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Data Structures and Problem Solving Using Java 4th,
intern. Edition Weiss Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Weiss, Mark A.
ISBN(s): 9781292025766, 129202576X
Edition: 4th, intern.
File Details: PDF, 5.98 MB
Year: 2014
Language: english
 Data Structures and Problem Solving Using Java Weiss 4e
Data Structures and Problem Solving
ISBN 978-1-29202-576-6
Using Java
Mark A. Weiss
9 781292 025766 Fourth Edition
Data Structures and Problem Solving
Using Java
Mark A. Weiss
Fourth Edition
Pearson Education Limited
Edinburgh Gate
Harlow
Essex CM20 2JE
England and Associated Companies throughout the world

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© Pearson Education Limited 2014

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
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 P E A R S O N C U S T O M L I B R A R Y

Table of Contents

1. Primitive Java
Mark Allen Weiss 1
2. Reference Types
Mark Allen Weiss 25
3. Objects and Classes
Mark Allen Weiss 67
4. Inheritance
Mark Allen Weiss 107
5. Algorithm Analysis
Mark Allen Weiss 183
6. The Collections API
Mark Allen Weiss 225
7. Recursion
Mark Allen Weiss 289
8. Sorting Algorithms
Mark Allen Weiss 347
9. Randomization
Mark Allen Weiss 389
10. Fun and Games
Mark Allen Weiss 415
11. Stacks and Compilers
Mark Allen Weiss 437
12. Utilities
Mark Allen Weiss 467
13. Graphs and Paths
Mark Allen Weiss 501

I
 14. Inner Classes and Implementation of ArrayList
Mark Allen Weiss 545
15. Stacks and Queues
Mark Allen Weiss 567
16. Linked Lists
Mark Allen Weiss 591
17. Trees
Mark Allen Weiss 623
18. Binary Search Trees
Mark Allen Weiss 659
19. Hash Tables
Mark Allen Weiss 745
20. A Priority Queue: The Binary Heap
Mark Allen Weiss 779
21. Splay Trees
Mark Allen Weiss 813
22. Merging Priority Queues
Mark Allen Weiss 841
23. The Disjoint Set Class
Mark Allen Weiss 863
Appendix: Operators
Mark Allen Weiss 897
Appendix: Graphical User Interfaces
Mark Allen Weiss 899
Appendix: Bitwise Operations
Mark Allen Weiss 929
Index 933

II
primitive java

T he primary focus of this text is problem-solving techniques that allow the

construction of sophisticated, time-efficient programs. Nearly all of the mate-
rial discussed is applicable in any programming language. Some would argue
that a broad pseudocode description of these techniques could suffice to dem-
onstrate concepts. However, we believe that working with live code is vitally
important.
There is no shortage of programming languages available. This text uses
Java, which is popular both academically and commercially.
We begin by discussing the part of the language that mirrors a 1970s pro-
gramming language such as Pascal or C. This includes primitive types, basic oper-
ations, conditional and looping constructs, and the Java equivalent of functions.
In this chapter, we will see

n Some of the basics of Java, including simple lexical elements

n The Java primitive types, including some of the operations that
primitive-typed variables can perform

From Chapter 1 of Data Structures & Problem Solving Using Java™, Fourth Edition,
Mark Allen Weiss. Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Published by Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.

1
 primitive java

n How conditional statements and loop constructs are implemented in

Java
n An introduction to the static method—the Java equivalent of the
function and procedure that is used in non-object-oriented languages

1 the general environment

How are Java application programs entered, compiled, and run? The answer,
of course, depends on the particular platform that hosts the Java compiler.
javac compiles Java source code resides in files whose names end with the .java suffix.
.java files and gen- The local compiler, javac, compiles the program and generates .class files,
erates .class files
containing which contain bytecode. Java bytecodes represent the portable intermediate
bytecode. java language that is interpreted by running the Java interpreter, java. The inter-
invokes the Java
interpreter (which is
preter is also known as the Virtual Machine.
also known as the For Java programs, input can come from one of many places:
Virtual Machine).
n The terminal, whose input is denoted as standard input
n Additional parameters in the invocation of the Virtual Machine—
command-line arguments
n A GUI component
n A file

Command-line arguments are particularly important for specifying pro-

gram options. Java provides mechanisms to read and write files. Many operat-
ing systems provide an alternative known as file redirection, in which the
operating system arranges to take input from (or send output to) a file in a
manner that is transparent to the running program. On Unix (and also from an
MS/DOS window), for instance, the command

java Program < inputfile > outputfile

automatically arranges things so that any terminal reads are redirected to

come from inputfile and terminal writes are redirected to go to outputfile.

