CHAPTER 1

WRITE A FUNCTION:
 =
 Name of the function
 Arguments of the function ()
SUM, AVERAGE, MIN, MAX
=SUM (C1:C5)
=AVERAGE (C1:C5)
=MAX (C1:C5)
=MIN (C1:C5)
=ROUND (A2,2)  the number is rounded to a decimal point
=ABS (A2)  returns the absolute value of a number
COUNTA, COUNT and COUNTERBLANK FUNCTIONS
=COUNTA (A1:A20)  it returns the number of cells in a range
containing data
=COUNT (A1:A30)  it returns the number of cells in a range
containing numbers
=COUNTERBLANK  it returns the number of empty cells in a range
 (A1:A5)  it counts the empty cells in column A
 (1:5)  it counts the empty cells from row 1 to row 5
IF FUNCTION
= IF (logical_test; “value_if_true”; “value_if_false”)
Ex: =IF(C2>=24;”GOOD GRADE”;”FAIR GRADE”)
Ex: =IF(B2=MAX(B$2:B$22); “BEST PERFORMANCE”;””)
Ex: IF(E2>850,000;”excellent”; IF(E2<450,000”;”POOR”,”GOOD”))
CHART
+  add chart element  EX. adding a trendline
Pennello  format the graph
Create a secondary axis
 - Select the data series you want to add in the secondary axis
- Click on the right bottom of the mouse and select format data
series
- Display series options and choose secondary axis
- Clicking on the bar of the series and choosing change series
chart type  ex. add a line chart to the previous one
- Add a title  add chart element
OR insert combo chart

NESTED FUNCTION
Function used within the arguments of another function
Ex: =IF (B2>AVERAGE(B$2:B$22),B2*7%,B2*3%)
Ex: =IF (E2>850000,”EXCELLENT”, IF
(E2<450000,”POOR”,”GOOD”)
CUSTOM FORMATS
LIBRO PAG 27
CHAPTER 2
IMPORTING DATA INTO EXCEL
DATA CLEANING
 Format of files
o CSV  text file with data separated by a comma or a
semicolon
o TXT  similar to CSV
o HTML  web pages that may contain tables
o PDF
o ZIP  before they must be unzipped
o DOC, DOCX,PPT,PPTX
Ex of importing data from a website
 Go on YAHOO FINANCE
 SEARCH BAR  DISNEY
 LINK ‘HISTORICAL DATA’  INSERT THE TIMEPERIOD  APPLY
 TO IMPORT: TWO OPTIONS
 o DOWNLOAD THE DATA IN A FORMAT OF THOSE ABOVE 
import using TEXT IMPORT WIZARD
o COPY AND PASTE ALL
DOWNLOAD AND IMPORT WIZARD
 Open excel  DATA  GET EXTERNAL DATA  FROM TEXT
 Click on the file you need to import
 Follow three step procedure
1. First step: select the file type
 Delimited  a character separates the figures (ex. , ; )
 Fixed width  all figures have the same number of
characters separated by a space
2. Second step: indicate which is the delimiter
3. Third step: specify the data format of each column
a. Special cases  advanced bottom  ex. change the
decimal separator (if our data are imported from Europe
the separator is a comma, but maybe we want them
about the USA so we need to change the comma into a .
