Mathematics

ALLEN
CHAPTER - 4 GEOMETRY

AB AC
Theorem 1 Let ABC and DEF be triangles such that = and ÐBAC = ÐEDF. Then the triangles ABC
DE DF
and DEF are similar.
Theorem 2 In any DABC, the internal bisector AD of ÐA divides the opposite side BC internally in the ratio
BD AB BX AB
= ; the external bisector AX of ÐA divides BC externally in the ratio =- . (See fig.)
DC AC XC AC

X B D C

Theorem 3 The straight line that passes through the point of intersection of the diagonals of a trapezium and
through the point of intersection of its non-parallel sides, bisects each of the parallel sides of the trapezium.
Theorem 4 Angles in the same segment of a circle are equal. In fact, as in fig., ÐAPB = ÐAQB = (1/2) ÐAOB,
O being the centre of the circle. Conversely, if line segment AB subtends equal angles at two points P, Q on the
same side of it, then A, B, P, Q are concyclic. (See Fig.)

Theorem 5 The opposite angles of a quadrilateral inscribed in a circle are supplementary. Conversely, if the
opposite angles of a quadrilateral are supplementary, the quadrilateral is cyclic (See Fig.)
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Theorem 6 If as in Fig., line AB touches a circle at point C, then for any chord CD through C we have ÐACD
= ÐCED and ÐBCD = ÐCFD.

Theorem 7 If (see Fig.) AA' and BB' are chords of a circle through a point P inside the circle,
then PA × PA' = PB × PB'.
Proof. Note that the result follows by observing that DPAB ~ PB'A'.

Theorem 8 If (see Fig.) P is a point outside a circle and a tangent from P to the circle touches it at T and secants
through P cut it at A, A' and B, B', then
PA × PA' = PB × PB' = PT2.

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Properties of triangles
Centroid. Let ABC be a triangle and A', B', C' be the mid-points of the
sides BC, CA, AB. The medians AA', BB', CC' are concurrent and the
point of concurrence G is called the centroid of the triangle. G trisects
every median, the larger segment being toward the vertex. Thus
AG : GA' = 2 : 1.

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The concurrence of the medians has been proved in converse of Ceva’s theorem. How, as in Fig., for DABA' with
transversal CGC', we get by Menelaus’ theorem that

BC A'G AC'
× × = – 1.
CA ' GA C'B
Moreover, BC = – 2C A' and AC' = C' B, and so we get AG = 2G A' as stated.
Circumcentre. In DABC, the perpendicular bisectors of the sides are concurrent and the point of concurrence
O is equidistant from the vertices. Let R be the common distance. The circle with centre O and radius OA = R,
passes through the vertices A, B, C and is called the circumcircle of the triangle and O is called the circumcentre
of the triangle. See Fig.
For an obtuse-angled triangle, the circumcentre is outside the triangle: see Fig. (ii). Clearly, ÐBOA' = ÐA'OC =
ÐA etc.
Orthocentre. The altitudes AD, BE, CF of DABC are concurrent and the point of concurrence H is called the
orthocentre of DABC. The triangle DEF formed by the feet of the altitudes is called the pedal triangle of DABC.
See Fig. (i).
For an obtuse-angled triangle, the orthocentre is outside the triangle: see Fig. (ii).

When DABC is an acute-angled triangle, as in Fig. (i), we have the following results.
(i) As BCEF is a cyclic quadrilateral, ÐAFEC, ÐAEF = B. Similarly, ÐBDF = A, etc.
(ii) Since ÐADF = 90° – ÐBDF = 90° – A and ÐADE = 90° – ÐCDE = 90° – A, we see that AD bisects ÐEDF
and ÐEDF = 180° – 2A. Similarly, BE, CF bisect angles DEF and DFE. Thus, H is the incentre of the pedal
triangle DEF. When ÐA is obtuse, as in Fig. (ii), we have ÐADE = A – 90° and H is the excentre of the pedal
triangle DEF opposite to vertex D.
Incentre. The internal bisectors of the angles of DABC are concurrent and the point of concurrence I is equidistant
from the sides. Let r be the common distance. See Fig. (i). The circle with centre I and radius r touches the sides
BC, CA, AB and is called the inscribed circle or the incircle of DABC. I is called the incentre and r is called the
inradius of the triangle. Let 2s = a + b + c, so that s is the semiperimeter of the triangle. Then, as shown in figure
below, since tangents from a point to a circle are equal in length, we have AZ = AY, BX = BZ and CX = CY.
Hence

1
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AZ + BX + XC = AY + BZ + CY = (a + b + c) = s,
2
and so AZ + a = s or AZ = AY = s – a. Similarly, BZ = BX = s – b and CX = CY = s – c.

(i) (ii)

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As shown in the figure (ii) above, the internal bisector of ÐA and the external bisectors of angles B and C are
concurrent at I1· I1 is equidistant from the sides BC, CA, AB. Let r1 be the common distance. Then the circle with
centre I1 and radius r1 touches BC internally and CA, AB externally at X1, Y1, Z1 respectively. This circle is called
the escribed circle opposite A and I1 is called an excentre of DABC. Similarly, there are escribed circles with
centres I2, I3 and radii r2, r3 (say) opposite B and C respectively.
Again, using the equal tangents property, we get AY1 = AZ1, BX1 = BZ1 and CY1 = CX1. Hence
2s = perimeter = AB + BX1 + X1C + CA = AZ1 + AY1,
and so AZ1 = AY1 = s and BX1 = AZ1 – AB = s – c, CX1 = s – b.

A
Also ÐBIC = 90° + , etc. Further, if AD is the bisector of ÐA, then
2

BD AB c ac ab
= = , so that BD = , DC = .
DC AC b b+c b+c

é a2 ù
2
AD = bc ê1 - ú
ë (b + c)2 û . Also,

if D denotes the area of triangle ABC, then

D = rs = r1(s – a) = r2(s – b) = r3(s – c),

1 1 1 1
Hence, r + r + r = r .
1 2 3

Theorem 9 If H is the orthocentre of DABC and AP is a circumdiameter, then PH and BC bisect each other. If
OA' ^ BC, where O is the circumcentre of DABC, then AH = 2OA'.
Proof. As in Fig., BE ^ AC and PC ^ AC. Hence BH½½PC. Similarly, BP½½HC. Thus BPCH is a parallelogram
and so its diagonals BC and PH bisect each other at A'. Next, A' is the midpoint of PH. Hence from DAP H, we
get AH = 2OA'.

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Theorem 10 (Euler line) The circumcentre O, the centroid G and the orthocentre H of a non-equilateral
triangle are collinear and GH = 2 × OG. Also OG is called the Euler line of the triangle.
Proof. See Fig. Let AA' cut OH in G'. Since ÐAG' H = ÐA'G' O and ÐAH G' = ÐA' OG', triangles HAG' and
OA'G' are similar. Hence

AG ' HG ' AH
= = .
G ' A ' G ' O OA '
But AH/OA' = 2 by the last theorem. Hence AG'/G' A' = 2, so that G' is the same as the centroid G. Thus O, G,
H are collinear. Further, GH/OG = 2, as required.

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Theorem (Euler theorem)

Let ABC be a triangle, O, I be respectively the circumcenter and incenter. Then
OI2 = R2 – 2Rr ,
where R denotes the circumradius and r denotes the inradius.
As a corollary of Theorem 3 we have R ³ 2r . It is easy to prove that the equality holds if and only if the triangle
is equilateral.
Analysis
Extend AI to meet the circumcircle of DABC at D. The equality OI2 = R2 – 2Rr holds if and only if
2Rr = AI × ID because the quantity AI × ID is equal to R 2 – OI2. This quantity, in the sense of absolute value, is
equal to the power of I with respect to the circumcircle of DABC. Of course, at this stage the fact
AI × ID = R2 – OI2 is by no means obvious. It would not be difficult.

Proof of Theorem
Let E be the point on the circumcircle of DABC which diametrically opposite to D, let also F be the foot of
perpendicular from I to AB. Since ÐAFI = ÐECD = 90° and ÐIAF = ÐDAC = ÐDEC, the triangles AFI and ECD
are similar. Therefore,
FI CD
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= ,
AI ED
i.e. 2Rr = AI × CD. We complete the proof by showing that CD = ID.
Recall that I is the incenter of DABC. So,
ÐDCI = ÐDCB + ÐBCI = ÐDAB + ÐICA = ÐIAC + ÐICA = ÐDIC
and hence CD = ID.
Theorem 11 If H is the orthocentre of DABC and AH produced meets BC at D and the circumcircle of DABC
at P, then HD = DP. (Fig.)
Proof. Since ÐPBC = ÐPAC (same segment) and ÐDBE = Ð90° – ÐC = ÐPAC, we see that ÐPBD = ÐDBH.
Since ÐBDH = ÐBDP = 90° and BD is a common side, the triangles PBD and DBH are congruent. Hence
HD = DP.

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Theorem 12 (Nine - point circle) The circle through the midpoints of the sides of a triangle passes through the
feel of the altitudes and the midpoints of the lines joining the orthocentre to the vertices. This circle is called the
nine-point circle of the triangle.

(i)
In Figures (i), (ii) and (iii) A', B', C' are midpoints of BC, CA, AB and D, E, F are the feet of the altitudes AD, BE,
CF and P, Q, R are midpoints of AH, BH, CH where H is the orthocentre of DABC. Let O be the circumcentre
and R be the circumradius of DABC.

(ii)
Proof. As in Fig. (i), C' P½½BE, since in DABH, C' P joins the midpoints C' and P of AB and AH respectively.
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Similarly, C'A'½½AC. Hence ÐA'C' P = 90°, since BE ^ AC. Similarly, ÐA' B' P = 90°. Also ÐA' DP = 90°. Hence
the circle, having A' P as a diameter, passes through B', C', D. Hence the circle A' B' C' passes through P and D,
and similarly through Q, E and F, R. Also B' Q and C' R are diameters of the nine-point circle.

(iii)
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Next, as in Fig. (iii), the perpendicular bisectors of the chords A'D and C'F meet in the midpoint of OH, say N.
Hence N is the centre of the nine-point circle. Hence from DAOH, R = OA = 2N P. This shows that the radius
of the nine-point circle is half the circumradius.
Note
The nine-point center N lies on the Euler line, and it is the midpoint between the circumcenter O and the
orthocenter H.
Theorem 13 The angle between the altitude AD and the circumdiameter AL drawn from the vertex A of DABC
is equal to difference of angles at vertices B and C and is bisected by the angle - bisector AX of ÐA. Thus, the
angle bisector of ÐBAC is also an angle bisector of ÐOAD.

Proof. See Fig. Since ÐAOC = 2B, we get ÐCAO = 90° – B. Also ÐDAB = 90° – B. So ÐCAO = ÐDAB. Since
ÐXAB = ÐXAC, we get ÐXAD = ÐXAO, i.e. AX bisects ÐDAL. Also, in Fig.,
ÐDAL = 2(ÐXAB – ÐDAB) = B – C.
Theorem 14 (Euler) In any DABC, OI2 = R2 – 2Rr, where O, I are the centres and R, r are the radii, respectively,
of the circumcircle and incircle of DABC.
Proof. See Fig. Since ÐMBC = ÐMAC = A/2, we get
ÐMBI = (A + B)/2 = ÐIBA + ÐBAI = ÐBIM.
Hence BM = MI.
Let the internal and external bisectors of ÐA meet the circumcircle in M and N. Then ÐMAN = 90°. Hence MN
is a diameter. Now if XY is the diameter containing O and I, then AI × IM = XI · IY and so
AI · IM = (R + OI) (R – OI) = R2 – OI2.
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Let IL ^ AB. Also, since ÐLAI = ÐBNM and ÐALI = ÐMBN = 90°, we see that DALI ~ DNBM. Hence
AI MN
= , and so, since BM = IM, we get AI × IM = MN × IL = 2Rr..
IL MB
Theorem 15 (Ptolemy) The rectangle contained by the diagonals of a cyclic quadrilateral is equal to the sum
of the rectangles contained by pairs of its opposite sides.
Proof. As in Fig. (i), draw AE making ÐBAE = ÐCAD. Then, since ÐABE = ÐACD (same segment) and ÐBAE
= ÐCAD (by construction), it follows that the triangles BEA and CDA are similar. Also, ÐBAC = ÐBAE + ÐEAC
= ÐEAC + ÐCAD = ÐEAD and ÐBCA = ÐBDA, it follows that the triangles AED and ABC are similar. Hence

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AC CD AC BC
= and = . So AC × BE = AB × CD and AC × ED = AD × BC.
AB BE AD ED
Adding these equations and noting that BE + ED = BD, we get
AC . BD = AB . CD + AD· BC.

(i) (ii)
Corollary. If a point be taken anywhere on the circumcircle of an equilateral triangle, its distance from one of
the vertices is equal to the sum of its distances from the remaining vertices.
Proof. As in Fig. (ii), let P be a point on the minor arc BC of the circumcircle of the equilateral triangle ABC.
Then applying Ptolemy's theorem to the cyclic quadrilateral ABPC, we get PA × BC = AB × PC + AC × PB. So PA
= PB + PC, since AB = BC = CA.
Theorem 16 (Extension of Ptolemy's Theorem.) Let ABCD be a quadrilateral which is not cyclic. Then
BC × AD + AB × CD > AC × BD

Proof. See Fig. Let ABCD be a quadrilateral which is not cyclic so that angles ABD and ACD are not equal.
Make ÐBAE = ÐCAD and ÐABE = ÐACD. Join ED. Then DABE ~ DACD and so
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AB AC
= or AB × CD = AC × BE
BE CD

AB AE
Also, since DABE ~ DACD, = · Also, ÐBAC = ÐEAD. So, by theorem 6, we see that DABC ~ DAED
CA AD
and so
BC ED
= or BC × AD = AC × ED.
AC AD
HenceAB · CD + BC · AD = AC · (BE + ED) > AC · BD because BED is not a straight line.
Theorem 17 (Brahmagupta.) If in DABC, AD is the altitude and AE is the diameter of the circumcircle
through A, then AB × AC = AD · AE.
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AB AD
Proof : As shown in Fig. DABD ~ DAEC so that = .
AE AC

Theorem 18 (Sine law)

In any triangle ABC, one has

a b c
= = = 2R
sin ÐA sin ÐB sin ÐC
Theorem 19 (Cosine law)
With the same notations, we have

b2 + c2 - a 2
cosÐA =
2bc

c 2 + a2 - b 2 a 2 + b2 - c 2
Similarly, cos ÐB = and cos ÐC = .
2ca 2ab
Ø Cosine law gives expressions for ÐA, ÐB, ÐC in terms of a, b, c.
Theorem 20 (Area of a triangle)
The area of triangle ABC is given by any one of the following expressions :

1 1
D= ah ; D= ab sin ÐC; D= p(p - a)(p - b)(p - c)
2 a 2

abc
D = rp ; D= ; D = 2R2 sin ÐA sin ÐB sin ÐC
4R

a2 sin ÐB sin ÐC
D=
2 sin(ÐB + ÐC)
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Ø Recall that p = (a + b + c) / 2 is the semi-perimeter. Some authors use the letter s instead.
Theorem 21 (Angle bisector theorem)
Suppose the internal angle bisector of ÐCAB intersects BC at point D.