2
 primitive java

2 the first program

Let us begin by examining the simple Java program shown in Figure 1. This pro-
gram prints a short phrase to the terminal. Note the line numbers shown on the left
of the code are not part of the program. They are supplied for easy reference.
Place the program in the source file FirstProgram.java and then compile
and run it. Note that the name of the source file must match the name of the
class (shown on line 4), including case conventions. If you are using the JDK,
the commands are1

javac FirstProgram.java
java FirstProgram

2.1 comments
Java has three forms of comments. The first form, which is inherited from C,
begins with the token /* and ends with */. Here is an example:

/* This is a
two-line comment */

Comments do not nest.

The second form, which is inherited from C++, begins with the token //. Comments make
There is no ending token. Rather, the comment extends to the end of the line. code easier for
humans to read.
This is shown on lines 1 and 2 in Figure 1. Java has three
The third form begins with /** instead of /*. This form can be used to forms of comments.
provide information to the javadoc utility, which will generate documentation
from comments.

1 // First program figure 1

2 // MW, 5/1/10 A simple first program
3
4 public class FirstProgram
5 {
6 public static void main( String [ ] args )
7 {
8 System.out.println( "Is there anybody out there?" );
9 }
10 }

1. If you are using Sun’s JDK, javac and java are used directly. Otherwise, in a typical interac-
tive development environment (IDE), such as Netbeans or Eclipse these commands are
executed behind the scenes on your behalf.

3
 primitive java

Comments exist to make code easier for humans to read. These humans
include other programmers who may have to modify or use your code, as well
as yourself. A well-commented program is a sign of a good programmer.

2.2 main
When the program A Java program consists of a collection of interacting classes, which contain
is run, the special methods. The Java equivalent of the function or procedure is the static
method main is
invoked. method, which is described in Section 6. When any program is run, the special
static method main is invoked. Line 6 of Figure 1 shows that the static method
main is invoked, possibly with command-line arguments. The parameter types
of main and the void return type shown are required.

2.3 terminal output

println is used to The program in Figure 1 consists of a single statement, shown on line 8.
perform output. println is the primary output mechanism in Java. Here, a constant string is
placed on the standard output stream System.out by applying a println
method. For now we mention only that the same syntax is used to perform
output for any entity, whether that entity is an integer, floating point, string, or
some other type.

3 primitive types
Java defines eight primitive types. It also allows the programmer great flexi-
bility to define new types of objects, called classes. However, primitive types
and user-defined types have important differences in Java. In this section, we
examine the primitive types and the basic operations that can be performed on
them.

3.1 the primitive types

Java’s primitive Java has eight primitive types, shown in Figure 2. The most common is the
types are integer, integer, which is specified by the keyword int. Unlike with many other lan-
floating-point, Bool-
ean, and character. guages, the range of integers is not machine-dependent. Rather, it is the same
in any Java implementation, regardless of the underlying computer architec-
ture. Java also allows entities of types byte, short, and long. These are known
The Unicode stan- as integral types. Floating-point numbers are represented by the types float
dard contains over and double. double has more significant digits, so use of it is recommended
30,000 distinct
coded characters
over use of float. The char type is used to represent single characters. A char
covering the princi- occupies 16 bits to represent the Unicode standard. The Unicode standard
pal written contains over 30,000 distinct coded characters covering the principal written
languages.

4
 primitive java

figure 2
Primitive Type What It Stores Range
The eight primitive
byte 8-bit integer –128 to 127 types in Java

short 16-bit integer –32,768 to 32,767

int 32-bit integer –2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647

long 64-bit integer –263 to 263 – 1

float 32-bit floating-point 6 significant digits ( 10–46, 1038 )

double 64-bit floating-point 15 significant digits ( 10–324, 10308 )

char Unicode character

boolean Boolean variable false and true

languages. The low end of Unicode is identical to ASCII. The final primitive
type is boolean, which is either true or false.

