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Python cheatsheet
The Python cheat sheet is a one-page reference sheet for the Python 3 programming language.

# Getting Started
Introduction Hello World Variables

Python (python.org) >>> print("Hello, World!") age = 18 # age is of type int

Hello, World! name = "John" # name is now of type str
Learn X in Y minutes (learnxinyminutes.com) print(name)

Regex in python (quickref.me)

Python can't declare a variable without
The famous "Hello World" program in Python assignment.

Data Types Slicing String Lists

str Text >>> msg = "Hello, World!" mylist = []

>>> print(msg[2:5]) mylist.append(1)
int, float, complex Numeric
llo mylist.append(2)
for item in mylist:
list, tuple, range Sequence
print(item) # prints out 1,2
dict Mapping
See: Strings See: Lists
set, frozenset Set

bool Boolean If Else Loops

bytes, bytearray, memoryview Binary num = 200 for item in range(6):

if num > 0: if item == 3: break
print("num is greater than 0") print(item)
else: else:
print("num is not greater than 0") print("Finally finished!")

See: Data Types See: Flow control See: Loops

Functions File Handling

>>> def my_function(): with open("myfile.txt", "r", encoding='utf8') as file:

... print("Hello from a function") for line in file:
... print(line)
>>> my_function()
Hello from a function

See: Functions See: File Handling

Arithmetic Plus-Equals f-Strings (Python 3.6+)

result = 10 + 30 # => 40 counter = 0 >>> website = 'Quickref.ME'

result = 40 - 10 # => 30 counter += 10 # => 10 >>> f"Hello, {website}"
result = 50 * 5 # => 250 counter = 0 "Hello, Quickref.ME"
result = 16 / 4 # => 4.0 (Float Division) counter = counter + 10 # => 10
result = 16 // 4 # => 4 (Integer Division) >>> num = 10
result = 25 % 2 # => 1 message = "Part 1." >>> f'{num} + 10 = {num + 10}'
result = 5 ** 3 # => 125 '10 + 10 = 20'
# => Part 1.Part 2.
The / means quotient of x and y, and the // message += "Part 2."
means floored quotient of x and y, also see
StackOverflow See: Python F-Strings

# Python Built-in Data Types

Strings Numbers Booleans

hello = "Hello World" x = 1 # int my_bool = True

hello = 'Hello World' y = 2.8 # float my_bool = False
z = 1j # complex
multi_string = """Multiline Strings bool(0) # => False
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, >>> print(type(x)) bool(1) # => True
consectetur adipiscing elit """ <class 'int'>

See: Strings

Lists Tuple Set

list1 = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"] my_tuple = (1, 2, 3) set1 = {"a", "b", "c"}
list2 = [True, False, False] my_tuple = tuple((1, 2, 3)) set2 = set(("a", "b", "c"))
list3 = [1, 5, 7, 9, 3]
list4 = list((1, 5, 7, 9, 3))

See: Lists Similar to List but immutable Set of unique items/objects

Dictionary - Casting

Integers
>>> empty_dict = {}
>>> a = {"one": 1, "two": 2, "three": 3}
x = int(1) # x will be 1
>>> a["one"]
y = int(2.8) # y will be 2
1
z = int("3") # z will be 3
>>> a.keys()
dict_keys(['one', 'two', 'three'])
Floats
>>> a.values()
dict_values([1, 2, 3]) x = float(1) # x will be 1.0
>>> a.update({"four": 4}) y = float(2.8) # y will be 2.8
>>> a.keys() z = float("3") # z will be 3.0
dict_keys(['one', 'two', 'three', 'four']) w = float("4.2") # w will be 4.2
>>> a['four']
4 Strings

x = str("s1") # x will be 's1'

y = str(2) # y will be '2'
Key: Value pair, JSON like object z = str(3.0) # z will be '3.0'