BD AB
Then = .
CD AC
Proof

1
´ AB ´ AD ´ sin ÐDAB
BD (ABD) 2 AB
= = =
DC (ADC) 1 AC
´ AC ´ AD ´ sin ÐCAD
2
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Theorem 22 (Stewart Theorem)
Let D be a point on the side BC of triangle ABC. Then

AB 2 ´ CD + AC2 ´ BD
AD2 = – BD × CD.
BC
Proof
Note that ÐADB = 180° – ÐADC, so cos ÐADB = – cos ÐADC. Apply cosine law to both sides,
we obtain
AD2 + BD2 - AB2 AD 2 + CD 2 - AC2
=- ,
2 ´ AD ´ BD 2 ´ AD ´ CD
the result follows by straightforward algebra.
Note
The inradius r of a triangle is given by
(ABC) p(p - a)(p - b)(p - c) 1 (a + b - c)(b + c - a)(c + a - b)
r= = =
p p 2 a+b+c
and the circumradius R is given by
abc abc abc
R= = = .
4(ABC) 4 p(p - a)(p - b)(p - c) (a + b + c)(a + b - c)(b + c - a)(c + a - b)
A simple theorem on area ratio
Area is one of the most intuitive concepts in mathematics. On one hand it is simple, people learn it since they
were in primary school. On the other hand, it leads to an important notion called measure, which is a corner-
stone of measure theory and even various branches of modern mathematics. In our situation, we are concerned
in the techniques of using area to solve problems in geometry (especially those in Olympiad level).
Theorem 23 If the lines AB, PQ intersect at M, then
(ABP) PM
=
(ABQ) QM
This theorem does not make any assumption on the positions of the points A, B, P, Q. As we will see in the proof,
there are four possible cases depending on the positions of these points.
1
Before proving the theorem, let’s recall that the area of a triangle ABC is given by (ABC) = aha. It means that
2
if ha is fixed then the area is directly proportional to a. For example, in figure we have
(ACD) AD
=
(BCD) BD
Making use of this observation we can have a short proof of Theorem.
C
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A D B
Proof Without loss of generality we assume all triangles involved are not degenerated. Now, one has
(ABP) (ABP) (AMP) (AMQ)
= × ×
(ABQ) (AMP) (AMQ) (ABQ)
AB PM AM PM
= × × =
AM QM AB QM
P
P P

A M
B
Q
Q

A B M A M B Q
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Ceva’s theorem, Menelaus’s theorem and their converses
We are in a position to introduce two important theorems (and their converses) in elementary geometry, which
are powerful tools for proving collinear points and concurrent lines.
Theorem 24 (Ceva’s theorem)
Let ABC be a triangle and D, E, F be points on the lines BC, CA, AB respectively. If AD, BE, CF are concurrent
(i.e. meet at a point P), then

AF BD CE
. . = +1
FB DC EA
The + sign emphasizes directed segments were used here.

Proof : The theorem can be proved easily by Theorem as follows :

AF BD CE (APC) (ABP) (PBC)

. . = . . = 1,
FB DC EA (PBC) (APC) (ABP)

and the sign is obviously positive.

• Since Theorem doesn’t depend on the positions of the points involved, the proof above is valid even for the
case where P lies outside the triangle ABC.
Trigonometric form Ceva’s Theorem : Let points D, E, F be taken on the sides BC, CA, AB of DABC. Then
the lines AD, BE, CF are concurrent if and only if

sinÐBAD sinÐCBE sinÐACF

× × = 1.
sinÐDAC sinÐEBA sinÐFCB
Theorem-25 (Converse of Ceva’s theorem)
Let ABC be a triangle and D, E, F be points on the lines BC, CA, AB respectively. Suppose that
AF BD CE
. . =+1
FB DC EA
Then AD, BE, CF are either concurrent or mutually parallel (sometimes we say the lines are concurrent at the
point at infinity).
Theorem 26 (Menelaus’s theorem)
Let ABC be a triangle and D, E, F be points on the lines BC, CA, AB respectively. If D, E, F are collinear, then
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AF BD CE
× × =–1
FB DC EA

Proof Let X, Y be two arbitrary (distinct) points on the line DEF. Then
AF BD CE (AXY) (BXY) (CXY)
× × = × × = 1,
FB DC EA (BXY) (CXY) (AXY)

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Again, it is clear that the sign is negative in this case.
Menelaus’s theorem also has a converse :
Theorem 27 (Converse of Menelaus’s theorem)
Let ABC be a triangle and D, E, F be points on the lines BC, CA, AB respectively. Suppose that
AF BD CE
. . =–1
FB DC EA
Then D, E, F are collinear.
Here are some corollaries of the theorems above :
• Three medians of any given triangle are concurrent. The point of intersection is called the centroid of the
triangle.
• Three altitudes of any given triangle are concurrent. The point of intersection is called the orthocenter of
the triangle.
• Three angle bisectors of any given triangle are concurrent. The point of intersection is called the incenter
of the triangle. Moreover, the external bisectors of any two angles of a triangle are concurrent with the
internal bisector of the third angle. The point of intersection is called an excenter of the triangle. Note that
a triangle has three excenters.
Usually, circumcenter, centroid, orthocenter and incenter are denoted by the letters O, G, H, I respectively. As
we will see in next chapter, for any given triangle the circumcenter O, the centroid G and the orthocenter H are
collinear and OG : GH = 1 : 2. The line OGH is called the Euler line of the triangle.
Theorem 28 (Invariant under perspectivity)
Let L1 , L2 be two distinct lines on the plane. If A, B, C, D are distinct points on L 1 and A’, B’, C’, D’ are distinct
points on L2 , and if the lines AA’, BB’, CC’, DD’ are concurrent, then
{AB,CD} ={A’B’, C’D’}

AC ´ BD A ' C '´ B ' D '

Equivalently, =
CB ´ DA C ' B '´ D ' A '
Theorem 28 says that cross ratio is an invariant under perspectivity.

Proof Let AA’, BB’, CC’, DD’ intersect at O and P be the intersection of L 1, L2 (when L1 || L2 we regard P as
the point at infinity, this proof is still valid).
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Apply Menelaus’s theorem to the triangles APA', A'PA, B'PB, BPB' with the intersecting lines CC', DD' CC', DD'
respectively,

ì AC PC ' A ' O
ï CP . C ' A ' . OA = 1
ï
ï A ' D ' . PD . AO = 1
ïï D ' P DA OA '
í
ï B ' C ' . PC . BO = 1
ï C ' P CB OB '
ï
ï BD . PD ' . B ' O = 1
ïî DP D ' B ' OB

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Multiply these four equalities together, we obtain

AC ´ A ' D '´ B ' C '´ BD

=1
C ' A '´ DA ´ CB ´ D ' B '

It follows that

AC ´ BD A ' C '´ B ' D '

=
CB ´ DA C ' B '´ D ' A '

Simson’s theorem and Ptolemy’s theorem

The next theorem, involving circles, possibly should not be put in this chapter. However, it is one of the famous
applications of Menelaus’s theorem.
Theorem 29 (Simson’s theorem)
Let ABC be a triangle. Suppose P is a point on the circumcircle of triangle ABC. Let D, E, F be the feet of
perpendicular from P to BC, CA, AB respectively. Then D, E, F are collinear.

Proof : To show D, E, F are collinear, we need to verify

AF BD CE
. . =1
FB DC EA
Note that AF = PA cos ÐPAF , FB = PB cos ÐPBF , BD = PB cos ÐPBD , DC = PC cos ÐPCD ,
CE = PC cos ÐPCE , EA = PA cos ÐPAE . Therefore,

AF BD CE cos ÐPAF ´ cos ÐPBD ´ cos ÐPCE

. . =
FB DC EA cos ÐPBF ´ cos ÐPCD ´ cos ÐPAE
Note also that ÐPAF = ÐPCD, ÐPBD = ÐPAE , ÐPCE = ÐPBF , the result follows.
• The line DEF is called the Simson line (or simply simson) of point P with respect to triangle ABC. The
converse of Simson’s theorem is also true.
Power of points with respect to circles
Let’s recall a theorem which is certainly in Euclidean geometry: it appears in “Elements”.
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Theorem 30 (Intersecting chords theorem)

Let w be a circle and P be a point not on w. If L is a line through P that intersects w at two points A and B, then
the quantity PA × PB depends only on w and P but not L. In other words, if there is another line through P which
intersects w at A' and B' then
PA × PB = PA' × PB'.

A' T
A B
P
B A P
A'
B'
B'

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In the case P is outside the circle, the product PA × PB can be calculated by considering the limiting case where
PT is a tangent of the circle. Then PA × PB = PT2 = OP2– r2, where O and r are respectively the center and
radius of the circle. This leads to the following
Definition (Power of a point with respect to a circle)
Given a circle w with center O and radius r. The power of a point P with respect to a circle is the number OP 2 – r2.
The power of P is negative if P lies inside w, zero if P lies on w, and positive if P lies outside w. In any case
|OP2 – r2| equals to PA × PB (the product in Theorem 3.1-1).
Theorem 31 (Converse of intersecting chords theorem)
If the lines AB, CD meet at P and PA × PB = PC × PD as signed lengths, then A, B, C, D are concyclic.
We can say something more if we don’t concentrate ourselves in the case of one circle. Consider two circles with
centers O1, O2 and radii r1, r2, where O1 ¹ O2. It is natural to ask for the locus of points P having the same power
with respect to the two circles. We leave to the reader for proving the locus is a straight line L perpendicular to
the line O1O2. The line L is called the radical axis of the two circles. In the case there are three circles with non-
collinear centers, the three radical axes of the three pairs of circles intersect at a point called the radical
center of the three circles. Fig. shows three circles and the three corresponding radical axes.

If two circles intersect at points A and B, then the radical axis of the circles is simply the line AB because A and
B have zero power with respect to each of the circles.
APOLONIUS THEOREM

2 2 2 a2
If ma, mb, mc are the lengths of the medians of DABC, through A,B,C respectively then 2m a = b + c - ,
2
b2 c2
2m2b = c2 + a 2 - and 2m2c = a 2 + b2 - . Where a, b, c are the lengths of the sides BC, CA, AB of DABC.
2 2
If G is the centroid of DABC, then

3( 2
2 2 2
(i) m a + m b + mc = a + b2 + c 2 )
4

1( 2
node05\B0AI-B0\CBSE\RMO & INMO Module\Volume - 2\04-Geometry.p65

2 2 2
(ii) GA + GB + GC = a + b2 + c 2 )
3
if P is any point in the plane of DABC and G is the centroid of DABC then
PA2 + PB2 + PC2 = GA2 + GB2 + GC2 + 3PG2
PEDAL LINE THEOREM
The feet of the perpendiculars from a point to the sides of a triangle are collinear if and only if the point lies o
the circumcircle.
Definition : If P1, P2, P3 are the feet of the perpendiculars from a point P onto the sides of a DABC, then
DP1P2P3 is called the Pedal triangle of P with respect to DABC.
If p lies on the circumcircle then the Pedal Triangle of P gets degenerated into a straight line, known as the
Simson Line of P.

14
 Mathematics
ALLEN
ERDOS-MORDELL THEOREM
If O is any point insdie DABC and P,Q, R are the feet of the perpendiculars from O upon the respective sides
BC, CA, AB of DABC then OA + OB + OC ³ 2 (OP + OQ + OR) with equality if and only if DABC is an
equilateral and P is its centre.
If no angle of DABC is greater than equal to 120° and equilateral triangles AC'B, BA'C and CB'A are constructed
outwardly on the sides AB, BC, CA of DABC then the lines AA', BB, CC' concur at the Fermat point P of DABC,
and further AA' = BB' = CC'.
MORLEY'S THEOREM
The points of intersection of the adjacent trisectors of the angles of any triangle from the vertices of an
equilateral triangle.
The figure formed when the midpoints of the sides of a quadrangle are joined in order is a parallelogram, and
its area is half that of the quadrangle.
The segments joining the midpoints of pairs of opposite sides of a quadrangle and the segement joining the
midpoints of the diagonals are concurrent and bisect one another.

SOLVED EXAMPLES
Ex.1 Let G be the centroid of DABC, L be a straight line. Prove that
AA' + BB' + CC'
GG' = ,
3
where P' denotes the foot of perpendicular of a point P to the line L.

Sol. Let M be the midpoint of CA, N be the midpoint of BG. Then

2GG' = MM' + NN',
and therefore
4GG' = 2MM' + 2NN'
= (AA' + CC') + (BB' + GG')
i.e. 3GG' = AA' + BB' +CC'.
In general, if P, Q, R are collinear points such that PR = lPQ, then RR' = (1 – l )PP' + lQQ'
(here we allows l to be negative). This fact can be used to give a simpler solution to Example 1, without
introducing the point N. The importance of Example 1 is revealed by the following corollary.
node05\B0AI-B0\CBSE\RMO & INMO Module\Volume - 2\04-Geometry.p65

Corollary
Let G be the centroid of DABC and P be any point. Then
uuur 1 uuur uuur uuur
PG = (PA + PB + PC) . ...(i)
3
Moreover, if a rectangular coordinate system is setup on the plane such that A = (a1 , a2),
B = (b1,b2), and C = (c1,c2), then
æ a1 + b1 + c1 a 2 + b2 + c2 ö
G= ç , ÷.
è 3 3 ø
The existence of orthocenter (or other three special points) can be used to prove concurrent lines. Here is an
example.

15
RMO/INMO
ALLEN
Ex.2 Let A, B, C and D be four distinct points on a line, in that order. The circles with diameters AC and BD
intersect at the points X and Y. The line XY meets BC at the point Z. Let P be a point on the line XY different
from Z. The line CP intersects the circle with diameter AC at the points C and M, and the line BP intersects
the circle with diameter BD at the points B and N. Prove that the lines AM, DN and XY are concurrent.

Sketch of Proof
Draw DE parallel to CM meets XY at E, and draw AE' parallel to BN meets XY at E'. It can be proved that
E = E'. we want to focus on the technique for proving concurrent lines and for another reason we need
intersecting chords theorem. Now, AM, DN and XY are the altitudes of triangle ADE, therefore they are
concurrent.

node05\B0AI-B0\CBSE\RMO & INMO Module\Volume - 2\04-Geometry.p65

Ex.3 Two circles, C1 and C2, centerd at O1 and O2 respectively, meet at A and B. O1B is produced to meet C2 at
E. O2B is produced to meet C1 at F. A straight line is constructed through B parallel to EF cutting C 1 and C2
at M and N. Prove that MN = AE + AF.

