Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System (VMNIS) WHO Global Database on Anaemia The database on Anaemia includes

data by country on prevalence of anaemia and mean haemoglobin concentration

INDONESIA
Haemoglobin (g/L)
Level
L

Last Updated: 2005-12-27

Notes SD Method Reference

General Line

Date

Region and sample descriptor

Cikupa: Adolescent girls: Total Cikupa: Adolescent girls by intervention: Placebo Cikupa: Adolescent girls by intervention: Iron Bali: PW: Total Bali: PW by age Bali: PW by age Bali: PW by age Bali: PW by gestational age: 1st trimester Bali: PW by gestational age: 2nd trimester Bali: PW by gestational age: 3rd trimester Tangerang 1999: Adolescent girls Tangerang 2000: Adolescent girls Jakarta 2002: Adolescent girls West, Central and East Java: Infants: Total West, Central and East Java: Infants by age West, Central and East Java: Infants by age West, Central and East Java: Infants by age Women by province: West Java Women by province: Central Java Women by province: East Java Infants by province: West Java Infants by province: Central Java Infants by province: East Java South Kalimantan: Women Central Java: Purworejo District: Infants: Total Central Java: Purworejo District: Infants by intervent Central Java: Purworejo District: Infants by intervent Central Java: Purworejo District: Infants by intervent Central Java: Purworejo District: Infants by intervent Bogor District: Leuwilang Sub-District: PW by interv

Sex
F F F F F F F F F F F F F B B B B F F F B B B F B B B B B F

Age (years)

Sample size
70 202 104 98 1684 272 1286 125 291 782 610 269 173 307 990 330 325 335 314 459 217 314 459 217 121 549 136 134 136 143 71

Proportion (%) of population with haemoglobin below: 100 110 115 120 54.0 61.0 46.0 46.2 51.5 45.0 47.2 27.5 52.9 46.6 31.0 9.0 57.0 36.9 39.7 32.0 39.1 70.9 130

Mean

2005 P

11.80- 16.5 11.80- 16.5 11.80- 16.5 NS NS- 19.99 20.00- 34.99 35.00-NS NS NS NS 11.30- 17.1 11.30- 17.1 11.30- 17.1 0.25- 0.49 0.25- 0.32 0.33- 0.41 0.42- 0.49 NS NS NS 0.25- 0.49 0.25- 0.49 0.25- 0.49 NS NS- 0.57 NS- 0.57 NS- 0.57 NS- 0.57 NS- 0.57 17.00- 35.99

A 117 119 111 11 12 10 D

5096

2002 P

4055

1999 -2002

125 135 116

12 12 12

5092

1999 -2001

1469

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

37.9 32.9 44.2 14.0 41.0

125 125 125 103 104 101 130

14 13 16 13 11 12 11 A B 2484 1825 * * * * * * *

L D

1998 1997 -1999

114 114 112 114 50.0 110

14 14 12 15 A 3771

1997 -1999

WHO Global Database on Anaemia

Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System (VMNIS) WHO Global Database on Anaemia The database on Anaemia includes data by country on prevalence of anaemia and mean haemoglobin concentration

INDONESIA
Haemoglobin (g/L)
Level
D

Last Updated: 2005-12-27

Notes SD Method Reference

General Line

Date

Region and sample descriptor

Bogor District: Leuwilang Sub-District: PW by interv Bogor District: Leuwilang Sub-District: PW by interv Setia Asih: Pre-SAC Central Java: Purworejo District: PW by gestational Central Java: Purworejo District: PW by gestational Central Java: Purworejo District: PW by gestational East Java: Surabaya and Madura: Adolescents: Tota East Java: Surabaya and Madura: Adolescents by s East Java: Surabaya and Madura: Adolescents by s Adolescents by area: Urban (Surabaya) Adolescents by area: Rural (Madura) Adolescents by sex and area: Urban Adolescents by sex and area: Urban Adolescents by sex and area: Rural Adolescents by sex and area: Rural Bogor District: LW Bogor District: Infants Central-Jakarta: Johor-Baru Sub-District: 2 sub-villa 2 sub-villages of Johor-Baru Sub-District, Central-Ja 2 sub-villages of Johor-Baru Sub-District, Central-Ja Jakarta: Children by intervention: Fortified Jakarta: Children by intervention: Placebo Sukaraja: SAC: Total Sukaraja: SAC by sex Sukaraja: SAC by sex Sukaraja: SAC by age Sukaraja: SAC by age Sukaraja: SAC by age

