Jara coding

Basics
Basic syntax and functions from the Java programming language.

Boilerplate

class HelloWorld
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
System.out.println("Hello World");
}
}

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Showing Output
It will print something to the output console.

class HelloWorld
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
System.out.println("Hello World");
}
}

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Taking Input
It will take string input from the user
 Jara coding

import java.util.Scanner;
class HelloWorld
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Scannner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
String name=sc.nextLine();
System.out.println(name);
}
}

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It will take integer input from the user

import java.util.Scanner;
class HelloWorld
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Scannner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
int x=sc.nextInt();
System.out.println(x);
}
}

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It will take float input from the user

import java.util.Scanner;
class HelloWorld
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
 Jara coding

Scannner sc=new Scanner(System.in);

int x=sc.nextFloat();
System.out.println(x);
}
}

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It will take double input from the user

import java.util.Scanner;
class HelloWorld
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Scannner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
double x=sc.nextDouble();
System.out.println(x);
}
}

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Primitive Type Variables

The eight primitives defined in Java are int, byte, short, long, float,
double, boolean, and char those aren't considered objects and represent
raw values.

byte
byte is a primitive data type it only takes up 8 bits of memory.

class HelloWorld
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
 Jara coding

byte age=18;
System.out.println(age);
}
}

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long
long is another primitive data type related to integers. long takes up 64
bits of memory.

class HelloWorld
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
long var=900.0;
System.out.println(age);
}
}

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float
We represent basic fractional numbers in Java using the float type. This
is a single-precision decimal number. Which means if we get past six
decimal points, this number becomes less precise and more of an
estimate.

class HelloWorld
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
float price=100.05;
System.out.println(price);
}
 Jara coding

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char
Char is a 16-bit integer representing a Unicode-encoded character.

class HelloWorld
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
char letter='A';
System.out.println(letter);
}
}

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int
int holds a wide range of non-fractional number values.

class HelloWorld
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int var1=256;
System.out.println(var1);
}
}

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short
If we want to save memory and byte is too small, we can use short.
 Jara coding

class HelloWorld
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
short var2=5666;
System.out.println(var2);
}
}

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Comments
A comment is the code that is not executed by the compiler, and the
programmer uses it to keep track of the code.

Single line comment

// It's a single line comment

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Multi-line comment

/* It's a
multi-line
comment
*/

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Constants
Constants are like a variable, except that their value never changes
during program execution.

public class Declaration {

 Jara coding

final double PI = 3.14;

public static void main(String[] args) {

System.out.println("Value of PI: " + PI);
}
}

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Arithmetic Expressions
These are the collection of literals and arithmetic operators.

Addition
It can be used to add two numbers

public class HelloWorld

{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int x=10+3;
System.out.println(x);
}
}

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Subtraction
It can be used to subtract two numbers

public class HelloWorld

{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int x=10-3;
 Jara coding

System.out.println(x);
}
}

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Multiplication
It can be used to multiply add two numbers

public class HelloWorld

{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int x=10*3;
System.out.println(x);
}
}

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Division
It can be used to divide two numbers

public class HelloWorld

{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int x=10/3;
System.out.println(x);
}
}

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Modulo Remainder
 Jara coding
It returns the remainder of the two numbers after division

public class HelloWorld

{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int x=10%3;
System.out.println(x);
}
}

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Augmented Operators
Addition assignment

public class HelloWorld

{
public static void main(String args[])
{
var=1;
var+=10;
System.out.println(var);
}
}

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Subtraction assignment

public class HelloWorld

{
public static void main(String args[])
{
 Jara coding

var=1;
var-=10;
System.out.println(var);
}
}

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Multiplication assignment

public class HelloWorld

{
public static void main(String args[])
{
var=1;
var*=10;
System.out.println(var);
}
}

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Division assignment

public class HelloWorld

{
public static void main(String args[])
{
var=1;
var/=10;
System.out.println(var);
}
}

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 Jara coding
Modulus assignment

public class HelloWorld

{
public static void main(String args[])
{
var=1;
var%=10;
System.out.println(var);
}
}

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Escape Sequences
It is a sequence of characters starting with a backslash, and it doesn't
represent itself when used inside string literal.