16
 Mathematics
ALLEN
Analysis
Faced with such a problem, a very natural way of thought is to try to prove that AF = MB (and by the same
argument we can prove AE = NB, thereby completing the proof). To prove this conjecture, we need only
prove that ÐAO1F = ÐMO1B, which is equivalent to ÐAO1B = ÐMO1F.
On the other hand, we notice that ÐAO1B = 2ÐAFB and ÐMO1F = 2ÐMBF = 2ÐEFB. Consequently, the
problem has now been reduced to proving that B lies on the internal bisector of ÐAFE. If this can be done,
then by the same argument B also lies on the internal bisector of ÐAEF. That is, B is the incenter of ÐAEF.
The above analysis shows that a possible way to solve the problem is to prove that B is the incenter of DAEF.
Note that this is independent of the points M and N, so we can remove them from the figure and obtain the
simplified Figure.

is a good example illustrating a common situation in geometry: the four special points (centroid, circumcenter,
orthocenter and incenter) often come up even if the original question seems irrelevant to them. They are the
core part of elementary geometry and it is beneficial for us to learn and grasp them. Incidentally, it is
worthwhile to note that in Example 3 we tackle the problem by first assuming the conclusion, and by some
analysis concluding B is the incenter of a certain triangle. Then we realize that proving B is the incenter would
be essentially the same as proving the desired conclusion. Therefore the problem can be simplified. Tracing
backward is a very useful technique.
Ex.4 (Continuation of Example-3)
Two circles, C1 and C2 , centerd at O1 and O2 respectively, meet at A and B. O1B is produced to meet C2 at
E. O2B is produced to meet C1 at F(see Figure in example 3). Prove that B is the incenter of DAEF.
Analysis
If B really is the incenter then ÐAFE = 2ÐAFB = ÐAO1B = ÐAO1E , and so the points A, O1, F and E are
concyclic (and by symmetry we know that O 2 also lies on this circle).
node05\B0AI-B0\CBSE\RMO & INMO Module\Volume - 2\04-Geometry.p65

Conversely, proving that the points A, O1, F and E are concyclic would be essentially the same as having
proved that B is the incenter of DAEF.
Sol. Note that DO1AO2 @ DO1BO2, so ÐO1AO2 = ÐO1BO2 =180° – ÐO1BF =180° – ÐO1FO2 which implies A, O1,
F, O2 are concyclic. By symmetry, E also lies on this circle and the proof is completed.
There are different ways to prove a point is the incenter of a given triangle. We would like to introduce two
of these techniques. The first one makes use of the concept of locus to determine the incenter. Having
mastered this technique, problems involving orthocenter can be dealt with similarly. This technique is heavily
based on the following lemma.

17
RMO/INMO
ALLEN
Lemma

A point P inside DXYZ is the incenter of the triangle if and only if it satisfies :
(i) P lies on the internal angle bisector of angle ÐZXY; and

ÐZXY
(ii) ÐYPZ = 90° + .
2
It is clear that the incenter of the triangle satisfies (i) and (ii) in Lemma. But why a point that satisfies (i) and (ii)
must be the incenter? We can understand this using the concept of locus. The set of points satisfying (i) is a
line segment inside the triangle, while the set of points satisfying (ii) is a circular arc. It is clear that these two
loci have a unique intersection, so a point satisfying both (i) and (ii) must be the incenter of the triangle. Now
let’s return to Example 4.
Alternative solution to Example 4
Let a = ÐO1FB = ÐO1BF = ÐO2BE. Then we have ÐBO1F = 180° – 2a and ÐBAF = 90° – a. By the same
argument ÐBAE = 90° – a. Hence ÐBAE = ÐBAF, i.e. B lies on the bisector of ÐEAF. The condition (i) of the
Lemma is satisfied. On the other hand, note that ÐEBF =180° – a and ÐEAF =180° – 2a. It is easy to see
that condition (ii) is also satisfied.

Another technique in proving incenter is based on Lemma below.

Lemma
Let D be a point on the circumcircle of DABC such that AD bisects ÐCAB. A point P on the segment AD is
the incenter of DABC if and only if DB = DP (or, equivalently, DC = DP). In that case, D is the circumcenter
of DBPC.
node05\B0AI-B0\CBSE\RMO & INMO Module\Volume - 2\04-Geometry.p65

Ex.5 Let BC be a diameter of the circle G with centre O. Let A be a point on G such that ÐAOC > 60°. Let D be
the midpoint of arc AB not containing C. The line through O parallel to DA meets the line AC at J. The
perpendicular bisector of OA meets G at E and at F. Prove that J is the incentre of triangle CEF.
Sol. Since EA = EO and OE = OA, DOAE is equilateral. Since ÐAOC > 60° , F lies on the minor arc AC. It follows
1 1
that ÐACF = ÐAEF = ÐAEO = ÐAOE = 30° = ÐACF , so J lies on the bisector of ÐECF. In the view
2 2
of Lemma 2, it remains to prove AJ = AE.

18
 Mathematics
ALLEN

1
Note that ÐACB = ÐAOB = ÐDOB , we have AC ½½ DO and therefore ADOJ is a parallelogram. It
2
follows that AJ = DO = AO = AE. Lemma implies that J is the incenter of DCEF.
Lemma

A point P inside an acute triangle XYZ is the orthocenter if and only if

(i) XP ^ YZ; and

(ii) ÐZXY + ÐZPY = 180°.

Note that Lemma is said that if P is the orthocenter then the reflection of P about the line YZ lies on the
circumcircle of DXYZ. This is true even if DXYZ is not assumed to be acute.
Ex.6 In acute triangle ABC, ÐC > ÐB. D is a point on BC such that ÐADB is obtuse. H is the orthocenter of
DABD. Point F is in the interior of DABC and on the circumcircle of DABD. Prove that F is the orthocenter of
DABC if and only if HD is parallel to CF and H lies on the circumcircle of DABC.
node05\B0AI-B0\CBSE\RMO & INMO Module\Volume - 2\04-Geometry.p65

Sol. By Lemma, F is the orthocenter of DABC if and only if the following conditions are satisfied :
(i) CF ^ AB ;
(ii) ÐBCA + ÐBFA = 180°.
Since H is the orthocenter of DABD, one has HD ^ AB and therefore (i) is equivalent to HD½½CF. It remains
to prove (ii) holds if and only if H lies on the circumcircle of DABC. Note that ÐAFB = ÐADB = 180° –
ÐAHB. So, (ii) becomes ÐACB = ÐAHB which is equivalent to saying that H lies on the circumcircle of
DABC.

19
RMO/INMO
ALLEN
Ex.7 (Three circle theorem)
Three unit circles meet at a common point P, they intersect each other at points A, B and C. Prove that P is
the orthocenter of DABC and the circumradius of DABC is 1.
Sol. In Figure below, D, E, F are points on the circles which diametrically opposite to P. Note that ÐPAE = ÐPAF
= 90° and PE = PF = 2, these imply A lies on the segment EF and PA is perpendicular bisector of EF.
Similarly PB, PC are perpendicular bisectors of FD, DE respectively.

Furthermore, DABC is the medial triangle of DDEF, so its circumradius is half of the circumradius of DDEF.
Since P is the circumcenter of DDEF, P is the orthocenter of the medial triangle ABC and the circumradius of
DDEF is 2. Hence, the circumradius of DABC is 1.
Ex.8 Let C1, C2 be two circles having no intersection and C2 lies inside C1. For any point P on C1, let Q, R be points
on C1 such that PQ, PR are tangent to C2 (thus Q, R depend on P). The point P is said to be “good” if QR is
also tangent to C2. Prove that either none of the points on C1 is good or all the points on C1 are good.
Sol. Let O, I be respectively the centers of C1 and C2 ; let R, r be respectively the radii of C1 and C2. We suppose
there exists a good point and prove that all points on C1 are good. Since good points exist, Euler theorem
implies OI2 = R2 – 2Rr.

node05\B0AI-B0\CBSE\RMO & INMO Module\Volume - 2\04-Geometry.p65

Fix an arbitrary point P on C1 and let QR be the corresponding tangent (our abuse of the letter R will make
no confusion). As in the analysis of Euler theorem, AI × PI = R2 – OI2 = 2Rr. So,
r
AI = 2R × = 2R sin ÐAPQ = AQ.
PI
Obviously, I lies on the bisector of ÐRPQ. Lemma 2 implies I is the incenter of DPQR.
The philosophy behind Example 8 is that everything is degree 2; if there exist three good points then every
point on C1 have to be good (coincidentally, a degree 2 polynomial having three roots must be identically
zero). On the other hand, the existence of a good point guarantees that there are three. To be precise, we let
D be the foot of perpendicular from I to QR. It can be proved that when P moves around the circle the locus
of D is a circle (i.e. a degree 2 object!). Being a circle, it can have at most two intersections with C2 unless it
coincides with C2. However, the existence of a good point implies that there are at least three intersections.
All these constitute an alternative solution to Example 8.

20
 Mathematics
ALLEN
Ex.9 Let ABC be an acute-angled triangle; AD be the bisector of ÐBAC with D on BC; and BE be the altitude
from B on AC. Show that ÐCED > 45°.
Sol. Draw DL perpendicular to AB; DK perpendicular to AC; and DM perpendicular to BE. Then EM = DK.
Since AD bisects ÐA, we observe that ÐBAD = ÐKAD. Thus in triangles ALD and AKD, we see that
ÐLAD = ÐKAD; ÐAKD = 90° = ÐALD; and AD is common. Hence triangles ALD and AKD are congruent,
giving DL = DK.
But DL > DM, since BE lies inside the trianlges (by acuteness property).
This implies that ÐEDM > ÐDEM = 90° – ÐEDM.
We conclude that ÐEDM > 45°.
Since ÐCED = ÐEDM, the result follows.

M K
L

B C
D
Alternate solution
Let ÐCED = q. We have CD = ab|(b + c) and CE = a cos C.

CD CE
Using sine rule in triangle CED, we have =
sin q sin ( C + q )

c q
M b

C
B D ab/(b+c)
a
node05\B0AI-B0\CBSE\RMO & INMO Module\Volume - 2\04-Geometry.p65

This reduces to (b+c) sinq cosC = bsinC cosq + bcosC sinq.

Simplification gives csinqcosC = bsinC cosq so that

bsin C sin B sin B

tan q = = =
c cos C cos C sin p / 2 - C )
(
Since ABC is acute-angled, we have A < p/2.
Hence B + C > p/2 or B > (p/2) – C. Therefore sinB > sin (p/2-C)
This implies that tanq > 1 and hence q > p4.
Ex.10 Let ABC be an acute-angled triangle and let D,E,F be the feet of perpendiculars from A, B, C respectively
to BC, CA, AB. Let the perpendiculars from F to CB, CA, AD, BE meet them in P, Q, M, N respectively.
Prove that P, Q, M, N are collinear.

21
RMO/INMO
ALLEN
Sol. Observe that C, Q, F, P are concyclic.
Hence ÐCQP = ÐCFP = 90° – ÐFCP = ÐB. A
Similarly the concyclicity of F, M, Q, A gives Q
E
ÐAQN = 90° + ÐFQM = 90° + ÐFAM = 90° + 90° – ÐB = 180° – ÐB. M
F
Thus we obtain ÐCQP + ÐAQN = 180°
It follows that Q, N, P lie on the same line.
N
We can similarly prove that
ÐCPQ + ÐBPM = 180°.
This implies that P, M, Q are collinear. B C
P D
Thus M, N both lie on the line joining P and Q.
Ex.11 In triangle ABC, let D be the midpoint of BC. If ÐADB = 45° and ÐACD = 30°, determine ÐBAD.
Sol. Draw BL perpendicular to AC and join L to D. (figure).

A
15°
L

60° 45° 30°

B C
D

Since ÐBCL = 30°, we get ÐCBL = 60°.

BC
Since DBLC is a right-angled with ÐBCL = 30°, we have BL = = BD.
2
Thus in triangle BLD, we observe that
BL = LD. Using ÐLBD = 60°.
This implies that DBLD is an equilateral triangle and hence LB = LD.
Using ÐLDB = 60° and ÐADB = 45°, we get ÐADL = 15°.
Thus LD = LA. We hence have LD = LA = LB.
This implies that L is the circumcenter o the triangle BDA.

1 1
Thus ÐBAD= ÐBLD = ´ 60° = 30°
2 2
Ex.12 Let AX be a Cevian of length p, divide BC into segments BX = m, XC = n,
node05\B0AI-B0\CBSE\RMO & INMO Module\Volume - 2\04-Geometry.p65

then prove that a(p2 + mn) = b2m + c2n.

Sol. Using cosine rule for DABX and DACX A

p2 + m2 - c2
cos q = ...(i)
2pm

p 2 + n 2 - b2
cos (180 - q ) = = - cos q ...(ii)
2pn
Where ÐAXB =q and ÐAXC = 180° –q q 180-q
B m n C
p2 + m2 - c2 é p2 + n2 - b2 ù X
So = -ê ú
2pm ë 2pn û

22
 Mathematics
ALLEN
Þ m (p2 + n2 – b2) = – n(p2 + m2 – c2)

Þ p2m + mn2 - b2m = -p2 n - nm2 + c2n

Þ b2 m + c2n = p2 m + p2n + mn2 + nm 2 = p2 ( m + n ) + mn ( m + n )

Þ b2 m + c2 n = ( m + n ) ( p2 + mn )

Þ b2m + c2n = a ( p2 + mn )
Ex.13 Prove that the medians of a given triangle can form a triangle.
Sol. Let A', B' and C' be the midpoints of the sides BC, CA and AB of the triangle ABC. We have
1(
AA¢ = AB + AC ) . Adding this with the other two similar equalities, we obtain AA¢ + BB¢ + CC¢ = 0.
2
Since the three vectors are non-collinear, this shows that the segments AA', BB' and CC' can form a triangle.
Observation
We can actually construct this triangle. Consider the point M such that B' is the midpoint of the segments A'M
(see figure). Then the quadrilateral AA'CM is a parallelogram.

A M

C' B'
G

B A' C
It is not difficult to see that in this case BC'MB' is also a parallelogram, and the side lengths of triangle CC'M
are equal to the lengths of the medians AA', BB', and CC'.
Ex14 Let A and B be two points situated on the same side of a line XY. Find the position of a point M on the line
such that the sum AM + MB is minimal.
Sol. Let B' be the reflection of B across the line XY. We claim that M is the point of intersection of AB' and XY.
Indeed, let M' be another point on XY (see figure). By symmetry across XY.