Sex
F F B F F F B F M B B F M F M F B B F M B B B F M B B B

Age (years)

Sample size
70 66 53 289 420 326 275 0.0 0.3 0.0

Proportion (%) of population with haemoglobin below: 100 110 44.0 45.0 36.7 20.2 37.1 32.0 21.1 25.9 15.5 19.5 22.5 24.8 13.5 27.2 17.2 52.0 57.0 115 120 130

Mean

1997 -1999

17.00- 35.99 17.00- 35.99 2.00- 5.99 NS NS NS 12.0012.0012.0012.0012.0012.0012.0012.0012.0015.99 15.99 15.99 15.99 15.99 15.99 15.99 15.99 15.99

110 111 112 120 114 116 10 14 13 15

3771

18 19

L L

1997 P 1996 -1998

A B

2355 3810

* *
20 21 22 23

1996 -1997

6486 3486 3000 3549 2997 1888 1661 1598 1399 155 155 204 111 93 57 60 365 174 191 118 159 88 50.9 43.3 13.0 13.0 14.0 13.0 14.0 13.0

316

1996

15.00- 41.99 0.20- 0.88 60.00- 75.99 60.00- 75.99 60.00- 75.99 4.00- 6.99 4.00- 6.99 8.00- 10.99 8.00- 10.99 8.00- 10.99 8.00- 8.99 9.00- 9.99 10.00- 10.99

117 106 136 129 145 111 111 123 122 123 122 122 125

13 12 24 22 23 10 9 11 11 12 10 12 12

2651

1996

3616

24

32.5 24.7

1996

3752

25 26 27

1995

1728

WHO Global Database on Anaemia

Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System (VMNIS) WHO Global Database on Anaemia The database on Anaemia includes data by country on prevalence of anaemia and mean haemoglobin concentration

INDONESIA
Haemoglobin (g/L)
Level
L DR L D L L

Last Updated: 2005-12-27

Notes SD Method Reference

General Line

Date

Region and sample descriptor

East Jakarta: Adolescents West Java: Tangeran: PW Jagapati: Adults Jeneponto District: PW Bogor: PW PW at delivery by area: Urban PW at delivery by area: Rural East Java: nine regencies: NPNLW: Total East Java: nine regencies: PW East Java: nine regencies: LW: Total East Java: nine regencies: NPNLW by regency: Sido East Java: nine regencies: NPNLW by regency: Blita East Java: nine regencies: NPNLW by regency: Tub East Java: nine regencies: NPNLW by regency: Mad East Java: nine regencies: LW by regency: Sidoarjo East Java: nine regencies: LW by regency: Blitar an East Java: nine regencies: LW by regency: Tuban a East Java: nine regencies: LW by regency: Madura

Sex
F F B F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F

Age (years)

Sample size
70 363 176 454 107 318 NS NS 1229 151 825 89 256 229 655 69 192 240 324

Proportion (%) of population with haemoglobin below: 100 110 115 120 17.4 70.5 130

Mean

1995 1995 1992 1992 1989 1977 -1980

14.00- 18.99 NS 16.00- 69.99 17.00- 47.99 20.00- 35.99 NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS

C A D

1733 3806 1985 4086 2552 2949

* * * * * *
28 29 30 31

47.7 49.4 31.4 47.7 30.0 37.0 36.0 19.0 19.0 37.0 32.0 23.0 26.0 49.0 35.0

111 109

13 10

A A NS

1975 -1976

126 112 125 130 132 124 124 131 128 121 123

20 19 18 14 17 21 21 13 17 19 18

288

*
32

33

34

WHO Global Database on Anaemia

NOTES INDONESIA
Reference No: General Notes: 5096 Facility based survey (public junior high school) in a rural area in Cikupa,Tangeran; baseline values of intervention study.

