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Atomic Structure_Notes

The document discusses the diversity of matter stemming from different atoms and explores atomic structure through various models, including Thomson's, Rutherford's, and Bohr's models. It details the fundamental particles of atoms, their arrangement, and concepts such as valency, atomic number, mass number, isotopes, and isobars. Additionally, it promotes the ALLEN app for enhancing students' learning experiences.

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perfectninjagaming
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2 views

Atomic Structure_Notes

The document discusses the diversity of matter stemming from different atoms and explores atomic structure through various models, including Thomson's, Rutherford's, and Bohr's models. It details the fundamental particles of atoms, their arrangement, and concepts such as valency, atomic number, mass number, isotopes, and isobars. Additionally, it promotes the ALLEN app for enhancing students' learning experiences.

Uploaded by

perfectninjagaming
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The diversity of matter comes from different atoms, raising two questions: What

differentiates atoms? And, Are atoms divisible or not? The understanding of atomic
structure is based on experiments that investigated static electricity and the
conditions for electrical conduction in various substances.

Students can also download the ALLEN's App to enhance their learning experiences
significantly. It allows students to acquire new information more quickly and
efficiently. Click here to understand the advantages of the ALLEN app.

Class 9 Science Chapter 4 Revision Notes:

Charged Particles in Matter


Rubbing two objects causes them to become electrically charged because atoms
contain charged particles. Atoms are composed of three fundamental particles:

Electron: Negatively charged particles orbiting the nucleus, discovered by J.J.


Thomson, who won the Nobel Prize in 1906.
Proton: Positively charged particles in the nucleus, discovered by Goldstein in
1896.
Neutron: Neutral particles in the nucleus (except in hydrogen), discovered by James
Chadwick in 1932.
The Structure of an Atom
The discovery of electrons and protons disproved Dalton’s claim that atoms were
indivisible and indestructible. Subsequently, several scientists proposed atomic
models to explain the arrangement of electrons and protons.

Thomson’s Atomic Model (1904):


Known as the "Plum Pudding Model," it aimed to describe atomic structure based on
existing knowledge:

Electrons are negatively charged.


Atoms are neutral overall.
In this model, the atom is envisioned as a sphere of positive charge with
negatively charged electrons embedded throughout, similar to plums scattered in a
pudding. The electrostatic forces between these particles maintain the atom's
neutrality.

Drawbacks of J.J. Thomson’s Atomic Model:

It couldn't explain the results of Rutherford's particle scattering experiment.


Lacked experimental evidence to support the model.
Failed to explain atomic stability.
Rutherford’s Atomic Model (1911)
Rutherford bombarded gold foil with alpha particles (positively charged He²⁺ ions).

Observations:

Most particles passed straight through.


Some deflected near the centre.
A few were reflected.
Conclusions:

Atoms are mostly empty space, with mass and positive charge concentrated in a tiny
nucleus.
Electrons orbit the nucleus in circular paths, with their movement balanced by
centrifugal force.
Rutherford Atomic Model
Nuclear Model of Atom
The nucleus is the positively charged centre containing most of the atom's mass.
Electrons orbit the nucleus, which is much smaller than the atom.
Drawbacks:

The model couldn’t explain atomic stability, as spinning electrons should lose
energy and collapse into the nucleus, making matter unstable, which contradicts
observations.
Bohr Model of the Atom (1913)
Niels Bohr proposed a model in which electrons orbit the nucleus in quantized
energy levels. When they jump to lower-energy orbits, electrons emit radiation.
This model explains fixed wavelengths of emitted light and introduces discrete
energy levels.

Key Principles:

Electrons occupy specific energy shells (K, L, M, N, etc.).


Complete shells make atoms stable.
Shells are filled in order with a maximum of 2n² electrons (n = shell number).
Electron Distribution:

K-Shell (n = 1): 2 electrons


L-Shell (n = 2): 8 electrons
M-Shell (n = 3): 18 electrons
N-Shell (n = 4): 32 electrons
Drawbacks:

Mainly applicable to hydrogen.


It cannot explain multi-electron atom spectra.
Ignores wave nature of electrons (de Broglie).
Does not explain chemical bonding or molecular formation.
Violates Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle.
It cannot account for the Zeeman and Stark effects.
Different Atomic Models
Neutron
In 1932, J. Chadwick discovered a subatomic particle with no charge and a mass
nearly equal to a proton called the neutron. Neutrons, represented by 'n', are
found in the nucleus of all atoms except hydrogen. The atomic mass is determined by
the sum of the masses of protons and neutrons in the nucleus..

Valency
Valency is determined by the number of electrons in an atom's outermost shell and
their need to complete or achieve a stable electron configuration.According to the
Bohr-Bury scheme, this shell can hold up to 8 electrons. Atoms with fully-filled
outer shells (like helium with 2 electrons or other inert gases with 8) are
chemically inactive and have zero valency.

Atoms strive to complete their outer shell (octet) by gaining, losing, or sharing
electrons. For example:

Hydrogen, lithium, and sodium have one outer electron and a valency 1.
Magnesium has two outer electrons and a valency of 2.
Aluminum has three outer electrons and a valency of 3.
Atoms close to completing their octet, like fluorine with seven outer electrons,
gain 1 electron (valency of 1), while oxygen, with six outer electrons, gains 2
electrons (valency of 2). Valency reflects an atom's combining capacity to achieve
a filled outer shell(8 electrons)

Atomic Number and Mass Number


The atomic number (Z) is the number of protons in an atom's nucleus and defines the
element. For instance, hydrogen has Z = 1, and carbon has Z = 6.
The mass number is the sum of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus. For
example, carbon has a mass 12 (6 protons + 6 neutrons), and aluminium has 27 (13
protons + 14 neutrons).
Notation

The atomic number (Z), mass number, and symbol of an element are written in the
following format:

Notation showing the atomic number and mass number


Isotopes and Isobars
Isotopes

Some elements have atoms with the same atomic number but different mass numbers,
known as isotopes. They are chemically similar but differ in physical properties.

For example, hydrogen has three isotopes:

If an element has isotopic forms, we calculate its average atomic mass by


considering the percentage of each isotope. For chlorine, which consists of 75%
35Cl and 25% 37Cl, the average atomic mass is calculated as:

= (75 / 100) × 35u) +(25 / 100 × 37u )

= 35.5 u

Image showing the isotopes of hydrogen


This doesn't mean a single chlorine atom has a mass of 35.5 u, but that a sample of
chlorine contains both isotopes and the weighted average mass is 35.5 u.

Isobars

Atoms of different elements with distinct atomic numbers but the same mass number
are called isobars. For example, calcium (atomic number 20) and argon (atomic
number 18) have different electrons, yet both have a mass 40. This means the number
of nucleons (protons and neutrons) is the same in both atoms.

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