A
node05\B0AI-B0\CBSE\RMO & INMO Module\Volume - 2\04-Geometry.p65

X Y
M' M

B'
MB' = MB and M'B' = M'B
Then AM' + M'B = AM' + M'B' > AB' = AM + MB' = AM + MB

23
RMO/INMO
ALLEN
Ex.15 Let ABC be an acute triangle. Find the positions of the points M, Q, P on the sides BC, CA, AB, respectively,
such that the perimeter of the triangle MQP is minimal.
Sol. Let us fix M on the side BC and look for the positions of P and Q such that the perimeter of triangle MQP is
minimal. Reflect M across AB and AC to obtain M' and M'', respectively.
If P' and Q' are points on the sides AB and AC, we have
MP' + P'Q' + Q'M = M'P' + P'Q' + Q'M''.
This sum is minimal when the points M', P', Q' and M'' are collinear, so P and Q are the points of intersection
between M'M'' and the sides AB and AC (see figure). In this case, the perimeter of MPQ equals M'M''.
Now, the problem can be rephrased in the following way : find the point M on the side BC such that the
length of M'M'' is minimal. Observe that ÐM'AB = ÐBAM, and ÐM''AC = ÐCAM, therefore
ÐM'AM'' = 2ÐBAC.

Moreover, M'A = M''A = MA.

It follows that regardless of the position of M on BC, triangle M'AM'' is isoscles, with fixed angles.
All such triangles are similar to each other, so if M'M'' is minimal, the sides M'A and M''A are also minimal.
Clearly, this happens when MA is minimal, i.e., when MA is an altitude of ABC (see figure). We conclude that
the perimeter of MPQ is minimal when M,P, and Q are the feet of the altitudes of the triangle ABC (the so-
called orthic triangle).

M"
Q

M' P
node05\B0AI-B0\CBSE\RMO & INMO Module\Volume - 2\04-Geometry.p65

B C
M
Ex.16 Seven real numbers are given in the interval (1, 13).
Prove that at least three of them are the lengths of a triangle's sides.
Sol. Let the numbers be a1, a2,...., a7. We can assume that a1 £ a2£ ... £ a7
Suppose by way of contradiction that no three of them are the lengths of a triangle's sides. We have
a1 + a3 > a2 and a2 + a3 > a1. Then a1 + a2 £ a3, because if not, then three would exist a triangle with side
lengths a1,a2,a3.
We deduce a3 ³ 2.
Similarly, we have a4 ³ a3 + a2 ³ 3, a5 ³ a4 + a3 ³ 5, a6³ a5 + a4 and finally, a7 ³ a6 + a5 ³ 13, which is a
contradiction.

24
 Mathematics
ALLEN
Ex.17 Prove that the nine point centre of a D is collinear with the circumcentre and the orthocentre and bisects the
segments joining them. Also prove that radius of the nine point circle of a D is half the radius of the circumcircle.
Sol. Let S be the circumcentre of ÐABC.
Q D and X lie on nine point circle.
A

P
E

F N
S Y

B C
D U X

\ Its centre lies on the perpendicular bisector of DX. Let U be midpoint of DX. Let the perpendicular from
U on BC meet SO at N.
Since SD, NU and OX are || and DU = UX.
\ SN = NO i.e., N is mid point of SO.
Now, to show that N is centre of the nine point of circle, we have to observe that nine point centre must also
lie on the perpendicular bisector of EY. This perpendicular will also meet SO in N. N is nine point centre.
It follows that the circumcentre, nine points centre and orthocentre are all collinear. The nine point centre is
the midpoint of the segment joining the circumcentre and orthocentre. Now, to show that the radius of nine
point circle is half the circumradius.
Since PD is a diameter of the nine point circle so N is midpoint of PD.
Q SO and PD bisect each other at N.
\ S,D,O,P are vertices of a ||gm.
Þ SD = PO = AP [Q P is midpoint of AO]
Now, SD||AP and SD=AP
\ S,D,P,A are the vertices of a ||gm.
Consequently DP = SA
But SA is the circumradius of DABC.
\ Radius of the nine point circle is half the radius of circumcircle.
Ex.18 Prove that in any D the circumcentre, the centroid, the nine point centre and the orthocentre are all collinear.
node05\B0AI-B0\CBSE\RMO & INMO Module\Volume - 2\04-Geometry.p65

Sol. Through P draw PG'|| SO so as to meet AD in G' A

Let AD meet SO in G.
We will show that AG' = G'G=GD
So as to conclude that G divides AD in 2:1 G' P
Consequently it is the centroid of DABC.
In DAGO, P is midpoint of AO and PG'||GO i.e., AG'=G'G.
In DPDG', N is the midpoint of PD and NG||PG'. S G N
\ G is midpoint of G'D i.e., G'G= GD O

2
Now AG'=GG=GD so that AG = =AD
3 B D U X

25
RMO/INMO
ALLEN
Ex.19 Let M be a point in the interior of the equilateral triangle ABC and let A', B' and C' be its projections onto the
sides BC, CA and AB, respectively. Prove that the sum of lengths of the in radii of triangles MAC', MBA' and
MCB' equals the sum of lengths of the in radii of triangles MAB', MBC' and MCA'.

A B

Y' Z
C
X'
Z Y
X
F

E N D

Sol. We start by proving an additional result.

Lemma
Let XYZ be a right triangle, with ÐX = 90° and side lengths x, y, z respectively. If r is the length of the in
1
radius of DXYZ, then r = (y+z–x).
2
Proof
Let X', Y', Z' be the tangency points of the incircle and the sides of the triangle. (figure).

Y'
Z'

Y Z
X'
node05\B0AI-B0\CBSE\RMO & INMO Module\Volume - 2\04-Geometry.p65

Then r = XY' = XZ'. Denote by s = ZY' = ZX' and t = YX' = YZ'.

Then r + s = y, r + t = z and s + t = x.
1
Solving for r, we obtain r =(y+z–x).
2
Applying the lemma in our problem, we have to prove that
(AC' + MC' – MA) + (BA' + MA' – MB) + (CB' + MB' – MC)
= (AB' + MB' – MA) + (BC' + MC' –MB) + CA' + MA' – MC),
which is equivalent to AB' + BC' + CA' = AC' + BA' + CB'.
To prove this equality, we draw through M parallels to the triangle's sides, as in figure.
Then AB' = AB''' + B'B''', but AB''' = BA'' and B''' B' = B'B''.
Writing the similar equalities, the result follows by adding them.

26
 Mathematics
ALLEN
C

B''

B' A'''
A'
B''' A''
M

A C'' C' C''' B

Observation
Another way to deal with the last part of the problem is to use the Pythagorean theorem.
We have A'M2 = BM2 – A'B2 = CM2–A'C2
and hence BM2 – CM2 = A'B2 – A'C2 = (A'B=A'C).a, where a is the side length of the triangle. We get the
desired result by writing the other two similar equalities and adding them.
Ex.20 Let I be the incenter of the triangle ABC. It is known that for every point MÎ(AB), one can find the points
NÎ(BC) and PÎ(AC) such that I is the centroid of triangle MNP. Prove that ABC is an equilateral triangle.
Sol. Let a, b, c be the lengths of the triangle's sides and let m, n and p be real numbers such that
AM = mAB,BN = nBC and CP = pCA . If G and G' are the centroids of the triangles ABC and MNP, then

CP = pCA . If G and G' are the centroid of the triangles ABC and MNP, then

1( 1
GG¢ = GM + GN + GP ) = ( GA + AM + GB + BN + GC + CP )
3 3

1( 1
= AM + BN + CP ) = ( mAB + nBC + pCA )
3 2

m-p n-p
= AB + BC
3 3
Because I is the inceter of ABC, we have

aGA + bGB + cGC b + c - 2a 2c - a - b

GI = = AB + + BC
a+b+c 3(a + b + c) 3(a + b + c)
It results that G' = I if and only if
node05\B0AI-B0\CBSE\RMO & INMO Module\Volume - 2\04-Geometry.p65

ì b + c - 2a ì 3b
ïïm - p = a + b + c ïïn = m + 1 - a + b + c
í or equialently í
ïn - p = 2c - a - b ïP = m - 1 + 3a
îï a+b+c îï a+b+c

Therefore, for any point M Î AB, one can find points NÎBC and PÎCA such that the centroid of MNP is the
point I the problem is that N and P must lie in the interior of the segments BC and CA, respectively. This is
equivalent to the following : for every mÎ(0,1), the numbers n and p given by (*) also belong to the interval
(0,1). It is not difficult to see that this happens if and only if
3b 3a
1- = -1 + = 0 , and we deduce that a = b = c.
a+b+c a+b+c
27
RMO/INMO
ALLEN
Ex.21 Let ABC be an acute triangle. The interior bisectors of the angles ÐB and ÐC meet the opposite sides at the
points L and M, respectively. Prove that there exists a point K in the interior of the side BC such that the
triangle KLM is equilateral if and only if ÐA = 60°.
Sol. Let us first notice that if M is a point on the bisector of the angle XOY and if PÎOX and QÎOY with
MP = MQ, then either ÐOPM = ÐOQM, or ÐOPM + ÐOQM = 180° (see figure).

P M
P M

O
Q Y
O
Q Y

Returning to the problem, let us suppose that such a point K exists. (figure). Then M lies on the bisector of
ÐACB and ML = MK, so either ÐALM = ÐBKM or ÐALM + ÐBKM = 180°. But in the latter case, it follows
that the quadrilateral MKCL is cyclic, so ÐC = 180° – ÐKML = 120°, which is a contradiction since triangle
ABC is acute.

L
M
I

B C
K

It follows that ÐALM = ÐBKM and similarly, ÐLKC = ÐLMA. In the triangle AML,
we have ÐAML + ÐALM + ÐA = 180°. We derive that ÐA = ÐMKL = 60°.
Conversely, suppose ÐA = 60°. Let KÎBC such that MK ^ BL. Because BL is the bisector of ÐB, it follows
that BL is the perpendicular bisector of MK, so LM = LK.
Denoted by I the intersection point of BL and CM. Clearly, AI bisects ÐA and a short computation shows that
ÐMIL = 120° and therefore the quadrilateral AMIL is cyclic. Then ÐAML = ÐMAI = 30°, so we have
node05\B0AI-B0\CBSE\RMO & INMO Module\Volume - 2\04-Geometry.p65

ÐKLM = 60°. It follows that DKLM is an isoscles triangles with a 60° angle, hence it is equilateral.
Ex.22 Let P1, P2,..., Pn be a convex polygon with the following property : for any two vertices Pi and Pj, there exists
a vertex Pk such that the segement PiPj is seen from Pk under an angle of 60°. Prove that the polygon is an
equilateral triangle.
Sol. Consider the vertices Pi and Pj such that the segement PiPj has minimal length and Pk such that ÐPiPkPj = 60°.
We have PiPk ³ PiPj and PjPk ³ PiPj, so ÐPiPjPk ³ 60° and ÐPjPiPk ³ 60°. It follows that triangle PiPkPj is
equilateral.
Denote it by ABC. Similarly, let A'B'C be the equilateral triangle with sides of maximal length. Because the
polygon is convex, each of the points A', B' and C' must lie in the interior of the set DA È DB È DC (see figure)
or coincide with either A, B or C. Suppose that the triangles ABC and A'B'C have no common vertices.

28
 Mathematics
ALLEN

DB DA

A DC B

If at least two of the points A', B' or C' lie in the same set D A, DB or DC we get a contradiction. Indeed, assume
that A' and B' lie in DC then ÐA'CB' < 60° and hence A'C > A'B or B'C > A'B', which is impossible, since A'B'
has maximal length. If the points A', B' and C' lie in distinct sets we again reach a contradiction : since the
polygon is convex, the points A, B and C must lie in the exterior of the triangle A'B'C (see figure).

C
B'

DA
DB
A'

A DC B
C'

In the triangle A'BC, BC has minimal length, so ÐBA'C £ 60° and hence ÐB'A'C' < ÐBA'C £ 60°, a contradiction.
It follows that the triangles ABC and A'B'C have at least one common vertex. Suppose that they have exactly
one common vertex, say A = A'. The points B' and C' cannot both lie in DA, so one of them must lie in either
DB or DC. Let us assume that B'ÎDB (see figure). Then ABCB' is a convex quadrilateral and we have
AB' + BC < BB' + AC, hence A'B' = AB' < BB', a contradiction.

C
node05\B0AI-B0\CBSE\RMO & INMO Module\Volume - 2\04-Geometry.p65

B' C'

DB DA

A'
A DC B

In conclusion, the triangles ABC and A'B'C have at least two common vertices, so AB=A'B'. This implies that
the distance between any two vertices of the polygon is the same. Clearly, this cannot hold unless the polygon
is an equilateral triangle.
29
RMO/INMO
ALLEN
Ex.23 Let P be an interior point of triangle ABC, the rays AP, BP, CP meet the sides BC, CA, AB at points D, E, F
respectively. Prove that
PD PE PF
+ + =1
AD BE CF
C

E D
P

A F B

PD PE PF (PBC) (APC) (ABP) (ABC)

Sol. + + = + + = =1
AD BE CF (ABC) (ABC) (ABC) (ABC)
Ex.24 In DABC, E, F, G are points on AB, BC, CA respectively such that AE : EB = BF : FC = CG : GA = 1 : 3. K,
L, M are the intersection points of the lines AF and CE, BG and AF, CE and BG, respectively. Suppose the
area of DABC is 1; find the area of DKLM.
C

G
M

F
K L

A E B
s
Sol. Let s = (ABL). By Theorem, we have (CAL) = 3s and (BCL) = . Note that
3
(ABL) + (BCL) + (CAL) = (ABC) = 1,
s 3 3
so we have s + + 3s = 1 and therefore s = . We have proved that (ABL) = . Similar argument
3 13 13
3
shows (BCM) = (CAK) = .
13
3 3 3 4
Hence, (KLM) = (ABC) – (ABL) – (BCM) – (CAK) = 1 – – - =
13 13 13 13
C

G
M

F
K L
node05\B0AI-B0\CBSE\RMO & INMO Module\Volume - 2\04-Geometry.p65

A E B

Ex.25 Refer to (Fig.), there is a convex quadrilateral ABCD. The lines DA and CB intersect at K, the lines AB and
DC intersect at L, the lines AC and KL intersect at G, the lines DB and KL intersect at F. Prove that
KF KG
=
FL GL
D

C
B

K F L G

30
 Mathematics
ALLEN
Sol. Apply Theorem repeatedly,

KF (KBD) (KBD) (KBL) CD AK (ACD) (ACK) (ACK) KG

= = . = . = . = =
LF (LBD) (KBL) (LBD) CL AD (ACL) (ACD) (ACL) LG

Ex.26 The diagonals AC and CE of the regular hexagon ABCDEF are divided by the inner points M and N,
respectively, so that AM / AC = CN / CE = r. Determine r if B, M, N are collinear.
Sol. Join BE which intersects AC at P. Apply Menelaus’s theorem to the triangle CPE and the line BMN, one has

CM PB EN
. . =1 ...(1)
MP BE NC
Note that
B C
CM 1 - r 2 - 2r M
(i) = =
MP 1 2r - 1 P
r-
2 A
N
D
1 1 PB 1 EN 1 - r
(ii) PB = AB cos ÐABP = AB = BE Þ = (iii) =
2 4 BE 4 NC r
F E

2 - 2r 1 1 - r 3
Substitute (i), (ii), (iii) into (1), . . = 1 which implies r =
2r - 1 4 r 3
Ex.27 Refer to fig., D, E, F are respectively the feet of perpendicular from A to BC, B to CA, and C to AB. Draw
perpendicular lines from D to AB, AC, BE, CF and let P, Q, M, N be the feet of perpendicular respectively.
Prove that P, Q, M, N are collinear.