# Python Advanced Data Types

Heaps Stacks and Queues

import heapq from collections import deque

myList = [9, 5, 4, 1, 3, 2] q = deque() # empty

heapq.heapify(myList) # turn myList into a Min Heap q = deque([1, 2, 3]) # with values
print(myList) # => [1, 3, 2, 5, 9, 4]
print(myList[0]) # first value is always the smallest in the heap q.append(4) # append to right side
q.appendleft(0) # append to left side
heapq.heappush(myList, 10) # insert 10 print(q) # => deque([0, 1, 2, 3, 4])
x = heapq.heappop(myList) # pop and return smallest item
print(x) # => 1 x = q.pop() # remove & return from right
y = q.popleft() # remove & return from left
Negate all values to use Min Heap as Max Heap print(x) # => 4
print(y) # => 0
myList = [9, 5, 4, 1, 3, 2] print(q) # => deque([1, 2, 3])
myList = [-val for val in myList] # multiply by -1 to negate
heapq.heapify(myList) q.rotate(1) # rotate 1 step to the right
print(q) # => deque([3, 1, 2])
x = heapq.heappop(myList)
print(-x) # => 9 (making sure to multiply by -1 again)

Deque is a double-ended queue with O(1) time for

Heaps are binary trees for which every parent node has a value less than or equal to any of its children. Useful append/pop operations from both sides. Used as
for accessing min/max value quickly. Time complexity: O(n) for heapify, O(log n) push and pop. See: Heapq stacks and queues. See: Deque

# Python Strings
Array-like Looping Slicing string

>>> hello = "Hello, World" >>> for char in "foo": ┌───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┐

>>> print(hello[1]) ... print(char) | m | y | b | a | c | o | n |
e f └───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┘
>>> print(hello[-1]) o 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
d o -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1

Get the character at position 1 or last Loop through the letters in the word "foo" >>> s = 'mybacon'
>>> s[2:5]
'bac'
String Length Multiple copies >>> s[0:2]
'my'
>>> hello = "Hello, World!" >>> s = '===+'
>>> print(len(hello)) >>> n = 8
13 >>> s * n >>> s = 'mybacon'
'===+===+===+===+===+===+===+===+' >>> s[:2]
'my'
The len() function returns the length of a string
>>> s[2:]
'bacon'
Check String Concatenates
>>> s[:2] + s[2:]
'mybacon'
>>> s = 'spam' >>> s = 'spam' >>> s[:]
>>> s in 'I saw spamalot!' >>> t = 'egg' 'mybacon'
True >>> s + t
>>> s not in 'I saw The Holy Grail!' 'spamegg'
>>> s = 'mybacon'
True >>> 'spam' 'egg'
>>> s[-5:-1]
'spamegg'
'baco'
>>> s[2:6]
'baco'
Formatting

With a stride
name = "John"
print("Hello, %s!" % name)
>>> s = '12345' * 5
>>> s
name = "John" '1234512345123451234512345'
age = 23 >>> s[::5]
print("%s is %d years old." % (name, age)) '11111'
>>> s[4::5]
format() Method '55555'
>>> s[::-5]
txt1 = "My name is {fname}, I'm {age}".format(fname="John", age=36) '55555'
txt2 = "My name is {0}, I'm {1}".format("John", 36) >>> s[::-1]
txt3 = "My name is {}, I'm {}".format("John", 36) '5432154321543215432154321'

Input Join Endswith

>>> name = input("Enter your name: ") >>> "#".join(["John", "Peter", "Vicky"]) >>> "Hello, world!".endswith("!")
Enter your name: Tom 'John#Peter#Vicky' True
>>> name
'Tom'