Tab
It gives a tab space

public class HelloWorld

{
public static void main(String args[])
{
System.out.print("\t");
}
}

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Backslash
It adds a backslash

public class HelloWorld

 Jara coding

{
public static void main(String args[])
{
System.out.print("\\");
}
}

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Single quote
It adds a single quotation mark

public class HelloWorld

{
public static void main(String args[])
{
System.out.print("\'");
}
}

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Question mark
It adds a question mark

public class HelloWorld

{
public static void main(String args[])
{
System.out.print("\?");
}
}

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 Jara coding
Carriage return
Inserts a carriage return in the text at this point.

public class HelloWorld

{
public static void main(String args[])
{
System.out.print("\r");
}
}

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Double quote
It adds a double quotation mark

public class HelloWorld

{
public static void main(String args[])
{
System.out.print("\"");
}
}

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Type Casting
Type Casting is a process of converting one data type into another

Widening Type Casting

It means converting a lower data type into a higher

class HelloWorld
{
public static void main(String args[])
 Jara coding

{
int x = 45;
double var_name = x;
System.out.println(var_name);
}

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Narrowing Type Casting

It means converting a higher data type into a lower

class HelloWorld
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
double x = 40005;
int var_name = x;
System.out.println(var_name);
}

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Decision Control Statements

Conditional statements are used to perform operations based on some
condition.

if Statement

if (condition) {
// block of code to be executed if the condition is
true
 Jara coding

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if-else Statement

if (condition) {
// If condition is True then this block will get
executed
} else {
// If condition is False then this block will get
executed
}

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if else-if Statement

if (condition1) {
// Codes
}
else if(condition2) {
// Codes
}
else if (condition3) {
// Codes
}
else {
// Codes
}

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Ternary Operator
It is shorthand of an if-else statement.

Syntax
 Jara coding

variable = (condition) ? expressionTrue :

expressionFalse;

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Example

public class TernaryOperatorExample

{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int x, y;
x = 20;
y = (x == 1) ? 61: 90;
System.out.println("Value of y is: " + y);
y = (x == 20) ? 61: 90;
System.out.println("Value of y is: " + y);
}
}

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Switch Statements
It allows a variable to be tested for equality against a list of values
(cases).

class SwitchExample
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int day = 4;
switch (day) {
case 1:
System.out.println("Monday");
 Jara coding

break;
case 2:
System.out.println("Tuesday");
break;
case 3:
System.out.println("Wednesday");
break;
case 4:
System.out.println("Thursday");
break;
case 5:
System.out.println("Friday");
break;
case 6:
System.out.println("Saturday");
break;
case 7:
System.out.println("Sunday");
break;
}
}

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Iterative Statements
Iterative statements facilitate programmers to execute any block of code
lines repeatedly and can be controlled as per conditions added by the
coder.

while Loop
It iterates the block of code as long as a specified condition is True

public class WhileExample

 Jara coding

{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int i=1;
while(i<=10)
{
System.out.println(i);
i++;
}
}
}

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for Loop
for loop is used to run a block of code several times

class HelloWorld
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int i;
for(i=1;i<100;i++)
{
System.out.println(i);
}
}

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for-each Loop
 Jara coding

public class HelloWorld

{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int[] arr = {2,4,5,7,8,0,3,5}
for (int i : arr) {
System.out.println(i);
}
}

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do-while Loop
It is an exit controlled loop. It is very similar to the while loop with one
difference, i.e., the body of the do-while loop is executed at least once
even if the condition is False

public class HelloWorld

{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int i=1;
do
{
System.out.println(i);
i++;
}while(i<=100);
}
}

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Break statement
break keyword inside the loop is used to terminate the loop
 Jara coding

class HelloWorld
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int i;
for(i=1;i<100;i++)
{
System.out.println(i);
if(i==50)
break;
}
}

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Continue statement
continue keyword skips the rest of the current iteration of the loop and
returns to the starting point of the loop

class HelloWorld
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int i;
for(i=1;i<100;i++)
{
System.out.println(i);
if(i==50)
continue;
}
}
 Jara coding

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Arrays
Arrays are used to store multiple values in a single variable

Declaring an array
Declaration of an array

public class HelloWorld

{
public static void main(String args[])
{
String [] var_name;
}
}

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Defining an array
Defining an array

public class HelloWorld

{
public static void main(String args[])
{
String [] var_name={"harry","rohan","aakash"}
}
}