Reference No: General Notes:

4055 Sampling: cluster sampling with districts and municipalities as sampling units with probability proportional to size, 42 villages randomly selected to form the sample and all pregnant women in the sample included; method: Technicon-HI. 5092 Facility based survey (secondary schools) in Tangerang (August 1999 and December 2000) and in an urban slum of central Jakarta (August 2002); exclusion of girls with inflammation and one with abnormally high iron stores. 1469 Study in three provinces (West, Central and East Java) during five rounds of data collection; sampling: for each round a new random sample of households was selected using a multistage cluster sample design; inclusion only of 3.0-5.9 month old infants who were breastfed and had a complete set of data for the variables analyzed; women are mothers of infants surveyed; Hb determination only for subsample (15 600 (20%) out of 78 000 households interviewed) of these, 990 contributed data on infants aged 3-5 months; Hb cut-off level not according to WHO recommendations (please see 'Key to the data tables'). Disaggregated data by maternal Hb, maternal age, maternal education, birth weight, stunting, breast feeding status. Prevalence value calculated. Prevalence value calculated. Prevalence value calculated. Mean (SD) age 26.9 (6.0) yrs; only mean Hb values. Mean (SD) age 26.7 (5.7) yrs; only mean Hb values. Mean (SD) age 26.1 (5.8) yrs; only mean Hb values. Mean (SD) age 4.5 (0.9) months; 134 girls+180 boys. Mean (SD) age 4.5 (0.9) months; 203 girls+256 boys. Mean (SD) age 4.6 (0.9) months; 102 girls+115 boys. 2484 Study in 2 cities in South Kalimantan; comparison of different methods. Mean age 29.2 yrs. 1825 Baseline values of intervention study (iron, zinc, iron+zinc, placebo) in a predominantly agricultural district; sampling: infants recruitment from surveillance system and randomly assignment to 4 treatment groups; inclusion only of healthy, singleton infants who lived near health centres in surveillance area, who were aged <=6 months and whose mothers had been monitored during pregnancy and birth; exclusion of subjects with metabolic or neurologic disorders, physical handicaps affecting development, feeding or activity, with severe or protected illness, with Hb <90 g/L, whom initial blood sampling failed and in whom Hb could not be assessed. Prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia 8.0% (Hb <110 g/L+serum ferritin <12 g/L). 70 girls+66 boys; mean (SD) age at start treatment 6.1 (0.4) months. 66 girls+68 boys; mean (SD) age at start treatment 6.1 (0.5) months. 65 girls+71 boys; mean (SD) age at start treatment 6.1 (0.4) months. WHO Global Database on Anaemia

Reference No: General Notes:

Reference No: General Notes:

Line note 1 Line note 2 Line note 3 Line note 4 Line note 5 Line note 6 Line note 7 Line note 8 Line note 9 Line note 10 Reference No: General Notes: Line note 11 Reference No: General Notes:

Line note 12 Line note 13 Line note 14 Line note 15

Line note 16 Reference No: General Notes:

62 girls+81 boys; mean (SD) age at start treatment 6.1 (0.4) months. 3771 Baseline values of intervention study (weekly vitamin A + iron, weekly iron, daily iron) in 9 villages in the Leuwiliang Subdistrict, Bogor District, West Java; sampling: subjects from 5 villages were assigned randomly to the two weekly groups, subjects from the other 4 villages were assigned to the daily group; inclusion only of women who were 16-20 wks pregnant, aged 17-35 yrs and parity <6. Standard error mean: 1.0 g/L. Standard error mean: 1.0 g/L. Standard error mean: 1.0 g/L. 2355 Village in Western Java.

Line note 17 Line note 18 Line note 19 Reference No: General Notes:

Reference No: General Notes:

3810 Cohort study from early pregnancy until 5-7 wks post delivery; sampling: 442 PW were randomized from 2173 women who had been recruited for a vitamin A and zinc supplementation trial during pregnancy between March 1996-April 1998; women with severe helminth infection and women who suffered from anaemia were to be treated during 3rd trimester, 55.7%, 92.0%, 97.8% of the women received routine iron supplementation tablets given by the primary health center in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd trimester respectively. Prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia 5.5% (Hb <110 g/L+serum ferritin <12 g/L); sample with complete measurements at 1st trimester; mean (SD) age 28.5 (5.2) yrs. Prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia 18.7% (Hb <110 g/L+serum ferritin <12 g/L); sample with complete measurements at 2nd trimester; mean (SD) age 28.0 (5.0) yrs. Prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia 18.9% (Hb <110 g/L+serum ferritin <12 g/L); sample with complete measurements at 3rd trimester; mean (SD) age 27.8 (4.8) yrs. 316 Facility based study in East Java (16 high schools in Surabaya, 18 high schools in two rural Districts of Madura: Bangkalan and Sampang); same study as reference No. 4699; sampling: random selection of schools, data collection from all pupils in these schools aged 12-15 yrs old and after parental informed consent (91.4%); inclusion only of subjects with middle and low socioeconomic status, who were of Javanese or Madurese ethnicity and Muslim (except in schools in Surabaya: most pupils were Chinese and Christian); Hb determination only for subsample (99% boys, 99.4% girls); prevalence values calculated. Mean age 14.2 yrs; disaggregated data by school type, puberty.