b. OR we can use the replace command in excel
4. Finish command  where to import data
RIGUARDA TUTTA LA PARTE DI FORMATTAZIONE  EX CANCELLA SPAZI NON
NECESSARI, FORMATTA NUMERI, ECC
NORMALIZATION
REMOVE DUPLICATES
 Select the list of values that you want to remove duplicates
 Data tab  remove duplicates button
CHAPTER 3
SUMPRODUCT FUNCTION
It returns the sum of the products of two or more arrays of equal
size
Uses:
- Total cost  cost of each * quantity
- Shipping cost  * number of boxes
SUMIF
Sum of cells in a range that meet a certain criteria
=SUMIF (RANGE, CRITERIA,(SUM_RANGE))
- Range  range of cells we want to evaluate by the criteria
- Criteria  to be applied to the cells of a certain range
- Sum_range  reference to the range of cells that contain the
values to be summed
SUMIFS
Same with more than one range and one criteria “”
AND FUNCTION
It returns true if the arguments are true
It returns false if the arguments are false
=AND (LOGICAL1,LOGICAL2)
OR FUNCTION
Returns true if at least one of the conditions is true and false if all
the specified conditions are false
=OR (LOGICAL1,LOGICAL2)
COUNTIF
Returns the number of cells in a range that meet a certain criteria
=COUNTIF (range,criteria)
- Range contains a refence to the range of cells to be counted
- Criteria contains the criterion to be considered “”
Ex. =COUNTIF(C2:C14, “TOP”)
AVERAGEIF
Returns the average of the cells in a range meeting a certain
criteria
=AVERAGEIF(RANGE,CRITERIA,(AVERAGE_RANGE)
Range  cells to which the criteria are applied
Criterion  criteria applied in the range
Average_range  cells on which the average is computed “”
Ex: =AVERAGEIF(E2:E14,”>10000”)
SUBTOTAL TOOL
It allows to insert some functions into a list such as SUM or
AVERAGE in order to calulate partial totals for groups of
homogeneous data
- The table must be properly sorted according to the column
that contains the values in which partial totals must be
inserted
CLICK ON SUBTOTAL
1. Select the heading of the column by which you want to insert
the subtotals in the cell “at each change in” insert the column
sorted
2. Select the function from those available in the Use function
box
3. In the “add subtotals to” box select the column to which the
function chosen should be applied
We have more levels of detail
- Level 3  all the data details
- Level 2  subtotals and general total
- Level 1  general total
To remove the subtotals  click again on the subtotal tool and click
on remove all option
PMT FUNCTION
It calculates the periodic payment (installment) for a loan or a
mortgage based on constant payments and a constant fixed
interest rate
The following information is needed:
- The principal
- The fixed interest rate applied to the loan
- The term of the loan
- Decide on periodic payments (at the beginning or at the end of
the period)
The function has 5 arguments:
1. Rate  interest rate for a single period
2. Nper  total term of the loan expressed as the total number of
payments to be made in order to pay back the principal
3. PV  present value of the payments to be made
 4. Fv  possible part of the principal still to be paid after the last
payment has been made
5. Type  contains either 0 (at the end) or 1 (at the beginning)
!!! remember to divide the rate for the period of time assigned and
to multiply the nper arguments
Tot cash outlay
Consider
- The principal
- The interest payments
Multiply the constant installment * total number of installments
FV
It computes the future value of investment based on the periodic
payments * a constant fixed interest rate
It competes the amount obtained at the end of the investment after
all the periodic payments that have been invested at a fixed
interest rate
The following information is needed:
- Fixed interest rate applied to the investment
- The length of the investment
- The amount of constant periodic payments
- When periodic payments are made
Arguments:
- Rate  interest rate (return rate) for a single period
- Nper  tot length of the investment expressed as the total
number of payments to be made
- Pmt  amount of constant payments to be made
- Pv  possible payment that might be made at the beginning
of investment in addition to others
- Type  if the payments are made at the beginning or at the
end of the period
GOAL SEEK
Understand which value of a cell should contain in order to get a
specific value as a result of a formula contained in a second cell
 It assigns different values to the variable until it finds a solution
that meets the specific parameters
ARGUMENTS:
- Set cell  enter the reference to the cell containing the
formula to which we want to impose a particular outcome 
where the PMT function is inserted
- To value  content to the value that we want to obtain from
the PMT function
- By changing cell  reference to the cell that contains the
variable that Goal seek must change until it finds the value for
which PMT function returns 13.500 in the example the
principal
 Set cell can contain both formula or function
 By changing cell must contain a numeric value (no formula or
function)
 No more than two cells can be involved
 It finds a solution but it might not be the only one
SCENARIOS
One of the possible variations in a model in which the partial and
final results are determined by a number of possible values
assigned to the variables
It gives the possibility to:
 Store groups of possible values assigned to different variables
in each scenario
 Show each scenario applying it when desired to the model in
the spreadsheet showing the effect of simultaneous variation
of one or more variables
 Produce a summary table to compare the different scenarios
ARGUMENTS:
- Click on add buttom
- Type the name of the scenario
- Type the changing cells field (adding $)
- Insert the scenario values in the box that appears after
Then you can:
 Add a new scenario
 Remove a scenario
  Change the values or references (Edit button)
 Merge with those of other worksheets
 Show button to show the values of scenario directly in the
worksheet
Create a detailed data report  SUMMARY
In the result cells put the references to the cells that contain these
parameters separated by a ,
Excel calculates the results of the scenarios compared with current
data
It contains the reference to:
- Changing cells
- Results cells
- The following columns  compared scenarios and current
values
!!! for summary remember to name the cells  it cannot contain
space so use _