Sol. It is clear that BDHF is a cyclic quadrilateral, the Simson line of D passes P, M, N. In other words, P, M, N are
collinear. Similar argument shows Q, M, N are also collinear.
Ex.28 Let ABC be a triangle, H its orthocenter, O its circumcenter, and R its circumradius. Let D be the reflection
of A across BC, E be that of B across CA, and F that of C across AB. Prove that D, E and F are collinear if
and only if OH = 2R.
node05\B0AI-B0\CBSE\RMO & INMO Module\Volume - 2\04-Geometry.p65

Sol. Let PQR be the triangle with ABC as its medial triangle, i.e. A is the midpoint of QR, B is that of RP and C
that of PQ. From O draw perpendicular lines to QR, RP and PQ with feet of perpendicular D', E' and F'
respectively. It can be proved, by considering a suitable homothety, that D, E and F are collinear if and only
if D', E' and F' are collinear.

31
RMO/INMO
ALLEN

By Simson’s theorem (and its converse), D' E' and F'are collinear if and only if O lies on the circumcircle of
triangle PQR. Note that the circumcenter of triangle PQR is the orthocenter of triangle ABC, namely H. So O
lies on the circumcircle of triangle PQR if and only if OH equals the circumradius of triangle PQR, which is 2R.
Ex.29 Let ABC be an equilateral triangle and P be a point on the circumcircle of triangle ABC which lies on the arc
BC. Prove that PA = PB + PC.

Sol. The result follows immediately by applying Ptolemy’s theorem to the cyclic quadrilateral ABPC.
Extend BP to point D such that PD = PC. Since PD = PC and ÐCPD = ÐCAB = 60° , CPD is an equilateral
triangle. Consider triangles APC and BDC. We have AC = BC, ÐCAP = ÐCBD and ÐAPC = ÐABC = 60° =
ÐBDC. So, DAPC @ DBDC and hence PA = DB = PB + PC.
A

B C

P
D

Ex.30 If a circle passing through point A cuts two sides and a diagonal of a parallelogram ABCD at points P, Q, R
as shown in Figure, then AP × AB + AR × AD = AQ × AC .
node05\B0AI-B0\CBSE\RMO & INMO Module\Volume - 2\04-Geometry.p65

Sol. Apply Ptolemy’s theorem to the cyclic quadrilateral APQR, we have

AP × RQ + AR × PQ = AQ × RP. ...(i)
Observe that DABC ~ DRQP . We multiply the constant AB / RQ to (i), it gives
AP × AB + AR × CB = AQ × AC.
Replace CB by AD, we have AP × AB + AR × AD = AQ × AC.
32
 Mathematics
ALLEN
Ex.31 Let A, B, C, D be adjacent vertices of a regular 7-sided polygon, in that order. Prove that
1 1 1
= +
AB AC AD
E

F D

G C

A B

Sol. Refer to Figure, let E, F, G be the remaining vertices of the 7-sided polygon with the indicated order. Apply
Ptolemy’s theorem to the cyclic quadrilateral ABCF:
AC × BF = AB × CF + BC × FA.
Substitute BF by AD, CF by AD, BC by AB and FA by AC in the above equality, we obtain
AC × AD = AB × AD + AB × AC .
Dividing both sides by AB ×AC × AD, the result follows.
Ex.32 ABC is a triangle with BC > CA > AB . D is a point on side BC, and E is a point on BA produced beyond A
so that BD = BE = CA. Let P be a point on side AC such that E, B, D, P are concyclic, and let Q be the
second intersection point of BP with the circumcircle of DABC . Prove that AQ + CQ = BP.
Sol. We claim that DAQC ~ DEPD. This is because ÐCAQ = ÐCBQ = ÐDEP and ÐAQC = 180° – ÐABD = ÐEPD.
On the other hand, by Ptolemy’s theorem, we have
BP × DE = BE × DP + BD × EP.

DP EP CQ AQ
So BP = BE × + BD × = CA × + CA × = AQ + CQ.
DE DE CA CA

Ex.33 Let BD be the angle bisector of angle B in triangle ABC with D on side AC. The circumcircle of triangle BDC
meets AB at E, while the circumcircle of triangle ABD meets BC at F. Prove that AE = CF.
A

E
D
node05\B0AI-B0\CBSE\RMO & INMO Module\Volume - 2\04-Geometry.p65

D F C

Sol. By intersecting chords theorem one has AE × AB = AD × AC , or

AD ´ AC
(i) AE = .
AB
Similarly, CF × CB = CD × CA and therefore
CD ´ CA AE AD ´ CB
(ii) CF = . Dividing (i) by (ii) gives = = 1,
CB CF AB ´ CD
AD AB
the last equality holds since = by angle bisector theorem.
CD CB
33
RMO/INMO
ALLEN
Ex.34 Let A, B, C and D be four distinct points on a line, in that order. The circles with diameters AC and BD
intersect at the points X and Y. The line XY meets BC at the point Z. Let P be a point on the line XY different
from Z. The line CP intersects the circle with diameter AC at the points C and M, and the line BP intersects
the circle with diameter BD at the points B and N. Prove that the lines AM, DN and XY are concurrent.
E (= E')
M
X N

A B Z C D

Sol. Draw DE parallel to CM meets XY at E, and draw AE' parallel to BN meets XY at E' (see Figure).
We claim that E = E'. The reason goes as follows: note that
ZE ' ZE ' ZP ZA ZC
(i) = ´ = ´ .
ZE ZP ZE ZB ZD
By intersecting chords theorem, ZA × ZC = ZX × ZY = ZB × ZD. Therefore, (i) gives ZE = ZE'. This proved
our claim. Now, AM, DN and XY are the altitudes of triangle ADE (see Figure), hence they are concurrent.

E
M
N
X
P

A B Z C D

Before proceeding to the next example, readers are minded that the converse of intersecting chords theorem
is also true. It is one of the most frequently used criteria for proving concyclic points. At least readers may
agree that it is easier to apply than Ptolemy’s theorem, in the sense we only need to verify an equality which
looks simple. Proving concyclic points by Ptolemy’s theorem is relatively difficult in general.
Ex.35 AB is a chord of a circle, which is not a diameter. Chords A1B1 and A2B2 intersect at the midpoint P of AB.
Let the tangents to the circle at A1 and B1 intersect at C1. Similarly, let the tangents to the circle at A2 and B2
intersect at C2. Prove that C1C2 is parallel to AB.

B2 B1
O

N M
node05\B0AI-B0\CBSE\RMO & INMO Module\Volume - 2\04-Geometry.p65

A P K B

A1 A2

C2 C1
Sol. Let O be the center of the circle, let OC1 intersects A1B1 at M, let OC2 intersects A2B2 at N, and let also OC1
intersects AB at K. Clearly, OM and ON are respectively the perpendicular bisectors of A1B1 and A2B2.
So, ÐOMP = ÐONP = 90°, saying that O, M, P, N are concyclic.
This implies ÐONM = ÐOPM = 90° – ÐMOP = ÐOKA.
Next, we claim that M, C1, C2, N are concyclic. Suppose first our claim is true, it follows that
ÐOC1C2 = ÐONM = ÐOKA and thereby completes the proof. It remains to show M, C 1, C2, N are concyclic.
2 2
Note that DOA1C1 and DOB2C2 are right-angled triangles, therefore OM × OC1 = OA1 = OB2 = ON × OC2.
Hence, M, C1, C2, N are concyclic by the converse of intersecting chords theorem.
34
 Mathematics
ALLEN
Ex.36 Let ABC be a triangle, and draw isosceles triangles BCD, CAE, ABF externally to ABC, with BC, CA, AB as
their respective bases. Prove the lines through A, B, C, perpendicular to the lines EF, FD, DE, respectively,
are concurrent.

F E
A

B
C

Sol. Let C1 be the circle with center D and radius DB, C2 be the circle with center E and radius EC, C3 be the circle
with center F and radius FA (see Figure). We claim that the three lines being proved to be concurrent are radical
axes of the three pairs of circles (C1,C2), (C2,C3) and (C3, C1). We complete the proof by proving the claim.

C2
C3

F E
A

B
C

C1
Since A is one of the intersections of circles C 2 and C3, the radical axis of C2 and C3 is the line passing through
A perpendicular to the line joining the centers E and F. Similarly, the radical axis of C3 and C1 is the line
through B perpendicular to FD, and the radical axis of C1 and C2 is the line through C perpendicular to DE.
These three radical axes concur at the radical center of the three circles.
Ex.37 A circle with centre O passes through the vertices A and C of triangle ABC and intersects the segments AB
and BC again at distinct points K and N, respectively. The circumscribed circles of the triangles ABC and
node05\B0AI-B0\CBSE\RMO & INMO Module\Volume - 2\04-Geometry.p65

KBN intersect at exactly two distinct points B and M. Prove that angle OMB is a right angle.

O
K

B N C

35
RMO/INMO
ALLEN
Analysis
The lines AC, KN, BM concur at the radical center P of the three circles involved. A possible way to show
OM ^ BP is proving that OB2 – OP2 = MB2 – MP2.

O
K

B N C

M
P
To prove perpendicular lines we have the following useful
Lemma
Let A, B, P, Q be four distinct points on a plane. Then AB ^ PQ if and only if PA2 – PB2 = QA2 – QB2.
P P

A
A B B

Q Q
The “only-if-part” follows easily by Pythagoras’ theorem. The “if-part” can be proved by coordinate geometry
or the method of false position. (To show a point X has certain property, a common way is to construct a point
X' with the desired property and then to show X = X'. This is called the method of false position.)
Sol. Refer to Figure, the quadrilateral PCNM is cyclic since ÐPCN = ÐAKN = ÐBMN . By intersecting chords
theorem we have
(i) PM × PB = PC × PA = OP2 – r2,
where r is the circumradius of triangle AKC. Similarly,
(ii) BM × BP = BN × BC = OB2 – r2.
The equalities (i) and (ii) together give
OB2 – OP2 = BM × BP – PM × PB
= BP × (BM – PM)
= (BM + PM) × (BM – PM)
= BM2 – PM2
Hence, OM ^ BP by Lemma.
Ex.38 Let quadrilateral ABCD be inscribed in a circle. Suppose lines AB and DC intersect at P and lines AD and BC
node05\B0AI-B0\CBSE\RMO & INMO Module\Volume - 2\04-Geometry.p65

intersect at Q. From Q, construct the two tangents QE and QF to the circle where E and F are the points of
tangency. Prove that the three points P, E, F are collinear.
Q

F D
C

E
A B P

36
 Mathematics
ALLEN
Sol. Let C1 be the circumcircle of triangle ABC and O1 be its center. Suppose the circumcircle C2 of QCD
intersects the line PQ at Q and R. Then the points P, R, C, B are concyclic because ÐPRC = ÐQDC = ÐABC.
We first show O1R ^ PQ by Lemma (again!).

Similar to Example 37, we apply intersecting chords theorem:

O1 P2 – r1 = PC × PD = PR × PQ
2
(i)
and also
O1Q2 – r1 = QC × QB = QR × QP,
2
(ii)
where r1 is the radius of C1. Subtract (ii) from (i),
O1P2 – O1Q2 = PR × PQ – QR × QP
= PQ × (PR – QR)
= (PR + QR) × (PR – QR)
= PR2 – QR2
Therefore Lemma implies O1R ^ PQ, i.e. the points Q, F, O1, E, R are also concyclic. Let C3 be the circle
passes through these five points. Now, we have three circles C1, C2, C3 in hand. The radical axis of C1 and C2
is the line CD, and the radical axis of C2 and C3 is the line QR. These two radical axes intersect at P. Hence,
P lies on the radical axis of C3 and C1, namely EF.
Ex.39 If lines PB and PD, outside a parallelogram ABCD, make equal angles with the sides BC and DC, respectively,
as in Figure, then ÐCPB = ÐDPA. (Of course, Figure (i) a plane figure, not three dimensional!)
Analysis
The problem involves only angles, so concyclic points may play a role in the solution. Since we don’t have
four points being concyclic in the figure, we try to construct a set of concyclic points.
P

D
C
node05\B0AI-B0\CBSE\RMO & INMO Module\Volume - 2\04-Geometry.p65

A B
(i)
Sol. Complete the parallelogram PQBC as in Figure (ii) Note that ÐQAB = ÐPDC = ÐPBC = ÐQPB, so the
points A, B, Q, P are concyclic. Then we have ÐAPB = ÐAQB = ÐDPC, the desired result follows.
P

D
C Q

A B
(ii)

37
RMO/INMO
ALLEN
Ex.40 Chords AB and CD of a circle intersect at a point E inside the circle. Let M be an interior point of the segment
EB. The tangent line at E to the circle through D, E and M intersects the lines BC and AC at F and G,
AM EG
respectively. If = t, find in terms of t.
AB EF

M
A B
E
F

C
Sol. Note that ÐMAD = ÐECF and ÐAMD = ÐDEG = ÐCEF , which imply DAMD ~ CEF and follows that
EF MD
= . Therefore,
CE AM
D
MD ´ CE
(i) EF = .
AM
Similarly, DCEG ~ DBMD because ÐGCE = ÐDBM and G
ÐCEG = ÐCEA + ÐAEG
= ÐDEM + ÐBEF M
A B
= ÐDEM + ÐMDE E
F
= ÐBMD
C
GM DM
This pair of similar triangles gives = , or equivalently
CE BM
DM ´ CE
(ii) GE = .
BM
GE AM t
Finally, dividing (ii) by (i) gives = = .
EF BM 1 - t
Ex.41 Let G1 and G2 be two circles intersecting at P and Q. The common tangent, closer to P, of G1 and G2 touches
G1 at A and G2 at B. The tangent of G1at P meets G2 at C, which is different from P and the extension of AP
meets BC at R. Prove that the circumcirle of triangle PQR is tangent to BP and BR.