Line note 20 Line note 21 Line note 22 Reference No: General Notes:

Line note 23

Reference No: General Notes: Reference No: General Notes: Line note 24

2651 Study in 2 rural villages in Bogor District, West Java; mother-infant pairs; method: Cyanoblue. 3616 Cross-sectional study; sampling: subject were randomly selected from a list obtained from the municipality including all inhabitants aged 60-75 yrs (+/- 4400 people); exclusion of subjects with a serious illness, who were immobile, who were institutionalized and who were not able (cognitively) to answer the questions. Prevalence of anaemia 28.9% (Hb <120 g/L females, Hb <130 g/L males).

Reference No: General Notes:

3752 Facility based study (4 kindergartens); baseline values of intervention study (fortified, placebo) in Pulo Gadung Subdistrict, East Jakarta; sampling: random allocation of enrolled subjects to treatment groups; inclusion only of children aged 4-6 yrs, from low to middle income groups who were apparently healthy and had a Hb concentration >80 g/L; same Hb cut-off level applied to different age groups. Prevalence of iron deficiency 52.6% (serum ferritin <20 g/L); 95% CI: 108 g/L, 113 g/L; mean (SD) age 65.7 (5.7) months. Prevalence of iron deficiency 36.7% (serum ferritin <20 g/L); 95% CI: 109 g/L, 114 g/L; mean (SD) age 67.8 (4.3) months.

Line note 25 Line note 26

WHO Global Database on Anaemia

Reference No: General Notes: Line note 27

1728 Facility based study (10 schools) in 6 villages in Sukaraja District, West Java; Hb cut-off level not according to WHO recommendations (please see 'Key to the data tables'). Disaggregated data by school.

Reference No: General Notes: Reference No: General Notes: Line note 28

1733 Facility based study (school). 3806 Facility based study (six health centres serving about 90 small villages with similar socioeconomic characteristics) in rural District of Tangeran; baseline value of intervention study; all PW who came to one of the six centres for the first prenatal care check-up were asked to participate. 8-24 wks pregnant; mean (SD) age 26.2 (5.7) yrs (daily supplements; n=68); mean (SD) age 25.0 (5.3) yrs (weekly supplements; n=71); disaggregated data by intervention group. 1985 Study in village in Southern Bali; method: Technicon. Prevalence of anaemia 40.5% (Hb <120 g/L females, Hb <130 g/L males). 4086 Study in all five subdistricts (Bangkala, Tamalatea, Binamu, Batang, Kerala) of Jeneponto; sampling: 3-5 villages were chosen from each subdistrict, 4-10 PW were selected in each of the 18 selected villages; sample may not be representative since there were no available lists of all PW in the villages. Disaggregated data by gestational age; mean (SD) age 26.9 (6.0) yrs; mean (SD) gestation 6.6 (1.5) months. 2552 Study in 13 villages in Bogor District; inclusion only of PW with middle to low socioeconomic status. PW 2nd and 3rd trimester. 2949 Facility based study (12 hospitals) throughout Indonesia; total sample size 36032, sample size for Hb determination not indicated; hospital based survey not representative as 80% of women deliver at home; Hb cut-off level not according to WHO recommendations (please see 'Key to the data tables').

Reference No: General Notes: Line note 29 Reference No: General Notes: Line note 30 Reference No: General Notes: Line note 31 Reference No: General Notes:

Reference No: General Notes: Line note 32 Line note 33 Line note 34

288 Survey in nine regencies representing the various ecological areas of the Province of East Java; sampling: families with children 0-15 yrs were the sampling unit, random selection from an updated census list; Hb determination for subsample only (50%); survey season was dry. Disaggregated data by regency. Four regencies combined. Four regencies combined.

WHO Global Database on Anaemia

REFERENCES INDONESIA
Reference 288 Reference 316 Kusin JA, Kardjati S, Suryohudoyu P, De With C. Anemia and hypovitaminosis A among rural women in East Java, Indonesia. Tropical and Geographical Medicine, 1980, 32 :30-39.

