the fuse is low whereas the circuit breaker is more costly.
 Mode of operation off fuse is completely automatic but circuit breaker can be
operatedmanually it causes nuisance and tripping. The curve of the circuit does not
shift.
 Fuses once used cannot be reused again, the circuit breaker can be reused.
 Fused used extensively In electronic equipment draw low current while in a circuit
breaker are used in power equipment such as in motors and other heavy machines
whichdraw a large amount of current.
 Fused can be replaced after the operation while a circuit breaker can be reset
quickly after the operation.

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Personal safety measures

Electric Shock :

An electric shock occurs when a person comes into contact with an electrical energy source.
Electrical energy flows through a portion of the body causing a shock. The human body is a
good conductor of electricity. This means an electric current can easily travel through it. When
current travels through the body accidentally, this is known as an electric shock.
o Electric shock occurs when a current passes through the body: Electric shock occurs
when a current passes through the body, typically from an electrical source to the
ground. The severity of the shock depends on the amount of current, the path the
current takes through the body, and the duration of the shock.
o Electric shock can cause injuries and death: Electric shock can cause injuries such as
burns, muscle contractions, and heart arrhythmias. In severe cases, electric shock can
cause death.
o Electric shock can occur in many different settings: Electric shock can occur in many
different settings, including homes, workplaces, and outdoor areas. Common causes
of electric shock include faulty electrical equipment, damaged wiring, and lightning
strikes.
o Prevention is the best way to avoid electric shock: Prevention is the best way to avoid
electric shock. This includes taking appropriate safety precautions when working with
electrical equipment, following electrical codes and standards, and ensuring that
electrical equipment is properly maintained and inspected.
o If someone is experiencing electric shock, take appropriate action: If someone is
experiencing electric shock, it is important to take appropriate action to prevent
further injury or death. This may include turning off the power source, calling for
emergency medical services, and providing first aid if necessary.
o Overall, electric shock is a serious electrical hazard that requires appropriate
precautions to prevent injury or death. By following electrical safety procedures and
standards, you can minimize the risk of electric shock and create a safe working
environment when working with electrical equipment.

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Fig 5.7 beware of a electric shock

Earthing:
Earthing is an essential component of electrical installations, and it is designed to protect the
users and equipment from electrical hazards. The earthing installation consists of the
following components:
• Earth electrode: This is a metal rod or plate that is buried in the ground and serves as a
connection between the electrical installation and the earth. The earth electrode is
usually made of copper, galvanized iron or a combination of both.
• Earthing conductor: This is a wire that connects the electrical installation to the earth
electrode. The earthing conductor is usually made of copper or aluminum and has a
cross-sectional area that is determined by the maximum fault current that the system
can produce.
• Earth pit: This is a pit in the ground that is dug around the earth electrode to provide a
good contact between the electrode and the surrounding soil. The earth pit is usually
filled with a mixture of charcoal, salt and sand to improve the conductivity of the soil.
• Earthing strip: This is a strip of copper or aluminum that is used to connect all the
metal parts of the electrical installation to the earthing conductor. The earthing strip
helps to ensure that all the metal parts of the installation are at the same potential and
reduces the risk of electric shock.
The earthing installation should be designed and installed in accordance with the relevant
safety standards and codes to ensure that it provides effective protection against electrical
hazards. The installation should also be regularly tested and maintained to ensure that it
remains in good condition and continues to provide adequate protection.

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Types of earthing:

There are several types of earthing that are commonly used in electrical installations. Here are
some of the most common types:
➢ Plate earthing: In plate earthing, a copper or galvanized iron plate is buried in the
ground and connected to the earthing conductor. The plate is usually buried in a pit that
is filled with a mixture of charcoal, salt, and sand to improve the conductivity of the
soil.
➢ Pipe earthing: In pipe earthing, a galvanized iron pipe is buried vertically in the ground
and connected to the earthing conductor. The pipe is usually filled with a mixture of
charcoal, salt, and sand to improve the conductivity of the soil.
➢ Rod earthing: In rod earthing, a copper or galvanized iron rod is driven into the ground
and connected to the earthing conductor. The rod is usually driven vertically into the
ground, but it can also be installed horizontally if the soil conditions are not suitable for
vertical installation.
➢ Strip earthing: In strip earthing, a strip of copper or aluminum is buried in the ground
and connected to the earthing conductor. The strip is usually installed horizontally and
can be used in situations where plate or rod earthing is not feasible.
➢ Earthing mat: In earthing mat, a conductive mat is installed on the surface of the
ground and connected to the earthing conductor. The mat is usually made of copper or
aluminum and is used in situations where there is a large area to be earthed, such as in
substations or power plants.
The type of earthing used in an electrical installation depends on factors such as the
type of soil, the available space, and the level of fault current that the system can produce. The
earthing installation should be designed and installed in accordance with the relevant safety
standards and codes to ensure that it provides effective protection against electrical hazards.

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Plate Earthing:

Fig:5.8. Plate earthing

• In this method a copper plate of 60 cm x 60 cm x 3.18 cm or a GI plate of the size 60 cm

x 60 cm x 6.35 cm is used for earthing.
• The plate is placed vertically down inside the ground at a depth of 3 m and is embedded
in alternatelayers of coal and salt for a thickness of 15 cm.
• In addition, water is poured for keeping the earth electrode resistance value well below a
maximumof 5 ohms.
• The earth wire is securely bolted to the earth plate.
• A cement masonry chamber is built with a cast iron cover for easy regular maintenance.
• Earthing efficiency increases with increase of plate area and depth of embedding. The
disadvantage is that discontinuity of earth plate cannot be observed.