B
D
A
node05\B0AI-B0\CBSE\RMO & INMO Module\Volume - 2\04-Geometry.p65

P G2
R

G1 Q

Analysis
To show the circumcircle of triangle PQR is tangent to BP and BR, it suffices to show ÐBPR = ÐPQR = ÐBRP.
After some direct trials we found no simple reason for which the angles must be equal, so we ask ourselves:
are there four concyclic points in the figure?

38
 Mathematics
ALLEN
Sol. Note that ÐQAR = ÐQPC = ÐQBC = ÐQBR , so A, B, R, Q are concyclic. One has
ÐARB = ÐAQB
= ÐAQP + ÐPQB
= ÐBAR + ÐPQB
= ÐBQR + ÐPQB
= ÐPQR
which shows BR is tangent to the circumcircle of triangle PQR. Next, we prove BP is also a tangent to the
circumcircle of triangle PQR. This is no more difficult: the result follows by noting that ÐBPR = ÐPAB +
ÐPBA = ÐBQR + ÐBQP = ÐPQR.
Ex.42 ABCDE is a convex pentagon. The sides of the pentagon intersect at P1, P2, P3, P4, P5 as shown in the
Figure. Construct the circumcircles of the triangles P1AE, P2BA, P3CB, P4DC and P5ED .
These circumcircles meet at five points A', B', C', D', E' which are different from A, B, C, D, E. Prove that the
points A', B', C', D', E' are concyclic.
Analysis
As mentioned before, we don’t need to consider similar triangles since there is no length involved. There are
so many points in the figure, are any four of them concyclic? If there are four concyclic points, then by
symmetry there should be more. So, which set of concyclic points is useful? These are the things we should
keep in mind. Problem solving, not only for problems in geometry, is not a process of blind trial; it requires
careful analysis on the condition(s) and conclusion.

P1

P2
E'
A E
P5

D
B
C

C'

P3 P4
node05\B0AI-B0\CBSE\RMO & INMO Module\Volume - 2\04-Geometry.p65

Back to our problem, let’s ignore the concyclic points at this moment and think in another way. To show the
five points A', B', C', D', E' are concyclic, it suffices to show any four of them, say A', B', C', E' are concyclic
(then D' also lies on the same circle by symmetry). We will prove this happens if and only if P 1, P3, C', E' are
concyclic. Of course, the latter one may not be easier, but at least we have one more possibility.
Sol. We begin the solution by giving a sufficient (and in fact necessary) condition for which A', B', C', E' are
concyclic. Note that
ÐA'B'C' = ÐA'B'B + ÐBB'C'
= ÐA'AP1 + ÐBP3C'
= ÐA'E'P1 + ÐP1P3C'
= ÐP1E'C' – ÐA'E'C' + ÐP1P3C'

39
RMO/INMO
ALLEN
So, ÐA'B'C' + ÐA'E'C' = ÐP1E'C' + ÐP1P3C'. That is, A', B', C', E' are concyclic if and only if P 1, P3, C', E' are
concyclic. The latter assertion holds since ÐP1P3C' = ÐP4CC' = ÐP4DC', which imples P1, P3, C', D are
concyclic and E' lies on the same circle by symmetry. We have proved that A', B', C', D', E' are concyclic.
P1

P2 A'
E'
A E
P5

D'
B
B'
C

C'

P3 P4
Ex.43 Let PQ be a chord of a circle and M be the midpoint of PQ. Through M two chords AB and CD of the circle
are drawn. Chords AD and BC intersect PQ at points X and Y respectively. Prove that M is the midpoint of
the segment XY.
Butterfly theorem has been around for quite a while and attracted many problem solvers. Up to now numerous
proofs varying in length and difficulty has been published. The one we are going to present is certainly not the
shortest one, but it is simple and elementary.
B
D
Y1
X2 Q
Y
X M
P Y2
X1
C
A

Sol. From X we draw perpendicular lines to AB and CD, with feet X1 and X2 respectively. From Y we draw
perpendicular lines to AB and CD, with feet Y1 and Y2 respectively. For convenience, let x = MX, y = MY
and a = PM = QM.
By similar triangles one has
node05\B0AI-B0\CBSE\RMO & INMO Module\Volume - 2\04-Geometry.p65

x XX1 XX 2 XX1 AX XX 2 DX
= = , = and = .
y YY1 YY2 YY2 CY YY1 BY
With these equalities one also has
x 2 XX1 XX 2 XX1 XX 2 AX DY
= ´ = YY ´ YY = ´
y2 YY1 YY2 2 1 CY BY
PX ´ QX
= (by intersecting chords theorem)
PY ´ QY
(a + x)(a - x) a 2 - x2
= = 2
(a + y)(a - y) a - y2
x2
which implies 2 =1 , hence x = y.
y

40
 Mathematics
ALLEN
Ex.44 ABC is an isosceles triangle with AB = AC. Suppose that
(i) M is the mid-point of BC and O is the point on the line AM such that OB is perpendicular to AB;
(ii) Q is an arbitrary point on the segment BC different from B and C;
(iii) E lies on the line AB and F lies on the line AC such that E, Q and F are all distinct and collinear.
Prove that OQ is perpendicular to EF if and only if QE = QF.
A

Q
B C
P M

F
O

Sol. Suppose first OQ ^ EF. To prove QE = QF, a possible way is to show DOQE @ DOQF . Since we already have
OQ ^ EF, it remains to prove ÐOEQ = ÐOFQ . Note that BOQE and CQOF are cyclic because ÐOBE ,
ÐOQE and ÐOCF are all right angles, therefore ÐOEQ = ÐOBQ = ÐOCQ = ÐOFQ . This finished the
“only-if-part”.
Next, we suppose QE = QF and try to prove OQ ^ EF. It suffices to show OE = OF. A possible reason for
OE = OF is that DOBE @ DOCF. This pair of triangles are right-angled with one pair of equal sides (OB = OC).
They are congruent to each other if and only if BE = CF. So, the proof can be completed by showing that BE = CF.
Draw a line through E parallel to AC meets BC at point P, as shown in Figure. It is clear that the triangles PQE
and CQF are similar. Since we have the condition QE = QF in hand, these two triangles are in fact congruent.
It follows that CF = PE. Since ÐEBP = ÐACB = ÐEPB, we have BE = PE = CF. The proof is completed.
Ex.45 Two circles G1 and G2 are contained inside the circle G, and are tangent to G at the distinct points M and N,
respectively. G1 passes through the centre of G2. The line passing through the two points of intersection of G1 and
G2 meets G at A and B. The lines MA and MB meet G1 at C and D, respectively. Prove that CD is tangent to G2.
A

G C
G1
G2
O1 P
O2
M N
D

B
Sol. Let O1 and O2 be the centers of G1 and G2, respectively. The line O1O2 intersects G2 at point P (see Figure). If
we can prove ÐCPO2 = 90°, then similar argument will show ÐDPO2 = 90° and therefore CD is a tangent of G2.
R
node05\B0AI-B0\CBSE\RMO & INMO Module\Volume - 2\04-Geometry.p65

C
G
G1
Q

O1 P
O2
M G2 N

B
41
RMO/INMO
ALLEN
Join AN which meets G2 at point Q, let R be the intersection of the line CQ with the tangent of G (and also G1)
at M (see Figure). We claim that CQ is a common tangent of G1 and G2. To prove our claim, we first note that
A lies on the radical axis of G1 and G2, which implies AC × AM = AQ × AN . Therefore CMNQ is cyclic by the
converse of intersecting chords theorem.
Next, we have ÐRCM = ÐMNQ = ÐRMC . Recall that RM is a tangent to G1, it forces RC to be another tangent
of G1 from R. We have proved CQ is a tangent of G1 and by similar argument it is also a tangent of G2.
Finally, we prove ÐCPO = 90° by showing that DCPO @ DCQO2 (see Figure). Since we already have
1
O2P = O2Q , it suffices to show ÐPO2C = ÐQO2C. The argument goes as follows: note that ÐCO1O2 =
2
ÐQCO2 because CQ is a tangent of G1, so
ÐPO2C = 90° –G1 ÐCO1O2 = 90° – ÐQCO2 = ÐQO2C,
the last equality comes from the fact that CQ is a tangent of G2.
A

C
G
G1
Q

O1 P
O2
M G2 N

Some More Solved Examples

BD AE
Ex.1 In a triangle ABC points D and E respectively divide the sides BC and CA In the ratios = m, and = n.
DC EC
AX
The segments AD and BE intersect in a point X. Find the ratio .
XD
Sol. Draw DF parallel to BE as
in Fig. Then by theorem, from
DEBC we get

EF BD
= = m, and so
FC DC

EF BD m
= = .
EC BC m + 1
AX AE AE EC m +1
From DADF we get = = × = n× .
node05\B0AI-B0\CBSE\RMO & INMO Module\Volume - 2\04-Geometry.p65

XD EF EC EF m
BD CE AF
Ex.2 On the sides BC, CA, AB of a triangle ABC points D, E, F are taken In such a way that = = = 2.
DC EA FB
1
Show that the area of the triangle determined by the lines AD, BE, CF is ×D where D is the area of DABC.
7

42
 Mathematics
ALLEN
1 3 3 3
Sol. Let XYZ be the triangle formed by the lines AD, BE, CF. Then AX/XD = × = . Hence AX/AD = .
2 2 4 7
DABD BD 2
Now the triangles ABD and ABC have the same height and so by theorem, = = . Again, the
DABC BC 3
triangles ABX and ABD have the same height and so
AX DABX DABX .
= =
AD DABD 2
D
3

2 2
Thus DABX = . D. Similarly, DBCZ = DCYA = . D. But clearly,
7 7
DABX + DBCZ + DCAY + DXYZ = D,
and so DXYZ = D – 6D/7 = D/7.
Ex.3 D, E, F are points on the sides BC, CA, AB respectively, of DABC such that AD, BE, CF are concurrent at O.
Show that

OD OE OF AO BO CO
(i) + + = 1. (ii) + + =2
AD BE CF AD BE CF

AO AF AE
(iii) = + .
OD FB EC
Sol. (i) We have, as in the above,

OD DOBD DODC DOBD + DODC DOBC

+ = = = ,
AD DABD DADC DABD + DADC DABC
etc. Hence

OD OE OF DOBC DOCA DOAB DABC

+ + = + + = = 1.
AD BE CF DABC DABC DABC DABC

AO AD - OD OD
(ii) Use the relations = =1- , etc. and (i).
AD AD AD
(iii) We have

AO DAOB DAOC DAOB + DAOC

= = =
OD DBOD DCOD DBOD + DCOD

DAOB + DAOC DAOB DAOC AE AF

= = + = + .
DBOC DBOC DBOC EC FB
Ex.4 A circle cuts the sides of DABC internally as follows: BC at D, D'; CA at E, E' and AB at F', F. If AD, BE, CF
node05\B0AI-B0\CBSE\RMO & INMO Module\Volume - 2\04-Geometry.p65

are concurrent, prove that AD ', BE ', CF ' are concurrent.

43
RMO/INMO
ALLEN
BD CE AF
Sol. Let AD, BE, CF be concurrent, so that by Ceva's theorem, we have × × = 1. By theorem, using
FB DC EA
signed segments we have
BD × BD' = BF × BF ', CE × CE ' = CD ' × CD and AE ' × AE = AF · AF '.
Hence,
BD F ' B CE D ' C AF E ' A
= , = , = .
FB BD ' DC CE ' EA AF '
F ' B D ' C E ' A BD CE AF
Thus, × × = × × = 1.
BD ' CE ' AF ' FB DC EA
Hence by the converse of Ceva's theorem, AD', BE', CF' are concurrent.
Ex.5 Let ABC be a triangle and let D, E, F be points on its sides such that, starting at A, D divides the perimeter
of the triangle into two equal parts, starting at B, E divides the perimeter of the triangle into two equal parts,
and starting at C, F divides the perimeter of the triangle into two equal parts. Prove that D, E, F lie on the
sides BC, CA, AB respectively and the lines AD, BE, CF are concurrent.
Sol. Let 2S = a + b + c be the perimeter of DABC. Now c < a + b, b < c + a. Hence 2c < a + b + c < 2c + 2a
and so c < S = AB + BD < c +a = AB + BC. Therefore D lies on BC. Similarly, E lies on CA and F on AB.
Next, c + BD = S = DC + b, a + CE = S = EA + c, b + AF = S = FB + a.
Hence
BD CE AF S - c S - a S - b
× × = × × = 1.
DC EA FB S - b S - c S - a
So, by the converse of Ceva's theorem, AD, BE and CF are concurrent
Ex.6 If ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral, then
AC · [AB · BC + CD · DA] = BD · [DA · AB + BC · CD].
Sol. See (Fig.) By the theorem, we have
AB · BC = 2R · BM,
DA · DC = 2R · DN,
where R is the radius of the circle. Hence
AC · [AB × BC + CD × DA]
= AC · 2R · BM + AC · 2R · DN
= 2R[2D.ABC + 2D.AC D]
= 4RS,
where S = the area of the quadrilateral ABCD.
Similarly, BD × [DA × AB + BC × CD] = 4RS, and the result follows.
Ex.7 D, E, F are the midpoints of the sides BC, CA, AB of DABC. Through D, E, F straight lines are drawn meeting
in a point P; and through A, B, C lines are drawn parallel to DP, EP, FP respectively. Prove that these lines
also meet in a point. (You may assume that P is inside DABC.)
node05\B0AI-B0\CBSE\RMO & INMO Module\Volume - 2\04-Geometry.p65

44
 Mathematics
ALLEN
Sol. Let the lines through A and B parallel to DP and EP respectively meet in Q. Join CQ. Since DP½½QA, EP½½BQ
and AB½½ED, triangles QAB and PDE are similar. So QB/EP = AB/DE = 2. Also BC/FE = 2. Hence QB/EP
= BC/FE. Also, ÐQBC = x + ÐABC = x + ÐDEF = ÐPEF. Hence DQBC ~ DPEF. Hence QC½½PF and the
result follows.
Ex.8 D is the midpoint of the side BC of DABC. The line joining D and the incentre I of the triangle intersects the
altitude AA' at the point P. Prove that l(AP) is equal to the radius of the incircle of the triangle.
Sol. In DABC, let D be the midpoint of BC, I the incentre and P the intersection of DI with the altitude AA'. Draw
the circumcircle with centre O. Now X, the midpoint of arc BC of the circumcircle, lies on AI, and OX is the
perpendicular bisector of BC. Draw IQ ^ AC.
1
Since ÐIAQ = ÐBAX = ÐBCX = ÐA, the right triangles AIQ and CXD are similar.Also since ÐIAP = ÐIXD
2
AP AI AI IQ
and ÐAIP = ÐXID, triangles AlP and XID are similar. Hence = and = . But we know that
XD IX XC XD
IX = XC. Hence AP = IQ, as required.
Ex.9 A straight line cuts two concentric circles in points A, B, C and D in that order. AE and BF are paralJel
chords, one in each circle. If CG is perpendicular to BF and DH is perpendicularto AE, prove that GF = HE.
Sol. Let DH intersect BF at P. Let AB = m. Then CD = m, since the chords AD and BC have a common
perpendicular bisector as the circles are concentric. Then in right angled triangle GPH,

E
A
H
G P F
B O

D
GH2 = GP2 + PH2 = m2 sin2 D + m2 sin2 A = m2, since angles A, D are complementary. So GH = m and the
trapezium ABGH is isosceles. (Note that BG < AH). Since AE and BF are parallel chords in two concentric
circles, they have a common perpendicular bisector. Hence the trapezium ABFE is also isosceles. Hence
EFGH is a parallelogram and GF = HE.
Ex.10 DABC is right angled at C. The internal bisectors of ÐA and ÐB meet BC and CA at P and Q respectively. M
and N are the feet of the perpendiculars from P and Q to AB. Find ÐMCN.
B
Sol. Since ÐBNQ = ÐBCQ = 90°, B,C,Q,N are concyclic and so ÐCNQ = = ÐNCQ. Similariy,A, P, M, C aree
2
A
node05\B0AI-B0\CBSE\RMO & INMO Module\Volume - 2\04-Geometry.p65

N
Q
M

C P B
A A B
concyclic. Hence, ÐMCP = = ÐPMC. Hence, + ÐMCN + = ÐACB = 90°. Since ÐA + ÐB = 90°,
2 2 2
we get ÐMCN = 45°.
45
RMO/INMO
ALLEN
Ex.11 Three circles C1, C2, C3 with radii r1, r2, r3 (r1 < r2 < r3) respectively are given. They are placed such that C2
lies to the right of C1 and touches it externally; C3 lies to the right of C2 and touches it externally. Further,
there exist two straight lines each of which is a direct common tangent simultaneously to all the three circles.
Find r2 in terms of r1 and r3·
Sol. Let the given common tangents l, m meet at P. We observe that the centres, say A, B, C of the given circles
will lie on the angle-bisector of the angle between l and m. Let these circles touch m at D, E, F respectively.