Get input data from console

# Python F-Strings (Since Python 3.6+)

f-Strings usage f-Strings Fill Align f-Strings Type

>>> website = 'Quickref.ME' >>> f'{"text":10}' # [width] >>> f'{10:b}' # binary type
>>> f"Hello, {website}" 'text ' '1010'
"Hello, Quickref.ME" >>> f'{"test":*>10}' # fill left >>> f'{10:o}' # octal type
'******test' '12'
>>> num = 10 >>> f'{"test":*<10}' # fill right >>> f'{200:x}' # hexadecimal type
>>> f'{num} + 10 = {num + 10}' 'test******' 'c8'
'10 + 10 = 20' >>> f'{"test":*^10}' # fill center >>> f'{200:X}'
'***test***' 'C8'
>>> f"""He said {"I'm John"}""" >>> f'{12345:0>10}' # fill with numbers >>> f'{345600000000:e}' # scientific notation
"He said I'm John" '0000012345' '3.456000e+11'
>>> f'{65:c}' # character type
>>> f'5 {"{stars}"}' 'A'
'5 {stars}' >>> f'{10:#b}' # [type] with notation (bas
>>> f'{{5}} {"stars"}' '0b1010'
'{5} stars' >>> f'{10:#o}'
'0o12'
>>> name = 'Eric' >>> f'{10:#x}'
>>> age = 27 '0xa'
>>> f"""Hello!
... I'm {name}.
... I'm {age}."""
"Hello!\n I'm Eric.\n I'm 27."

it is available since Python 3.6, also see:

Formatted string literals

F-Strings Others F-Strings Sign

>>> f'{-12345:0=10}' # negative numbers >>> f'{12345:+}' # [sign] (+/-)

'-000012345' '+12345'
>>> f'{12345:010}' # [0] shortcut (no align) >>> f'{-12345:+}'
'0000012345' '-12345'
>>> f'{-12345:010}' >>> f'{-12345:+10}'
'-000012345' ' -12345'
>>> import math # [.precision] >>> f'{-12345:+010}'
>>> math.pi '-000012345'
3.141592653589793
>>> f'{math.pi:.2f}'
'3.14'
>>> f'{1000000:,.2f}' # [grouping_option]
'1,000,000.00'
>>> f'{1000000:_.2f}'
'1_000_000.00'
>>> f'{0.25:0%}' # percentage
'25.000000%'
>>> f'{0.25:.0%}'
'25%'

# Python Lists
Defining Generate

>>> li1 = [] >>> list(filter(lambda x : x % 2 == 1, range(1, 20)))

>>> li1 [1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19]
[]
>>> li2 = [4, 5, 6] >>> [x ** 2 for x in range (1, 11) if x % 2 == 1]
>>> li2 [1, 9, 25, 49, 81]
[4, 5, 6]
>>> li3 = list((1, 2, 3)) >>> [x for x in [3, 4, 5, 6, 7] if x > 5]
>>> li3 [6, 7]
[1, 2, 3]
>>> li4 = list(range(1, 11)) >>> list(filter(lambda x: x > 5, [3, 4, 5, 6, 7]))
>>> li4 [6, 7]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]

Append - List Slicing

>>> li = [] Syntax of list slicing:

>>> li.append(1)
>>> li a_list[start:end]
[1] a_list[start:end:step]
>>> li.append(2)
>>> li Slicing
[1, 2]
>>> li.append(4) >>> a = ['spam', 'egg', 'bacon', 'tomato', 'ham', 'lobster']
>>> li >>> a[2:5]
[1, 2, 4] ['bacon', 'tomato', 'ham']
>>> li.append(3) >>> a[-5:-2]
>>> li ['egg', 'bacon', 'tomato']
[1, 2, 4, 3] >>> a[1:4]
['egg', 'bacon', 'tomato']

Omitting index

Remove >>> a[:4]

['spam', 'egg', 'bacon', 'tomato']
>>> li = ['bread', 'butter', 'milk'] >>> a[0:4]
>>> li.pop() ['spam', 'egg', 'bacon', 'tomato']
'milk' >>> a[2:]
>>> li ['bacon', 'tomato', 'ham', 'lobster']
['bread', 'butter'] >>> a[2:len(a)]
>>> del li[0] ['bacon', 'tomato', 'ham', 'lobster']
>>> li >>> a
['butter'] ['spam', 'egg', 'bacon', 'tomato', 'ham', 'lobster']
>>> a[:]
['spam', 'egg', 'bacon', 'tomato', 'ham', 'lobster']