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Accessing an array
Accessing the elements of an array
 Jara coding

public class HelloWorld

{
public static void main(String args[])
{
String[] var_name = {''Harry", "Rohan", "Aakash"};
System.out.println(var_name[index]);
}
}

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Changing an element
Changing any element in an array

public class HelloWorld

{
public static void main(String args[])
{
String[] var_name = {''Harry", "Rohan", "Aakash"};
var_name[2]="Shubham";
}
}

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Array length
It gives the length of the array

public class HelloWorld

{
public static void main(String args[])
{
System.out.println(var_name.length);
}
 Jara coding

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Loop through an array

It allows us to iterate through each array element

public class HelloWorld

{
public static void main(String args[])
{
String[] var_name = {''Harry", "Rohan", "Aakash"};
for (int i = 0; i < var_name.length; i++) {
System.out.println(var_name[i]);
}
}
}

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Multi-dimensional Arrays
Arrays can be 1-D, 2-D or multi-dimensional.

// Creating a 2x3 array (two rows, three columns)

int[2][3] matrix = new int[2][3];
matrix[0][0] = 10;
// Shortcut
int[2][3] matrix = {
{ 1, 2, 3 },
{ 4, 5, 6 }
};

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Methods
 Jara coding
Methods are used to divide an extensive program into smaller pieces. It
can be called multiple times to provide reusability to the program.

Declaration
Declaration of a method

returnType methodName(parameters) {
//statements
}

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Calling a method
Calling a method

methodName(arguments);

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Example

public static void findEvenOdd(int num)

{
//method body
if(num%2==0)
System.out.println(num+" is even");
else
System.out.println(num+" is odd");
}
import java.util.Scanner;
public class EvenOdd
{
public static void main (String args[])
{
//creating Scanner class object
Scanner scan=new Scanner(System.in);
 Jara coding

System.out.print("Enter the number: ");

//reading value from the user
int num=scan.nextInt();
//method calling
findEvenOdd(num);
}

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Method Overloading
Method overloading means having multiple methods with the same
name, but different parameters.

class Calculate
{
void sum (int x, int y)
{
System.out.println("Sum is: "+(a+b)) ;
}
void sum (float x, float y)
{
System.out.println("Sum is: "+(a+b));
}
public static void main (String[] args)
{
Calculate calc = new Calculate();
calc.sum (5,4); //sum(int x, int y) is method is
called.
calc.sum (1.2f, 5.6f); //sum(float x, float y) is
called.
}
}

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 Jara coding
Recursion
Recursion is when a function calls a copy of itself to work on a minor
problem. And the function that calls itself is known as the Recursive
function.

void recurse()
{
recurse();
}

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Strings
It is a collection of characters surrounded by double quotes.

Creating String Variable

String var_name = "Hello World";

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String Length
Returns the length of the string

public class str

{
public static void main(String args[])
{
String var_name = "Harry";
System.out.println("The length of the string is:
" + var_name.length());
}
}

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String Methods toUpperCase()

 Jara coding
Convert the string into uppercase

public class str

{
public static void main(String args[])
{
String var_name = "Harry";
System.out.println(var_name.toUpperCase());
}
}

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toLowerCase()
Convert the string into lowercase

public class str

{
public static void main(String args[])
{
String var_name = "Harry";
System.out.println(var_name.toLowerCase());
}
}

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indexOf()
Returns the index of specified character from the string

public class str

{
public static void main(String args[])
{
String var_name = "Harry";
 Jara coding

System.out.println(var_name.indexOf("a"));
}
}

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concat()
Used to concatenate two strings

public class str

{
public static void main(String args[])
{
String var1 = "Harry";
String var2 = "Bhai";
System.out.println(var1.concat(var2));
}
}

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Math Class
Math class allows you to perform mathematical operations.