3.2 constants
Integer constants can be represented in either decimal, octal, or hexadecimal nota- Integer constants
tion. Octal notation is indicated by a leading 0; hexadecimal is indicated by a lead- can be repre-
sented in either
ing 0x or 0X. The following are all equivalent ways of representing the integer 37: decimal, octal, or
37, 045, 0x25. Octal integers are not used in this text. However, we must be aware of hexadecimal
notation.
them so that we use leading 0s only when we intend to. We use hexadecimals in
only one place, and we will revisit them at that point.
A character constant is enclosed with a pair of single quotation marks, as in A string constant
'a'. Internally, this character sequence is interpreted as a small number. The output consists of a
sequence of char-
routines later interpret that small number as the corresponding character. A string acters enclosed by
constant consists of a sequence of characters enclosed within double quotation double quotes.
marks, as in "Hello". There are some special sequences, known as escape sequences,
that are used (for instance, how does one represent a single quotation mark?). In this
text we use '\n', '\\', '\'', and '\"', which mean, respectively, the newline charac- Escape sequences
ter, backslash character, single quotation mark, and double quotation mark. are used to repre-
sent certain char-
acter constants.
3.3 declaration and initialization
of primitive types
Any variable, including those of a primitive type, is declared by providing its A variable is named
name, its type, and optionally, its initial value. The name must be an identifier. by using an
identifier.
An identifier may consist of any combination of letters, digits, and the under-
score character; it may not start with a digit, however. Reserved words, such

5
 primitive java

as int, are not allowed. Although it is legal to do so, you should not reuse
identifier names that are already visibly used (for example, do not use main as
the name of an entity).
Java is case- Java is case-sensitive, meaning that Age and age are different identifiers.
sensitive. This text uses the following convention for naming variables: All variables
start with a lowercase letter and new words start with an uppercase letter. An
example is the identifier minimumWage.
Here are some examples of declarations:

int num3; // Default initialization

double minimumWage = 4.50; // Standard initialization
int x = 0, num1 = 0; // Two entities are declared
int num2 = num1;

A variable should be declared near its first use. As will be shown, the
placement of a declaration determines its scope and meaning.

3.4 terminal input and output

Basic formatted terminal I/O is accomplished by nextLine and println. The
standard input stream is System.in, and the standard output stream is
System.out.
The basic mechanism for formatted I/O uses the String type. For output,
+ combines two Strings. If the second argument is not a String, a tempo-
rary String is created for it if it is a primitive type. These conversions to
String can also be defined for objects. For input, we associate a Scanner
object with System.in. Then a String or a primitive type can be read.

4 basic operators
This section describes some of the operators available in Java. These opera-
tors are used to form expressions. A constant or entity by itself is an expres-
sion, as are combinations of constants and variables with operators. An
expression followed by a semicolon is a simple statement. In Section 5, we
examine other types of statements, which introduce additional operators.

6
 primitive java

4.1 assignment operators

A simple Java program that illustrates a few operators is shown in Figure 3.
The basic assignment operator is the equals sign. For example, on line 16 the
variable a is assigned the value of the variable c (which at that point is 6). Sub-
sequent changes to the value of c do not affect a. Assignment operators can be
chained, as in z=y=x=0.
Another assignment operator is the +=, whose use is illustrated on line 18 Java provides a
of the figure. The += operator adds the value on the right-hand side (of the += host of assignment
operators, includ-
operator) to the variable on the left-hand side. Thus, in the figure, c is incre- ing =, +=,
mented from its value of 6 before line 18, to a value of 14. -=, *=, and /=.
Java provides various other assignment operators, such as -=, *=, and /=,
which alter the variable on the left-hand side of the operator via subtraction,
multiplication, and division, respectively.