With a stride
Access

['spam', 'egg', 'bacon', 'tomato', 'ham', 'lobster']

>>> li = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
>>> a[0:6:2]
>>> li[0]
['spam', 'bacon', 'ham']
'a'
>>> a[1:6:2]
>>> li[-1]
['egg', 'tomato', 'lobster']
'd'
>>> a[6:0:-2]
>>> li[4]
['lobster', 'tomato', 'egg']
Traceback (most recent call last):
>>> a
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
['spam', 'egg', 'bacon', 'tomato', 'ham', 'lobster']
IndexError: list index out of range
>>> a[::-1]
['lobster', 'ham', 'tomato', 'bacon', 'egg', 'spam']

Concatenating Sort & Reverse Count

>>> odd = [1, 3, 5] >>> li = [3, 1, 3, 2, 5] >>> li = [3, 1, 3, 2, 5]

>>> odd.extend([9, 11, 13]) >>> li.sort() >>> li.count(3)
>>> odd >>> li 2
[1, 3, 5, 9, 11, 13] [1, 2, 3, 3, 5]
>>> odd = [1, 3, 5] >>> li.reverse()
>>> odd + [9, 11, 13] >>> li Repeating
[1, 3, 5, 9, 11, 13] [5, 3, 3, 2, 1]
>>> li = ["re"] * 3
>>> li
['re', 're', 're']

# Python Flow control

Basic One line else if

num = 5 >>> a = 330 value = True

if num > 10: >>> b = 200 if not value:
print("num is totally bigger than 10.") >>> r = "a" if a > b else "b" print("Value is False")
elif num < 10: >>> print(r) elif value is None:
print("num is smaller than 10.") a print("Value is None")
else: else:
print("num is indeed 10.") print("Value is True")

# Python Loops
Basic With index While

primes = [2, 3, 5, 7] animals = ["dog", "cat", "mouse"] x = 0

for prime in primes: # enumerate() adds counter to an iterable while x < 4:
print(prime) for i, value in enumerate(animals): print(x)
print(i, value) x += 1 # Shorthand for x = x + 1

Prints: 2 3 5 7 Prints: 0 dog 1 cat 2 mouse Prints: 0 1 2 3

Break Continue Range

x = 0 for index in range(3, 8): for i in range(4):

for index in range(10): x = index * 10 print(i) # Prints: 0 1 2 3
x = index * 10 if index == 5:
if index == 5: continue for i in range(4, 8):
break print(x) print(i) # Prints: 4 5 6 7
print(x)
for i in range(4, 10, 2):
Prints: 0 10 20 30 40 Prints: 30 40 60 70 print(i) # Prints: 4 6 8

With zip() for/else

words = ['Mon', 'Tue', 'Wed'] nums = [60, 70, 30, 110, 90]
nums = [1, 2, 3] for n in nums:
# Use zip to pack into a tuple list if n > 100:
for w, n in zip(words, nums): print("%d is bigger than 100" %n)
print('%d:%s, ' %(n, w)) break
else:
print("Not found!")

Prints: 1:Mon, 2:Tue, 3:Wed, Also see: Python Tips

# Python Functions
Basic Return Positional arguments

def hello_world(): def add(x, y): def varargs(*args):

print('Hello, World!') print("x is %s, y is %s" %(x, y)) return args
return x + y
varargs(1, 2, 3) # => (1, 2, 3)
add(5, 6) # => 11

Keyword arguments Returning multiple Default Value

def keyword_args(**kwargs): def swap(x, y): def add(x, y=10):

return kwargs return y, x return x + y

# => {"big": "foot", "loch": "ness"} x = 1 add(5) # => 15

keyword_args(big="foot", loch="ness") y = 2 add(5, 20) # => 25
x, y = swap(x, y) # => x = 2, y = 1

Anonymous functions

# => True
(lambda x: x > 2)(3)

# => 5
(lambda x, y: x ** 2 + y ** 2)(2, 1)

# Python Modules
Import modules From a module Import all

import math from math import ceil, floor from math import *
print(math.sqrt(16)) # => 4.0 print(ceil(3.7)) # => 4.0
print(floor(3.7)) # => 3.0