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Pipe Earthing:

Fig: 5.9. Pipe earthing

• Earth electrode made of galvanized iron (GI) pipe of 38 mm in diameter and length of 2 m
(dependingon the current) with 12 mm holes on the surface, is placed upright at a depth
of 4.75 m in a permanently wet ground.

• To keep the value of the earth resistance at the desired level, the area (15 cms) surrounding
the GI pipeis filled with a mixture of salt and coal.

• The efficiency of the earthing system is improved by pouring water through the funnel
periodically.

• The GI earth wires of sufficient cross- sectional area are run through a 12.7 mm diameter
pipe at 60 cms below from the 19mm diameter pipe and secured tightly at the top as
shown in the Fig 5.9.
• The disadvantage is embedded pipe length has to be increased sufficiently with high
order specific resistivity.

The figure describes the types of earthing. The process of connecting metallic bodies of all the
electrical apparatus and equipment to huge mass of earth by a wire having negligible resistance
is called earthing. There are different types of earthing as shown in the above diagram. Among
these pipe earthing and plate earthing are commonly employed for domestic purpose. Rod
earthing and chemical earthing systems are employed in industry and laboratories where the
voltage rating crosses few kV.

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Safety Precautions to avoid shock :

Some simple precautions can prevent electric shock hazards near us

Inspect electric cords for fraying. If you see a crack in the insulation, repair or replaceit.
Cords can be frayed if they get moved a lot, are in the sun, or are chewed by an animal,
or if you have had them for a long time.

Do not plug too many things into the same outlet. This can overload electrical circuits.
Replace all older two-pronged outlets. All outlets in the home should be of the 3-
pronged type. It is not safe to use adapters that allow you to plug a 3-pronged
appliance into a 2-pronged outlet for an extended period of time.

Insert plastic safety caps in all unused electrical outlets if small children are in thehome.
Keep extension cords out of the reach of children.

Keep all electric appliances away from places where there is water, such as a sink,toilet,
or bathtub.

Keep electric appliances, outlets, and light bulbs away from flammable liquids or
products that produce vapors.

Make sure that all power tools are grounded or double insulated. This means there isan
extra barrier between you and the electricity.

Make sure that children do not play or climb near electric lines on a power pole orwhere
the lines enter a house.

Stay clear of electric power lines when you are trimming trees or using gardeningtools.

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Electricity bill
The service main that comes through the pole fuses terminates at the energy meter located at
the consumer’s premises. The pole fuse is the property of Electricity Supply Company and the
consumers have no right to meddle with it. The wires taken from the output terminals of the
energy meter are connected to distribution board via fuses and a switch. From the distribution
board, the supply lines are connected to consumer’s internal wiring as shown in figure 5.10.
All the wiring arrangement after the energy meter is the property of the consumer and can
attend to maintenance, repair, alterations, additions or deletions at his/her will. The ratings of
some of the appliances which is used in our houses is shown in figure 5.10.

Fig 5.10 schematic diagram of wiring arrangement for a residential building

Electricity Tariff
The electric power required by an electric appliance can be estimated as
(the appliance's electric CURRENT) × (the VOLTAGE across its terminals)

For example
If the current through a household light bulb is 0.5 amperes andthe voltage across its
filament is the common 230 volts,
then its power is (0.5 amperes) ×(230 volts) = 115 ampere volts = 115 watts.
Note: 1 amp × 1 volt is defined to be 1 watt.

As we saw earlier, power represents the RATE at which electric energy is being fed to an
appliance. Note that the power is properly zero if the voltage across the appliance is zero –
which is true when it is switched OFF. Fortunately, most electric appliances have labels that
give their power ratings, and it is not necessary to know the electric currents flowing through

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them to calculate their power requirements.

Furthermore, the VOLTAGE supplied to most household appliances is 230 volts,so Power =
(230 volts) × (CURRENT in amps).
From this equation, it is clear that higher power appliances require more amps.
The electric energy, in kilowatt hours (kWh), used by an appliance over a time interval is
Energy (kWh) = POWER (watts) ×TIME (hr) 1000 (watt - hr/kWh).
Example:
The electric energy used by a 100 watt light bulb operating for 24 hours is (100 watts) × (24
hours) / (1000 watt hours/kWh) = 2.4 kWh. The typical cost of 1 kWh of electric energy from
BESSCOM is Rs.3.75 .
Thus 2.4 kWh of electric energy costs (2.4 kWh) × ( 3.75 /kWh) = Rs. 9/-

Two-part Tariff:
It consists of two parts
(i) a fixed charge proportional to the maximum demand (but independent of the units used) and
(ii) low running charge proportional to the actual number of units used.

The maximum demand during a specified period, usually a quarter, is measured by a maximum
demand indicator. The maximum demand indicator is usually a watt-hous meter which returns
to zero automatically at the end of every half hour but is fitted with a tell-tale pointer which is
left behind at the maximum reducing reached during the quarter under consideration.
This type of tariffs expressed by a fist degree equation like
Rs. A×kW + B ×kWh,
Where Rs. A is the charge per annum per kW of maximum demand and 53 is the price per
KWh.

Disadvantages:
The customer is penalized for his poor load power factor by basing the fixed charges on kVA
instead of per kW of maximum demand.

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Power rating of the appliances:

Table 3. Power rating of the appliances

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