1 public class OperatorTest figure 3

2 { Program that
3 // Program to illustrate basic operators illustrates operators
4 // The output is as follows:
5 // 12 8 6
6 // 6 8 6
7 // 6 8 14
8 // 22 8 14
9 // 24 10 33
10
11 public static void main( String [ ] args )
12 {
13 int a = 12, b = 8, c = 6;
14
15 System.out.println( a + " " + b + " " + c );
16 a = c;
17 System.out.println( a + " " + b + " " + c );
18 c += b;
19 System.out.println( a + " " + b + " " + c );
20 a = b + c;
21 System.out.println( a + " " + b + " " + c );
22 a++;
23 ++b;
24 c = a++ + ++b;
25 System.out.println( a + " " + b + " " + c );
26 }
27 }

7
 primitive java

4.2 binary arithmetic operators

Java provides sev- Line 20 in Figure 3 illustrates one of the binary arithmetic operators that are
eral binary arith- typical of all programming languages: the addition operator (+). The + opera-
metic operators,
including +, -, *, tor causes the values of b and c to be added together; b and c remain
/, and %. unchanged. The resulting value is assigned to a. Other arithmetic operators
typically used in Java are -, *, /, and %, which are used, respectively, for sub-
traction, multiplication, division, and remainder. Integer division returns only
the integral part and discards any remainder.
As is typical, addition and subtraction have the same precedence, and this
precedence is lower than the precedence of the group consisting of the multi-
plication, division, and mod operators; thus 1+2*3 evaluates to 7. All of these
operators associate from left to right (so 3-2-2 evaluates to –1). All operators
have precedence and associativity.

4.3 unary operators

Several unary oper- In addition to binary arithmetic operators, which require two operands, Java
ators are defined, provides unary operators, which require only one operand. The most familiar
including -.
of these is the unary minus, which evaluates to the negative of its operand.
Thus -x returns the negative of x.
Autoincrement and Java also provides the autoincrement operator to add 1 to a variable—
autodecrement add denoted by ++ —and the autodecrement operator to subtract 1 from a variable—
1 and subtract 1,
respectively. The denoted by --. The most benign use of this feature is shown on lines 22 and
operators for doing 23 of Figure 3. In both lines, the autoincrement operator ++ adds 1 to the
this are ++ and --.
There are two
value of the variable. In Java, however, an operator applied to an expression
forms of increment- yields an expression that has a value. Although it is guaranteed that the vari-
ing and decrement- able will be incremented before the execution of the next statement, the
ing: prefix and
postfix. question arises: What is the value of the autoincrement expression if it is
used in a larger expression?
In this case, the placement of the ++ is crucial. The semantics of ++x is
that the value of the expression is the new value of x. This is called the prefix
increment. In contrast, x++ means the value of the expression is the original
value of x. This is called the postfix increment. This feature is shown in line 24
of Figure 3. a and b are both incremented by 1, and c is obtained by adding the
original value of a to the incremented value of b.

The type conversion 4.4 type conversions

operator is used to
generate a tempo- The type conversion operator is used to generate a temporary entity of a new
rary entity of a new
type. type. Consider, for instance,

8
 primitive java

double quotient;
int x = 6;
int y = 10;
quotient = x / y; // Probably wrong!

The first operation is the division, and since x and y are both integers, the result is
integer division, and we obtain 0. Integer 0 is then implicitly converted to a double
so that it can be assigned to quotient. But we had intended quotient to be assigned
0.6. The solution is to generate a temporary variable for either x or y so that the
division is performed using the rules for double. This would be done as follows:

quotient = ( double ) x / y;

Note that neither x nor y are changed. An unnamed temporary is created, and
its value is used for the division. The type conversion operator has higher pre-
cedence than division does, so x is type-converted and then the division is per-
formed (rather than the conversion coming after the division of two ints being
performed).

5 conditional statements
This section examines statements that affect the flow of control: conditional
statements and loops. As a consequence, new operators are introduced.

5.1 relational and equality operators

The basic test that we can perform on primitive types is the comparison. This
is done using the equality and inequality operators, as well as the relational
operators (less than, greater than, and so on).
In Java, the equality operators are == and !=. For example, In Java, the
equality operators
leftExpr==rightExpr are == and !=.

evaluates to true if leftExpr and rightExpr are equal; otherwise, it evaluates to

false. Similarly,

leftExpr!=rightExpr

evaluates to true if leftExpr and rightExpr are not equal and to false
otherwise.
The relational operators are <, <=, >, and >=. These have natural meanings The relational
for the built-in types. The relational operators have higher precedence than the operators are <, <=,
>, and >=.
equality operators. Both have lower precedence than the arithmetic operators

9
 primitive java

but higher precedence than the assignment operators, so the use of parenthe-
ses is frequently unnecessary. All of these operators associate from left to
right, but this fact is useless: In the expression a<b<6, for example, the first <
generates a boolean and the second is illegal because < is not defined for bool-
eans. The next section describes the correct way to perform this test.