Soekarjo DD, de Pee S, Bloem MW, Tjiong R, Yip R, Schreurs WHP, Muhilal. Socio-economic status and puberty are the main factors determining anaemia in adolescent girls and boys in East Java, Indonesia. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2001, 55 :932-939. De Pee S, Bloem MW, Sari M, Kiess L, Yip R, Kosen S. The high prevalence of low hemoglobin concentration among Indonesian infants aged 3-5 months is related to maternal anemia. of Nutrition, 2002, 132 :2215-2221. Pegelow K, Gross R, Pietrzik K, Lukito W, Richards AL, Fryauff DJ. Parasitological and nutritional situation of school children in the Sukaraja district, West Java, Indonesia. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 1997, 28 :173-190. Angeles-Agdeppa I, Schultink W, Sastroamidjojo S, Gross R, Karyadi D. Weekly micronutrient supplementation to build iron stores in female Indonesian adolescents. Nutrition, 1997, 66 :177-183. Journal

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Lind T, Lnnerdal B, Stenlund H, Ismail D, Seswandhana R, Ekstrm EC, Persson LA. A community-based randomized controlled trial of iron and zinc supplementation in Indonesian infants: interactions between iron and zinc. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2003, 77 :883-890. Bakta IM, Budhianto FX. Hookworm anemia in the adult population of Jagapati village, Bali, Indonesia. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 1994, 25 :459-463. American Journal of

Reference 1985 Reference 2355

Palupi L, Schultink W, Achadi E, Gross R. Effective community intervention to improve hemoglobin status in preschoolers receiving once-weekly iron supplementation. Clinical Nutrition, 1997, 65 :1057-1061. Sari M, de Pee S, Martini E, Herman S, Sugiatmi, Bloem MW, Yip R. Estimating the prevalence of anaemia: a comparison of three methods. :506-511.

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Suharno D, West CE, Muhilal, Logman MHGM, de Waart FG, Karyadi D, Hautvast JGAJ. Cross-sectional study on the iron and vitamin A status of pregnant women in West Java, Indonesia. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1992, 56 :988-993. Dijkhuizen MA, Wieringa FT, West CE, Muherdiyantiningsih, Muhilal. Concurrent micronutrient deficiencies in lactating mothers and their infants in Indonesia. Nutrition, 2001, 73 :786-791. Chi IC, Agoestina T, Harbin J. Maternal mortality at twelve teaching hospitals in Indonesia-an epidemiologic analysis. American Journal of Clinical

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International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, 1981, 19 :259-266. Journal of Nutrition, 1999, 129 :366-371. American Journal of Clinical

Andrade Juguan J, Lukito W, Schultink W. Thiamine deficiency is prevalent in a selected group of urban Indonesian elderly people.

Sari M, Bloem MW, de Pee S, Schultink WJ, Sastroamidjojo S. Effect of iron-fortified candies on the iron status of children aged 4-6 y in East Jakarta, Indonesia. Nutrition, 2001, 73 :1034-1039.

Reference 3771

Muslimatun S, Schmidt MK, Schultink W, West CE, Hautvast JGAJ, Gross R, Muhilal. Weekly supplementation with iron and vitamin A during pregnancy increases hemoglobin concentration but decreases serum ferritin concentration in Indonesian pregnant women. Journal of Nutrition, 2001, 131 :85-90.

WHO Global Database on Anaemia

REFERENCES INDONESIA
Reference 3806 Ridwan E, Schultink W, Dillon D, Gross R. Effects of weekly iron supplementation on pregnant Indonesian women are similar to those of daily supplementation. Nutrition, 1996, 63 :884-890. American Journal of Clinical

Reference 3810

Nurdiati DS, Sumarni S, Suyoko, Hakimi M, Winkvist A. Impact of intestinal helminth infection on anemia and iron status during pregnancy: a community based study in Indonesia. Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 2001, 32 :14-22. Suega K, Dharmayuda TG, Sutarga IM, Bakta IM. Iron-deficiency anemia in pregnant women in Bali, Indonesia: a profile of risk factors and epidemiology. Medicine and Public Health, 2002, 33 :604-607.

Southeast

Reference 4055

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Reference 4086

Thorand B, Schultink W, Gross R, Sastroamidjojo S, Wentzel S. Efficiency of the iron supplementation programme for pregnant women in Jeneponto, Sulawesi, Indonesia. Clinical Nutrition, 1994, 3 :211-215.