Draw AK ^ BE. We have DE = AK = (AB)2 - (BK)2 = (r2 + r1 )2 - (r2 - r1 )2 = 2 r1r2 .

B
P
K C
D
E
F m

Similarly EF = 2 r2 r3 . Let mÐAPD = q and PD = x. Thn

AD BE CF
tan q = = =
PD PE PF

r1 r2 r3
= = =
x x + 2 r1r2 x + 2 r1r2 + 2 r2r3

r2 - r1 r3 - r2
Hence, = = .
2 r1r2 2 r2r3 Thus, r3 (r2 - r1 ) = r1 (r3 - r2 ).Therefore,

r2 ( r3 + r1 ) = r1r3 ( r1 + r3 ).Hence,r2 = r1r3 .

Ex.12 Let ABC be a triangle with unequal sides. The medians of DABC, when extended, intersect its circumcircle in
points L, M, N. If L lies on the median through A and LM = LN, prove that 2BC 2 = CA2 + AB2.
Sol. We note that the triangles AGB and MGL are similar because ÐGAB = ÐGML (same segment) and
ÐAGB = ÐMGL. Hence

A
N C'
G M
B'
B C
node05\B0AI-B0\CBSE\RMO & INMO Module\Volume - 2\04-Geometry.p65

A'

L
AG AB c
= i.e. AG = MG × .
MG LM LM
Similarly, DAGC ~ DNGL and so

AG AC b
= i.e. AG = NG × .
NG NL NL

46
 Mathematics
ALLEN
Also, by data, LM = LN. Hence by (1), (2) we get
MG b
= .
GN c
Since the chords BM and CN intersect at G, we have
BG × GM = CG × GN.
So by (3), BG × b = CG × c and so
2 2
BB’ × b = CC’ × c or 2BBr2. b2 = 2CC’ × c2 ×
3 3
So, applying Apollonius’ theorem twice we get
b2(c2+ a2 – 2ABr2) = c2(a2 + b2 – 2ACr2),
1 2 1
b2(c2+ a2 – 2b ) = c2(a2 + b2 – c2),
2 2
1 4
a2(b2 – c2) = (b – c4),
2
2a2 = b2 + c2, as b ¹ c.

EXERCISE

1. In any DABC, E and D are interior points of AC and BC , respectively (fig). AF bisects ÐCAD, and BF bisects
ÐCBE. Prove mÐAEB + mÐADB = 2mÐAFB.
C

F D

A B

2. The interior bisector of ÐB, and the exterior bisector of ÐC of DABC meet at D (fig.). Through D, a line parallel
to CB meets AC at L and AB at M. If the measures of legs LC and MB of trapezoid CLMB are 5 and 7,

respectively, find the measure of base LM . Prove your result.

A
L M
D
E
node05\B0AI-B0\CBSE\RMO & INMO Module\Volume - 2\04-Geometry.p65

C B

3. The measure of a line segment PC , perpendicular to hypotenuse AC of right DABC, is equal to the measure

of leg BC . Show BP may be perpendicular or parallel to the bisector of ÐA.

4. Given that ABCD is a square, CF bisects ÐACD, and BPQ is perpendicular to CF (fig), prove DQ = 2 PE.

47
RMO/INMO
ALLEN
5. In any DABC, D, E, and F are midpoints of the sides AC , AB , and BC , respectively (fig.). BG is an altitude
of DABC. Prove that ÐEGF @ ÐEDF.
C

G
D F

A E B
6. Prove that the sum of the measures of the perpendiculars from any point on a side of a rectangle to the
diagonals is constant.
7. Prove that the line segment joining the midpoints of two opposite sides of any quadrilateral bisects the line
segment joining the midpoints of the diagonals.
suuuuur
8. In any DABC, CPQ is any line through C, interior to DABC (fig.). BP is perpendicular to line CPQ , AQ is

perpendicular to line CPQ , and M is the midpoint of AB . Prove that MP = MQ.

C

P B
M
A
Q

9. If a square is drawn externally on each side of a parallelogram, prove that

(a) the quadrilateral determined by the centers of these squares is itself a square
(b) the diagonals of the newly formed square are concurrent with the diagonals of the original parallelogram.
10. In DABC, DE ½½ BC , FE ½½ DC , AF = 4, and FD = 6 (fig.). Find DB.
A
H
F G

D E

B C
11. In DABC, BE is a median and O is the midpoint of BE . Draw AO and extend it to meet BC at D. Draw CO
and extend it to meet BA at F. If CO = 15, OF = 5, and AO = 12, find the measure of OD .
node05\B0AI-B0\CBSE\RMO & INMO Module\Volume - 2\04-Geometry.p65

12. AM is the median to side BC of DABC, and P is any point on AM.BP extended meets AC at E, and CP

extended meets AB at D. Prove that DE is parallel to BC .

13. In DABC, altitude BE is extended to G so that EG = the measure of altitude CF . A line through G and parallel
suur
to AC meets BA at H, as in (fig.). Prove that AH = AC.

48
 Mathematics
ALLEN
14. A line segment AB is divided by points K and L in such a way that (AL) 2 = (AK)(AB) (fig.) A line segment AP is
drawn congruent to AL. Prove that PL bisects ÐKPB.

A K L B
15. Prove that the measure of the segent passing through the point of intersection of the diagonals of a trapeziod
and parallel to the bases with its endpoints on the legs, is the harmonic mean between the measures of the
parallel sides. The harmonic mean of two numbers is defined as the reciprocal of the average of the reciprocals
-1
æ a -1 + b-1 ö 2ab
of two numbers. The harmonic mean between a and b is equal to çç ÷÷ = .
è 2 ø a+b

16. In any DABC, E is any point on altitude AD (see fig.). Prove that (AC)2 – (CE)2 = (AB)2 – (EB)2.
A

C D B
17. On sides AB and DC of rectangle ABCD, points F and E are chosen so that AFCE is a rhombus (fig.) If
AB = 16 and BC = 12, find EF.
F
A B

C
D E
18. If the measures of two sides and the included angle of a triangle are 7, 50 , and 135, respectively, find the
measure of the segment joining the midpoints of the two given sides.
19. In quadrilateral ABCD, AB = 9, BC = 12, CD = 13, DA = 14, and diagonal AC = 15 (fig.) Perpendiculars are
node05\B0AI-B0\CBSE\RMO & INMO Module\Volume - 2\04-Geometry.p65

drawn from B and D to AC, meeting AC at points P and Q, respectively. Find PQ.

49
RMO/INMO
ALLEN
20. A right triangle contains a 60° angle. If the measure of the hypotenuse is 4, find the distance from the point of
intersection of the 2 legs of the triangle to the point of intersection of the angle bisectors.
21. For DABC with medians AD, BE, and CF, let m = AD + BE + CF, and let s = AB + BC + CA. Prove that
3 3
s > m > s.
2 4
22. Two tangents from an external point P are drawn to a circle, meeting the circle at points A and B. A third
uuur uuur
tangent meets the circle at T, and tangents PA and PB at points Q and R, respectively. Find the perimeter p
of DPQR.
uuur uuur
23. From an external point P, tangents PA and PB are drawn to a circle. From a point Q on the major (or minor)
» perpendiculars are drawn to AB, uuuu r uuur
arc AB, PA, and PB. Prove that the perpendicular to AB is the mean
proportional between the other two perpendiculars.
24. Square ABCD is inscribed in a circle. Point E is on the circle. If AB = 8, find the value of
(AE)2 + (BE)2 + (CE)2 + (DE)2.
25. Chord CD is drawn so that its midpoint is 3 inches from the center of a circle with a radius of 6 inches. From A,
» any chord AB is drawn intersecting CD in M. Let v be the range of values of
the midpoint of minor arc CD,
(AB)(AM), as chord AB is made to rotate in the circle about the fixed point A. find v.

26. DABC is inscribed in a circle with diameter AD . A tangent to the circle at D cuts AB extended at E and AC
extended at F. If AB = 4, AC = 6, and BE = 8, find CF.
27. Two circles intersect in A and B, and the measure of the common chord AB is 10. The line joining the centers cuts
the circles in P and Q. If PQ = 3 and the measure of the radius of one circle is 13, find the radius of the other circle.
28. The altitudes of DABC meet at O. BC , the base of the triangle, has a measure of 16. The circumcircle of DABC
has a diameter with a measure of 20. Find AO.
29. A circle, center O, is circumscribed about DABC, a triangle in which ÐC is obtuse (fig.) With OC as diameter, a
circle is drawn intersecting AB in D and D’. If AD = 3, and DB = 4, find CD.
C

D B
D'
A
O

30. Prove that the sum of the squares of the measure of the segments made by two perpendicular chords is equal to
the square of the measure of the diameter of the given circle.
31.
node05\B0AI-B0\CBSE\RMO & INMO Module\Volume - 2\04-Geometry.p65

From point A on the common internal tangent of tangent circles O and O’, secants AEB and ADC are drawn,
respectively (fig.) If DE is the common external tangent, and points C and B are collinear with the centers of the
circles, prove
A

D 1
G
E

2
C B
O' P O

(a) m Ð 1 = m Ð2, and (b) ÐA is a right angle.

50
 Mathematics
ALLEN
32. A circle is inscribed in a triangle whose sides are 10, 10, and 12 units in measure (fig.) A second, smaller circle
is inscribed tangent to the first circle and to the equal sides of the triangle. Find the measure of the radius of the
second circle.
A

D
O

E
O

B F C
33. AB is a diameter of circle O, as shown in (fig.) Two circles are drawn with AO and OB as diameters. In the
region between the circumferences, a circle D is inscribed, tangent to the three previous circles. If the measure
of the radius of circle D is 8, find AB.
C

A B
E O F

34. Perpendiculars BD and CE are drawn from vertices B and C of DABC to the interior bisectors of angles C and
suur
B, meeting them at D and E, respectively (fig.) Prove that DE intersects AB and AC at their respective points
of tangency, F and G, with the circle that is inscribed in DABC.

G E
F
D

B C

1 1
35. In equilateral DABC, D is chosen on AC so that AD = (AC), and E is chosen on BC so that CE = (BC).
node05\B0AI-B0\CBSE\RMO & INMO Module\Volume - 2\04-Geometry.p65

3 3

(fig.) BD and AE intersect at F. Prove that ÐCFB is a right angle.

C

D
F

A B
36. » prove that PB = PA + PC.
If equilateral DABC is inscribed in a circle, and a point P is chosen on minor arc AC,

51
RMO/INMO
ALLEN
37. As shown in (fig.), E is on AB and C is on FG. Prove Y ABCD is equal in area to Y EFGD.
E
A B
F

D C
G
suur suur
38. The distance from a point A to a line BC is 3. Two lines l and l', parallel to BC , divide DABC into three parts
of equal area. Find the distance between l and l'.
39. A circle O is tangent to the hypotenuse BC of isosceles right DABC. AB and AC are extended and are
tangent to circle O at E and F, respectively, as shown in (fig.) The area of the triangle is x 2. Find the area of the
circle.

40. In DABC, AB = 7, AC = 9. On AB, point D is taken so that BD = 3. DE is drawn cutting AC in E so that

quadrilateral BCED has 5/7 the area of DABC. Find CE.
41. Through D, a point on base BC of DABC, DE and DF are drawn parallel to sides AB and AC, respectively,
meeting AC at E and AB at F. If the area of DEDC is four times the area of DBFD, what is the ratio of the area
ea
of DAFE to the area of DABC?
42. Find the area of a triangle whose medians have measure 39, 42, 45.
43. In DABC, D is the midpoint of side BC, E is the midpoint of AD, F is the midpoint of BE, and G is the midpoint
of FC (fig.) What part of the area of DABC is the area of DEFG?

F G
node05\B0AI-B0\CBSE\RMO & INMO Module\Volume - 2\04-Geometry.p65

B D C
44. In ABCD, a line from C cuts diagonal BD in E and AB in F. If F is the midpoint of AB, and the area of
DBEC is 100, find the area of quadrilateral AFED.
45. » are drawn on RS,
» and TS,
RS is the diameter of a semicircle. Two smaller semicircles, RT » and their common
internal tangent AT intersects the large semicircle at A, as shown in (fig.) Find the ratio of the area of a
semicircle with radius AT to the area of the shaded region.

52
 Mathematics
ALLEN
46. Sides BA and CA of DABC are extended through A to form rhombuses BATR and CAKN (fig.) BN and RC,

intersecting at P, meet AB at S and AC at M. Draw MQ parallel to AB.

(a) Prove AMQS is a rhombus and
(b) Prove that the area of DBPC is equal to the area of quadrilateral ASPM.