5.2 logical operators

Java provides logi- Java provides logical operators that are used to simulate the Boolean algebra
cal operators that concepts of AND, OR, and NOT. These are sometimes known as conjunction,
are used to simu-
late the Boolean disjunction, and negation, respectively, whose corresponding operators are &&,
algebra concepts of ||, and !. The test in the previous section is properly implemented as a<b &&
AND, OR, and NOT.
b<6. The precedence of conjunction and disjunction is sufficiently low that
The corresponding
operators are &&, ||, parentheses are not needed. && has higher precedence than ||, while ! is
and !. grouped with other unary operators (and is thus highest of the three). The
operands and results for the logical operators are boolean. Figure 4 shows the
result of applying the logical operators for all possible inputs.
Short-circuit evalu- One important rule is that && and || are short-circuit evaluation operations.
ation means that if Short-circuit evaluation means that if the result can be determined by examining
the result of a logi-
cal operator can be the first expression, then the second expression is not evaluated. For instance, in
determined
by examining the x != 0 && 1/x != 3
first expression,
then the second if x is 0, then the first half is false. Automatically the result of the AND must
expression is not
evaluated. be false, so the second half is not evaluated. This is a good thing because
division-by-zero would give erroneous behavior. Short-circuit evaluation
allows us to not have to worry about dividing by zero.2

figure 4
x y x && y x || y !x
Result of logical
operators false false false false true

false true false true true

true false false true false

true true true true false

2. There are (extremely) rare cases in which it is preferable to not short-circuit. In such cases,
the & and | operators with boolean arguments guarantee that both arguments are evaluated,
even if the result of the operation can be determined from the first argument.

10
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
Savage, Rev. Dr. Minot J., 151.
Schooling, J. Holt, 170.
Seigniorial mind, renascence of, 27;
instances of, 28, 29, 30, 32, 37, 39, 45, 180-181.
Shareholders, increase of, 17, 18, 160-163;
subordination of, 23, 24, 163.
Shearman (Thomas G.) and Redfield (Amasa A.), quoted, 111.
Single-Taxers, 5, 6, 7.
Socialism, 5, 6, 7.
Socialists, 2, 164, 167.
Social Reform Club, pamphlet of, quoted, 118-120.
Spencer, Herbert, 88.
Steel combination, magnitude of, 13, 16, 31, 66.
Stimson, F. J., 86, 112;
quoted, 132.
“Success,” 156-160.
Suicide, increase of, 173-174.
Sullivan, J. W., 79.
Sumner, Professor William G., quoted, 122-123, 133, 135-136,
174.
Swayne, Judge Charles, 117.

T
Talbot, Bishop Ethelbert, quoted, 151.
Tenantry, 9, 19;
increase of, 21, 50-55, 186.
Thayer, Judge Amos M., 104.
Tolstoi, Lyof N., 2, 3.
Trusts, see Combinations.

V
Value of dollar, comparative, 73-74.
Vandervelde, Emile, quoted, 22.
Veblen, Thorstein, quoted, 40, 43.
Villeinage, the new, 59, 184-185, 187.

W
Wadlin, Horace G., quoted, 87-88.
Wage-earners, 58, 66-82;
number in manufactures, 71;
child, 76-82;
women, 74-76.
Wage-scale, adjustment of, 66;
comparisons of, 66-79.
Wage-system, continuance of, 185, 190.
Wallace, Judge William J., quoted, 106.
Warman, Cy, 49.
Webb, Sidney, 3.
Wells, H. G., 1, 3.
Whittelsey, Dr. Sarah S., 95.
Willoughby, William F., 94.
Wright, Colonel Carroll D., 66-67.
Wyckoff, Professor Walter A., 133;
quoted, 168.
 Transcriber’s Note:
Footnotes have been relabeled consecutively through the document, and the one
footnote not associated with a table has been moved to the end of its chapter.
Punctuation has been made consistent.
Variations in spelling and hyphenation were retained as they appear in the original
publication, except that obvious typographical were corrected.
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