Methods max() method

It is used to find the greater number among the two

public class Demo

{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
// using the max() method of Math class
System.out.print("The maximum number is: " +
Math.max(9,7));
 Jara coding

}
}

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min() method
It is used to find the smaller number among the two

public class Demo

{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
// using the min() method of Math class
System.out.print("The maximum number is: " +
Math.min(9,7));
}
}

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sqrt() method
It returns the square root of the supplied value

public class Demo

{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
// using the sqrt method of Math class
System.out.print("The maximum number is: " +
Math.sqrt(144));
}
}

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random() method
 Jara coding
It is used to generate random numbers

Math.random(); //It will produce random number b/w 0.0

and 1.0

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public class Demo

{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
// using the random() method of Math class
int random_num = (int)(Math.random() * 101);
//Random num b/w 0 and 100
System.out.println(random_num);
}
}

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Object-Oriented Programming
It is a programming approach that primarily focuses on using objects and
classes. The objects can be any real-world entities.

class
A class can be defined as a template/blueprint that describes the
behavior/state that the object of its type support.

class ClassName {
// Fields
// Methods
// Constructors
// Blocks
}

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 Jara coding
object of class
An object is an instance of a Class.

className object = new className();

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Encapsulation
Encapsulation is a mechanism of wrapping the data and code acting on
the data together as a single unit. In encapsulation, the variables of a
class will be hidden from other classes and can be accessed only through
the methods of their current class.

public class Person

{
private String name; // using private access
modifier

// Getter
public String getName()
{
return name;
}

// Setter
public void setName(String newName)
{
this.name = newName;
}
}

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Inheritance
 Jara coding
Inheritance can be defined as the process where one class acquires the
properties of another. With the use of inheritance the information is made
manageable in a hierarchical order.

class Subclass-name extends Superclass-name

{
//methods and fields
}

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Example

class Employee
{
float salary=40000;
}
class Programmer extends Employee
{
int bonus=10000;
public static void main(String args[])
{
Programmer p=new Programmer();
System.out.println("Programmer salary
is:"+p.salary);
System.out.println("Bonus of Programmer
is:"+p.bonus);
}
}

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Polymorphism
Polymorphism is the ability of an object to take on many forms. The most
common use of polymorphism in OOP occurs when a parent class
reference is used to refer to a child class object.
 Jara coding

// A class with multiple methods with the same name

public class Adder
{
// method 1
public void add(int a, int b)
{
System.out.println(a + b);
}

// method 2
public void add(int a, int b, int c)
{
System.out.println(a + b + c);
}

// method 3
public void add(String a, String b)
{
System.out.println(a + " + " + b);
}
}

// My main class
class MyMainClass
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Adder adder = new Adder(); // create a Adder object
adder.add(5, 4); // invoke method 1
adder.add(5, 4, 3); // invoke method 2
adder.add("5", "4"); // invoke method 3
 Jara coding

}
}

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File Operations
File handling refers to reading or writing data from files. Java provides
some functions that allow us to manipulate data in the files.
Assume that we have created the file “D:\\Example.txt”

canRead method
Checks whether the file is readable or not

import java.io.*;

public class FileOperations {

public static void main(String args[])
{

// Get the file

File f = new File("D:\\Example.txt");

// Check if the specified file

// can be read or not
if (f.canRead())
System.out.println("Can be Read");
else
System.out.println("Cannot be Read");
}
}

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createNewFile method
It creates an empty file
 Jara coding

import java.io.*;

public class FileOperations

{
public static void main(String args[])
{

try {

// Get the file

File f = new File("D:\\Example.txt");

// Create new file

// if it does not exist
if (f.createNewFile())
System.out.println("File created");
else
System.out.println("File already
exists");
}
catch (Exception e) {
System.err.println(e);
}
}
}

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canWrite method
Checks whether the file is writable or not

import java.io.*;
 Jara coding

public class FileOperations {

public static void main(String args[])
{

// Get the file

File f = new File("D:\\Example.txt");

// Check if the specified file

// can be written or not
if (f.canWrite())
System.out.println("Can be written");
else
System.out.println("Cannot be written");
}
}

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exists method
Checks whether the file exists

import java.io.*;

// Main class
public class FileOperations {

public static void main(String args[])

{
File f = new File("D:\\Example.txt");

// Checking if the specified file exists or not

if (f.exists())
 Jara coding

// Show if the file exists

System.out.println("Exists");
else

// Show if the file does not exists

System.out.println("Does not Exists");
}
}

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delete method
It deletes a file

import java.io.*;

public class FileOperations {

public static void main(String[] args)
{
File file= new File("D:\\Example.txt");

if (file.delete()) {
System.out.println("File deleted
successfully");
}
else {
System.out.println("Failed to delete the
file");
}
}
}