47. In a triangle whose sides measure 5'', 6'', and 7'', point P is 2'' from the 5'' side and 3'' from the 6'' side. How far
is P from the 7'' side ?
48. Find the area of an equilateral triangle containing in its interior a point P, whose distances from the vertices of
the triangle are 3, 4, and 5.
49. If, on each side of a given triangle, an equilateral triangle is constructed externally, prove that the line segments
formed by joining a vertex of the given triangle with the remote vertex of the equilateral triangle drawn on the
side opposite it are congruent.
50. Prove that in any triangle the centroid trisects the line segment joining the center of the circumcircle and the
orthocenter (i.e. the point of intersection of the altitudes).

51. On side AB of square ABCD, right DABF, with hypotenuse AB, is drawn externally to the square. If AF = 6 and
BF = 8 find EF, where E is the point of intersection of the diagonals of the square.
52. If any circle passing through vertex A of parallelogram ABCD intersects side AB , and AD at points P and R,

respectively, and diagonal AC at point Q, prove that (AQ)(AC) = (AP)(AB) + (AR)(AD). (see fig.)

D C

R
Q

A P B

PA AC
53. » prove that
If isosceles DABC (AB = AC) is inscribed in a circle, and a point P is on BC, = , a
PB + PC BC
constant for the given triangle.
node05\B0AI-B0\CBSE\RMO & INMO Module\Volume - 2\04-Geometry.p65

54. » prove that PA + PC = PD .

If square ABCD is inscribed in a circle, and a point P is on BC,
PB + PD PA

55. » prove that PE + PF = PA + PB + PC + PD.

If regular hexagon ABCDEF is inscribed in a circle, and point P is on BC,

56. A line drawn from vertex A of equilateral DABC, meets BC at D and the circumcircle at P. Prove that

1 1 1
= + .
PD PB PC
57. A point P is chosen inside parallelogram ABCD such that ÐAPB is supplementary to ÐCPD. Prove that
(AB)(AD)= (BP)(DP) + (AP)(CP).

53
RMO/INMO
ALLEN
58. (Menelaus theorem) Points P, Q and R are taken on sides AC, AB and BC (extended if necessary) of DABC.

AQ BR CP
Prove that if these points are collinear, . . = -1. (see fig.)
QB RC PA

P
A
Q
Q
A P

B C R
B C R
59. Prove that the medians of any triangle are concurrent.
60. Prove that the interior angle bisectors of a triangle are concurrent.
suur suur
61. A circle through vertices B and C of DABC meets AB at P and AC at R. (fig.) If PR meets BC at Q, prove that

QC (RC)(AC)
= .
QB (PB)(AB)

A
R
P

C
Q B

62. Prove that a line drawn through the centroid, G, of DABC, cuts sides AB and AC at points M and N, respectively,
so that (AM)(NC) + (AN)(MB) = (AM)(AN).

E F
G N
M

B
P K C

63. Congruent line segments AE and AF are taken on sides AB and AC , respectively of DABC. The median AM
QE AC
intersects EF at point Q. Prove that = .
QF AB
node05\B0AI-B0\CBSE\RMO & INMO Module\Volume - 2\04-Geometry.p65

uuuur
64. Side AB of square ABCD is extended to P so that BP = 2(AB). With M, the midpoint of DC, BM is drawn
CR
meeting AC at Q. PQ meets BC at R. Find the ratio .
RB
A B P

Q
R

D M C

54
 Mathematics
ALLEN
uuur uuur uuur
65. Tangents to the circumcircle of DABC at points A, B, and C meet side BC, AC, and AB at points P, Q, and R,
respectively. Prove that points P, Q, and R are collinear.

suuur suur suuur

66. In DABC (fig.) P, Q, and R are the midpoints of the sides AB,BC, and AC. Lines AN, BL and CM are concurrent,
ent,
suur suur suuu
r suur
meeting the opposite sides in N, L, and M, respectively. If PL meets BC at J, MQ meets AC at I, and
suur suur
RN meets AB at H, prove that H, I, and J are collinear..

P
R
M L
B
C
H
I J
67. Prove that the three pairs of common external tangents to three circles, taken two at a time, meet in three
collinear points.
68. In DABC, where CD is the altitude to AB and P is any point on DC, AP meets CB at Q, and BP meets CA
at R. Prove that mÐRDC = m ÐQDC.
69. In DABC (fig.), L, M, and N are the feet of the altitudes from vertices A, B and C. Prove that the perpendiculars
from A, B, and C to MN,LN and LM, respectively, are concurrent.

A
node05\B0AI-B0\CBSE\RMO & INMO Module\Volume - 2\04-Geometry.p65

N P

Q
R

B L C
70. Prove that the feet of the perpendiculars drawn from any point on the circumcircle of a given triangle to the
sides of the triangle are collinear. (Simson’s Theorem).
suur suur
71. From point P on the circumcircle of DABC, perpendiculars PX,PY, and PZ are drawn to sides AC, AB, and
suur
BC, respectively. Prove that (PA)(PZ) = (PB)(PX).

55
RMO/INMO
ALLEN
72. In (fig.), right DABC, with right angle at A, is inscribed in circle O. The Simson Line of point P, with respect to
DABC, meets PA at M. Prove that MO is perpendicular to PA.

Z
A M
P

Y
C
B O X

73. P is any point on the circumcircle of cyclic quadrilateral ABCD. If PK,PL,PM, and PN are the perpendiculars
suur suur suur suur
from P to sides AB,BC,CD and DA , respectively, prove that (PK)(PM) = (PL)(PN).
74. The line joining the orthocenter of a given triangle with a point on the circumcircle of the triangle is bisected by
the Simson Line (with respect to that point).
75. If two triangles are inscribed in the same circle, a single point on the circumcircle determines a Simson Line for
each triangle. Prove that the angle formed by these two Simson Lines is constat, regardless of the position of the
point.
1
76. In DABC, point E is on AB , so that AE = EB. Find CE if AC = 4, CB = 5, and AB = 6.
2
77. Prove that the sum of the squares of the measures of the sides of a parallelogram equals the sum of the squares
of the measures of the diagonals.
78. The two shorter sides of a triangle measure 9 and 18. If the internal angle bisector drawn to the longest side
measures 8, find the measure of the longest side of the triangle.
79. In a 30-60-90 right triangle, if the measure of the hypotenuse is 4, find the distance from the vertex of the right
angle to the point of intersection of the angle bisectors.
80. ABC be any triangle having area 2 cm2, sides BC, CA and AB are produced to the points D, E and F respectively
such that BC = CD; CA = AE and AB = BF. Then find the area of triangle DEF.
81. ln triangle ABC, the medians AD = 27cm, and BE = 24cm and if they are perpendicular to each other find the
area of the triangle ABC.
82. The reflection of the centre M of a square ABCD with respect to C is denoted by E. The intersection of the
circum circle of the triangle BDE with AM is denoted by S. Show that S is the midpoint of AM.
83. PQRS is a rhombus such that PQ = QR = RS = SP = QS = 6cm and T is a point such that TP = TR = 14cm then
find the length of ST.
84. ABC is a triangle in which ÐB = 120°. On AC at the opposite side of the triangle, an equilateral triangle ACD
is described. Show that DB bisects ÐB and DB = AB + BC.
node05\B0AI-B0\CBSE\RMO & INMO Module\Volume - 2\04-Geometry.p65

85. ABC is a triangle. On AB a point M is taken so that AM= 1/3 AB. BC is bisected in N. AN, CM intersect at R.
Show that MR=l/4 MC.
86. ABCD is a square and let P be any interior point and M, N are the two points on the sides AB, BC respectively
such that MB = BN = 2cm and area of MBNP = 8 cm2. And R, Q are the two points on the sides CD, DA
respectively such that QD = DR = 2 and area of QDRP = 6cm 2. Find the area of square ABCD.
87. Two circle touch internally at M. A straight line touches the inner circle at P and cuts the outer circle at Q and R.
Prove that ÐQMP = ÐRMP.
88. The points Q, R lie on the circle C1, and P is a point such that PQ, PR are tangents to C 1. A is a point on the
extension of PQ and C2 is the circum circle of triangle PAR. The circle C 2 cuts C1 again at B, and AR cuts C1 at
the point C. Prove that ÐPAR= ÐABC.
89. ABCD is a rectangle whose area is 80cm2. On AB and AD two isosceles triangles area described outwardly.
Then prove that area of [BAQ] + area [CBP] = 1/2 area [ABCD].

56
 Mathematics
ALLEN
90. Given triangle ABC with AB < AC. The line passing though B parallel to AC meets external angular bisector of
ÐBAC at D. The line passing through C parallel to AB meets this bisector at E. Point F lies on the side AC such
that FC = AB. Prove that DF = FE.
91. A circle passes through a vertex C of a rectangle ABCD and touches its sides AB and AD at M and N respectively.
If the distance from C to the line segment MN is equal to 5 units. Find the area of rectangle ABCD.
92. Let P be an interior point of triangle ABC and let BP and CP meet AC and AB in E and F respectively. If [BPF]
= 4; [BPC] = 8 and [CPE] = 13 then find [ABC]. {[ ] represents area}.
93. Let ABCD be a square and M, N be the points on the sides AB, BC respectively such that ÐMDN = 45° If R is
the midpoint of MN show that RP = RQ. Where P, Q are the points of intersection of AC with the lines MD, ND.
94. Two congruent circles touching each other at Q. A circle of radius double the radius of the circles is drawn such
a way that it touches one of the circles at P and intersects the other at R. Prove that P, Q, R are collinear.
95. The internal bisector of angle A in triangle ABC with AC > AB meets the circum circle of the ABC at D. Join D
to the centre O of the circum circle and suppose DO meets AC at E possibly when extended. Given that BE is
perpendicular to AD. Show that AO is parallel to BD.
96. A median BK, an angular bisector BE and an altitude AD are drawn in a triangle ABC. Find the side AC if it is
known that the line BK and BE divide the line segment AD into 3 equal parts and if AB = 4cm. Find the length
of AC.
97. 'P' is any interior point of triangle ABC; 3 lines through 'P' are drawn respectively parallel to the 3 sides so that
3 small triangles formed. In the areas of 3 triangles so formed are 4, 9 and 16 unit in any order. Then find the
area of triangle ABC.
98. ABCD is a square. From the vertex D a line is drawn inside the square making an angle 25° with AD and from
the opposite vertex B another line is drawn making an angle 20° with AB; let they both meet at 'P'. Then find
ÐBPC.
99. Let ABCD be a rectangle with BC = 3AB. If P, Q are two points on BC such that BP = PQ = QC then show that
ÐDBC+ ÐDPC = ÐDQC.
100. ABCD is a square. BEFG is another square is drawn with common vertex B such that vertices E, F falls inside the
square ABCD. Then Show that DF= AE. 2 .
101. Let ABC be an acute angled triangle with the property that the bisector of the ÐBAC, the altitude through B and
the perpendicular bisector of AB intersects in one point. Determine the ÐBAC.
102. Let ABC be a triangle with the right angle at C such that the side BC is longer than the side AC. The perpendicular
bisector of AB intersects the line BC in D and the line AC in E we assume that DE and side AB have the same
length. Determine the angles of the triangle ABC.
103. ABC is a right angled triangle at B. On AB and BC two squares ABDE, BCGH are described outside the triangle.
From E, G two perpendiculars EL, GK are drawn to AC produced. Show that AC = EL + GK.
104. Let ABC be a triangle with circum circle C. Let M be a point in the interior of triangle ABC which is also on the
bisector of ÐA. Let AM, BM and CM meet C in D, E and F respectively. Suppose P is the point of intersection
of DF with AB and Q is the point of intersection of DE with AC. Prove that PQ//BC.
105. In the square ABCD; E is a n interior point such that ÐAED = 90°, and F is a point on DE such that ÐCFD = 90.
node05\B0AI-B0\CBSE\RMO & INMO Module\Volume - 2\04-Geometry.p65

AF meets CD at G, CE meets DA at H. Lines GH and CF meets at N, GH and AE meet at M. Then prove that
GN = HM.
106. ABC is an isosceles triangle in which the vertical angle A = 20°. From B a straight line BD is drawn to subtend
an angle of 60° with BC and meets AC at D. From C another straight line CF is drawn to subtend an angle of 50°
with BC and meets AB at F. DF is joined and produced to meet CB produced in G. Show that BD = DG.
107. Let ABC be a triangle. A circle passing through A & B intersects segments AC and BC at D and E respectively.
Rays BA and ED intersect at F while lines BD and CF intersect at M. If MF = MC then prove that MB. MD = MC 2.
108. Triangle ABC has orthocentre H. The feet perpendiculars from H to the internal and external bisectors of
ÐA are P & Q respectively. Prove that Q, P and the midpoint of side BC are collinear.
109. Let ABC be a triangle. Let D, E be the midpoints of the sides AB and AC respectively. Let P be the intersection
point of circum circle of DABE and DADC other than A. Let Q be the point of intersection of line AP with circum
circle of DADE. Prove that 2AP = 3AQ.
57
RMO/INMO
ALLEN
110. Let D and E lie on the sides BC and AC respectively of DABC such that BD = AE. The line joining the circum
centres of triangles ADC and BEC meets the lines AC and BC at K and L respectively. Then prove that
KC = LC.
111. E is the mid-point of segment AD, which is drawn through A to meet the side BC of the equilateral triangle ABC
at any point D. Show that AE < CE.
112. In DABC, straight lines are drawn from the vertices B, C to intersect at a point O within the triangle. Prove that
(i) AB + AC > OB + OC. (ii) ÐBOC > ÐBAC.
(iii) AB + AC – [OB + OC] < 2 × OA.
113. Square ABCD is divided into two parts by the diagonal AC. Show that if O is any point within triangle ABC, then
OB < OD.
114. Suppose ABCD is a rectangle and P, Q, R, S are points on the sides AB, BC, CD, DA respectively. Show that

PQ + QR + RS + SP > 2 × AC.
4
115. In DABC, ma + mb +mc < a + b + c < (m + mb + mc).
3 a
116. A hexagon inscribed in a circle has three consecutive sides of length a and three consecutive sides of lengths b.
Determine the radius of the circle.
117. If a quadrilateral ABCD circumscribes a circle, show that AB + CD = BC + DA. Conversely, show that if a
convex quadrilateral ABCD is such that AB + CD = BC + DA, then a circle can be inscribed in the quadrilateral.
118. A quadrilateral inscribes a circle and it also circumscribes another circle. If the sides of the quadrilateral are a, b,
c, d, show that the area of the quadrilateral is abcd.
119. ABCD is a square. E is a point inside the square such that m ÐEBC = mÐECB = 15°. Show that DAED is
equilateral.
120. Let ABCD be a parallelogram and P be a point inside the parallelogram such that ÐAPB + ÐCPD = 180° .
Then prove that AP × CP + BP × DP = AB × BC.
121. Two circles of radii a and b touch each other externally and they also touch a line. A circle of radius c is inscribed
1 1 1
in the region in between the circles and the line to touch the both the circles and the line. Show that = + .
c a b

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58