Shorten module Functions and attributes

import math as m import math

dir(math)
# => True
math.sqrt(16) == m.sqrt(16)

# Python File Handling

- Read file - String - Object

Line by line Write a string Write an object

with open("myfile.txt") as file: contents = {"aa": 12, "bb": 21} contents = {"aa": 12, "bb": 21}
for line in file: with open("myfile1.txt", "w+") as file: with open("myfile2.txt", "w+") as file:
print(line) file.write(str(contents)) file.write(json.dumps(contents))

With line number Read a string Read an object

file = open('myfile.txt', 'r') with open('myfile1.txt', "r+") as file: with open('myfile2.txt', "r+") as file:
for i, line in enumerate(file, start=1): contents = file.read() contents = json.load(file)
print("Number %s: %s" % (i, line)) print(contents) print(contents)

Delete a File Check and Delete Delete Folder

import os import os import os

os.remove("myfile.txt") if os.path.exists("myfile.txt"): os.rmdir("myfolder")
os.remove("myfile.txt")
else:
print("The file does not exist")

# Python Classes & Inheritance

Defining Constructors Method

class MyNewClass: class Animal: class Dog:

pass def __init__(self, voice):
self.voice = voice # Method of the class
# Class Instantiation def bark(self):
my = MyNewClass() cat = Animal('Meow') print("Ham-Ham")
print(cat.voice) # => Meow
charlie = Dog()
dog = Animal('Woof') charlie.bark() # => "Ham-Ham"
print(dog.voice) # => Woof

Class Variables Super() Function repr() method

class MyClass: class ParentClass: class Employee:

class_variable = "A class variable!" def print_test(self): def __init__(self, name):
print("Parent Method") self.name = name
# => A class variable!
print(MyClass.class_variable) class ChildClass(ParentClass): def __repr__(self):
def print_test(self): return self.name
x = MyClass() print("Child Method")
# Calls the parent's print_test() john = Employee('John')
# => A class variable! super().print_test() print(john) # => John
print(x.class_variable)

>>> child_instance = ChildClass()

User-defined exceptions
>>> child_instance.print_test()
Child Method class CustomError(Exception):
Parent Method pass

Polymorphism Overriding Inheritance

class ParentClass: class ParentClass: class Animal:

def print_self(self): def print_self(self): def __init__(self, name, legs):
print('A') print("Parent") self.name = name
self.legs = legs
class ChildClass(ParentClass): class ChildClass(ParentClass):
def print_self(self): def print_self(self): class Dog(Animal):
print('B') print("Child") def sound(self):
print("Woof!")
obj_A = ParentClass() child_instance = ChildClass()
obj_B = ChildClass() child_instance.print_self() # => Child Yoki = Dog("Yoki", 4)
print(Yoki.name) # => YOKI
obj_A.print_self() # => A print(Yoki.legs) # => 4
obj_B.print_self() # => B Yoki.sound() # => Woof!

# Miscellaneous
Comments Generators Generator to list

# This is a single line comments. def double_numbers(iterable): values = (-x for x in [1,2,3,4,5])
for i in iterable: gen_to_list = list(values)
yield i + i
""" Multiline strings can be written
# => [-1, -2, -3, -4, -5]
using three "s, and are often used
print(gen_to_list)
as documentation.
"""

''' Multiline strings can be written

using three 's, and are often used
as documentation.
''' Generators help you make lazy code.

Handle exceptions

try:
# Use "raise" to raise an error
raise IndexError("This is an index error")
except IndexError as e:
pass # Pass is just a no-op. Usually you would do recovery here.
except (TypeError, NameError):
pass # Multiple exceptions can be handled together, if required.
else: # Optional clause to the try/except block. Must follow all except blocks
print("All good!") # Runs only if the code in try raises no exceptions
finally: # Execute under all circumstances
print("We can clean up resources here")

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