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getName method
 Jara coding
It returns the name of the file

import java.io.*;

public class FileOperations {

public static void main(String args[])
{

// try-catch block to handle exceptions

try {

// Create a file object

File f = new File("D:\\Example.txt");

// Get the Name of the given file f

String Name = f.getName();

// Display the file Name of the file object

System.out.println("File Name : " + Name);
}
catch (Exception e) {
System.err.println(e.getMessage());
}
}
}

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getAbsolutePath method
It returns the absolute pathname of the file

import java.io.*;

public class FileOperations {

 Jara coding

public static void main(String args[])

{

// try-catch block to handle exceptions

try {

// Create a file object

File f = new File("Example.txt");

// Get the absolute path of file f

String absolute = f.getAbsolutePath();

// Display the file path of the file object

// and also the file path of absolute file
System.out.println("Original path: " +
f.getPath());
System.out.println("Absolute path: "+
absolute);
}
catch (Exception e) {
System.err.println(e.getMessage());
}
}
}

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length Method
It returns the size of the file in bytes

import java.io.*;

public class FileOperations {

 Jara coding

public static void main(String args[])

{

// Get the file

File f = new File("D:\\Example.txt");

// Get the length of the file

System.out.println("length: " + f.length());
}
}

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list Method
It returns an array of the files in the directory

import java.io.*;

public class FileOperations {

public static void main(String args[])
{

// try-catch block to handle exceptions

try {

// Create a file object

File f = new File("f:\\Examples");

// Get all the names of the files present

// in the given directory
String[] files = f.list();

System.out.println("Files are:");
 Jara coding

// Display the names of the files

for (int i = 0; i < files.length; i++) {
System.out.println(files[i]);
}
}
catch (Exception e) {
System.err.println(e.getMessage());
}
}
}

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mkdir method
It is used to create a new directory

import java.io.*;

public class FileOperations {

public static void main(String args[])

{
// create an abstract pathname (File object)
File f = new File("D:\\program");

// check if the directory can be created

// using the abstract path name
if (f.mkdir()) {

// display that the directory is created

// as the function returned true
System.out.println("Directory is created");
 Jara coding

}
else {
// display that the directory cannot be
created
// as the function returned false
System.out.println("Directory cannot be
created");
}
}
}

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close method
It is used to close the file

import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileInputStream;

public class FileOperations {

public static void main(String[] args)

{

// Creating file object and specifying path

File file = new File("file.txt");

try {
FileInputStream input= new
FileInputStream(file);
int character;
// read character by character by default
// read() function return int between
 Jara coding

// 0 and 255.

while ((character = input.read()) != -1) {

System.out.print((char)character);
}

input.close();
System.out.println("File is Closed");
System.out.println(
"Now we will again try to read");
while ((character = input.read()) != -1) {
System.out.print((char)character);
}
}
catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println(
"File is closed. Cannot be read");
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}

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To write something in the file

import java.io.FileWriter; // Import the FileWriter

class
import java.io.IOException; // Import the IOException
class to handle errors

public class WriteToFile

{
 Jara coding

public static void main(String[] args) {

try
{
FileWriter myWriter = new
FileWriter("filename.txt");
myWriter.write("Laal Phool Neela Phool, Harry
Bhaiya Beautiful");
myWriter.close();
System.out.println("Successfully wrote to the
file.");
}
catch (IOException e)
{
System.out.println("An error occurred.");
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}

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Exception Handling
An exception is an unusual condition that results in an interruption in the
flow of the program.

try-catch block
try statement allow you to define a block of code to be tested for errors.
catch block is used to handle the exception.

try {
// Statements
}
catch(Exception e) {
// Statements
 Jara coding

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Example

class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {

try {
int divideByZero = 5 / 0;
System.out.println("Rest of code in try block");
}

catch (ArithmeticException e) {
System.out.println("ArithmeticException => " +
e.getMessage());
}
}
}

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finally block
finally code is executed whether an exception is handled or not.

try {
//Statements
}
catch (ExceptionType1 e1) {
// catch block
}
finally {
// finally block always executes
 Jara coding

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Example

class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
int divideByZero = 5 / 0;
}

finally {
System.out.println("Finally block is always
executed");
}
}
}