Asia Pacific Journal of

Reference 5092

Dillon, DHS, Verhoef H, West CE, Hautvast JGAJ, Burema J, Meester HJ, Bos MB. Concentration of hemoglobin and plasma ferritin are not related to riboflavin status but to vitamin A status in Indonesian adolescent schoolgirls. Wageningen, In: Dillon DHS, ed., Nutrition Health of Indonesian Adolescent Girls: the role of riboflavin and vitamin A on iron status. Wageningen University, 2005. 61-75. Dillon DHS, Verhoef H, Hautvast JGAJ, West CE. Iron status of Indonesian adolescent school girls after 16 weeks cessation of weekly iron supplementation: a randomized- controlled trial. Wageningen, In: Dillon DHS, ed. Nutrition health of Indonesian adolescent girls: the role of riboflavin and vitamin A on iron status. Wageningen University, 2005. 31-59.

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WHO Global Database on Anaemia

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Reference 130 [Anonymous]. Development of nutrition policies and programs in Indonesia: country paper. Report for International Conference on Nutrition; 1992 Dec; Rome, Italy. Jakarta, United Nations National Committee on Food and Agriculture, 1992. Chwang LC, Soemantri AG, Pollitt E. Iron supplementation and physical growth of rural Indonesian children. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1988, 47 :496-501. Center for Research and Development in Nutrition. Eastern Islands Micronutrient Deficiency Prevalence Study. Bagor, 1992. Schultink W, Gross R, Gliwitzki M, Karyadi D, Matulessi P. Effect of daily vs twice weekly iron supplementation in Indonesian preschool children with low iron status. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1995, 61 :111-115. Matulessy PF, Asumi R, Thamrin MH, Husaini ATI, Angeles TI, Kariadi D. Nutrition situation in metropolitan Jakarta. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 1992, 23 (Suppl 3):3-16. Utomo B, Riono P, Budiono T, Achadi EL, Dasvarma G, Hansell MJ, Sloan NL, Phillips J, Leon D, Hessler Radelet C. The alleviation of maternal anemia in Indramayu Regency, Indonesia: results from the Mothercare Project. Arlington VA, MotherCare, 1993 XXX. High prevalence of anemia among young children in urban and rural areas [editorial]. HKI Indonesia Crisis Bulletin, 2000, 2 :1-3. Untario S, Juwana MT, Netty RHT, Permono B, Harsono N. Prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia among Indonesian children. Tropical and Geographical Medicine, 1978, 32 :337-342. Soemantri AG, Sudigbia I WidJaya. Iron deficiency anemia among Indonesian children. Paediatrica Indonesiana, 1984, 24 :28-42. Idjradinata P, Pollitt E. Reversal of developmental delays in iron-deficient anaemic infants treated with iron. Lancet, 1993, 341 :1-4. Soemantri AG, Hapsari D, Susanto JC, Rohadi W, Tamam M, Irawan PW, Sugianto A. Daily and weekly iron supplementation and physical growth of school age Indonesian children. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 1997, 28 (Suppl 2):69-74. Suharno D, Muhilal. Vitamin A and nutritional anaemia. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 1996, 17 :7-10. Muhilal, Sumarno I, Komari. Review of surveys and supplementation studies of anaemia in Indonesia. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 1996, 17 :3-6. Dijkhuizen MA, Wieringa FT. Vitamin A, iron and zinc deficiency in Indonesia: micronutrient interactions and effects of supplementation [dissertation]. Wageningen, Grafisch Bedrijf Ponsen & Looijen BV, 2001. Dijkhuizen MA, Wieringa FT, West CE, Martuti S, Muhilal. Iron and zinc supplementation in Indonesia infants: effects on micronutrient status and growth. Wageningen, Grafisch Bedrijf Ponsen & Looijen BV, 2001 67-82. Wieringa FT, Dijkhuizen MA, West CE, Thurnham DI, Muhilal, van der Meer JWM. Iron supplementation can induce vitamin A deficiency in infants with marginal vitamin A status. Wageningen, Grafisch Bedrijf Ponsen & Looijen BV, 2001 85-98.

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WHO Global Database on Anaemia

ADDITIONAL REFERENCES INDONESIA

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WHO Global Database on Anaemia