UNIT – 1 ORIGINS

Python – origins – features – variable and assignment –Python Development

basics – statement and syntax – Identifiers –Basic style guidelines –  Developed by Guido van Rossum.
Python objects – Standard types and other built-in types – Internal  Developed in 1980’s.
types – Standard type operators – Standard type - Built-in functions. Python 0.90
 First version
PYTHON BASICS  Released in Feb, 1991
 It was created by Guido van Rossum  Support class. Inheritance, exception, functions & modules
 Released in 1991 Python 1.0
 Case Sensitive  Released in Jan, 1994.
 High-level language.  Support map & filer etc.
 Interpreted. Python 2.x
 Object-oriented.  Released in Oct, 2000.
 Open source.  Support more features than previous.
 Cross-Platform. Python 3.x

FEATURES  Released in Dec, 2008.

 Build websites.  It is also known as 3000 or Py3K.

 Software Development. Python 3.5+

 New release called Release Cycle with a Long-term Support
 Machine Learning.
(LTS).
 Artificial Intelligence.
 Developed in 2015.
 Data Science.
Python 3.8 and beyond
 Automate tasks.
 Released in Oct, 2019.
 Analyze data.
 Included many features.
 Python 3.9 & 3.10 Continued with additional features.

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PYTHON BASICS Playground section
 Create an object of the class.(naresh)
Simple Example Program:
# Sample Python program.
import math
s = int(input("enter the value:"))
print (math.sqrt(s))
Output:
Enter the value: 25
5

Documentation section:
 Mention the program name.
 Optional.
Import statements
 Includes various in-built or user-defined modules.
Global declaration section
 Variable that we can access from anywhere in the program
Class section
 Information about the user-defined classes.
Subprogram section
 Set of statements that will execute.

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STATEMENT 2. Multi-Line Statements

 The source code executed by the Python interpreter is called  (\n) used for the next line.

a statement.  But, also separated by continuation character (\).

 The Python has different types of statements like, Example:

1. Assignment Statements Program

2. Conditional Statements
3. Looping Statements, Etc.,
1. Single Line Statements:
 # used for comment.
 Separated by semicolons (;)
Output
Example:
Program

Output

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IDENTIFIERS VARIABLE AND ASSIGNMENT
 Naming the variable, class and function. Variables
Rules for Naming an Identifier  Variables can be defined as containers.
 Identifiers cannot be a keyword. Rules for Variable declaring
 Identifiers are case-sensitive.  Cannot be a keyword.
 It can have a sequence of letters and digits. ...  Start with an alphabetic (Or) Underscore.
 Start an identifier with a letter (Or) Underscore.  Whitespaces are not allowed.
 Whitespaces are not allowed.  We cannot use special symbols like !, @, #, $, and so on.
 We cannot use special symbols like !, @, #, $, and so on. Variable Assignments
 Example:  There are two types of variable assignments,
1. Single value assignment:
 Variables that store only one data value.
Example:

2. Multiple Value Assignment:

 Variables that store more than one data value.

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BASIC STYLE GUIDELINES 5. Using docstrings

1. Use a tab for indentation  Used in functions and classes.

 Use a tab for indentation  Use the triple quotes.

 This makes code more readable for multiple functions and Example:

method. def sample():

Example """This is a function"""

def sample(random): """

# statement 1 This

# statement 2 is

# ... a function

return random """

2. ASCII encoding class Sample:

 Using Pythons' default ASCII encoding is the best practice """This is a class"""

for international environments. """

3. Comma in tuples This

 It's not mandatory is

Example a class

tup = (1, 2, 3,) """

4. Using spaces 6. Comment Updating

 It's best to use a space before and after an operator.  Don't forget to update the comments while updating code.

 Use a space after the comma is more readability.  It's one of the most important things in coding.

Example 7. Character that shouldn't be used as variable names singly

import random  Characters that shouldn't be used as variable names lonely.

result = random.randint(1, 3) + random.randint(1, 2) 8. Don't use ASCII characters in identifiers
 Using ASCII characters in identifiers is not at all a good
practice.

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STANDARD TYPES ii) float
 This contains real numbers.
Example:
b = 40.5
print("The type of b", type(b))
2. Sequence Type
 Python supports three kinds of Sequence type,
o String
o List
o Tuple
String:

1. Numeric  Quotation marks can be used to describe the string.

 Values are stored in numbers.  A string can be defined using

o Single.
 type() - determine the types of variables.
o Double (Or) Triple quotes.
 Python supports three kinds of numerical data.
Example:
o int
str = "string using double quotes"
o float
print(str)
o complex
List
i) int
 List is like arrays in C.
 This contains Whole number
 But, here it contains data of different types.
Example:
a=5  It encased square bracket [].

print("The type of a", type(a)) Example:

str = ["string using double quotes"]
print(str)

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Tuple OTHER BUILT-IN TYPES:
 Tuples is like list. 1. Binary Types:
 This also contains data of different types.  Bytes: Immutable sequence of bytes.
 It encased brackets ( ).  Byte array: Mutable sequence of bytes.
Example: 2. Numeric Types:
str = ("string using double quotes")  Decimal: Represents fixed-point and floating-point
print(str) arithmetic.
3. Dictionary  Fraction: Represents rational numbers.
 A dictionary is a key-value pair set. 3. Iterator Types:
 Elements are arranged in any order.  Iter: Returns an iterator object for an iterable.
 Curly braces { } are used to separate the items. 4. Generator Types:
Example:  Generator: Represents a generator function.
str = {"string using double quotes"} 5. Text Type:
print(str)  str: Besides being a standard type, it's worth mentioning as it
4. Boolean has various methods for text manipulation.
 True and false are the two default values. 6. File Types:
 False can be represented by the 0 or the letter "F,".  File: Represents a file object.
 True can be represented by any value that is not zero. 7. Module Types:
5. Set  Module: Represents a module.
 The data types are in unordered. 8. Function Types:
Example:  Function: Represents a function.
num = {1, 2, 3} 9. Code Types:
 Code: Represents compiled Python code.
10. Type Types:
 Type: Represents the type of an object.

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INTERNAL TYPES 6. dict:
 Internal types are fundamental to Python and are used to  Represents a dictionary, an unordered collection of key-value
represent and manipulate data. pairs.
1. int: Example:
 Represents integer values. my_dict = {'name': 'John', 'age': 30}
Example: 7. set:
x = 42  Represents an unordered collection of unique elements.
2. float: Example:
 Represents floating-point (decimal) values. my_set = {1, 2, 3, 4}
Example: 8. bool:
y = 3.14  Represents boolean values, either True or False.
3. str: Example:
 Represents strings (sequences of characters). flag = True
Example: 9. NoneType:
s = "Hello, World!"  Represents the absence of a value.
4. list: Example:
 Represents ordered, mutable sequences. my_variable = None
Example: 10. Complex:
my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4]  Represents complex numbers.
5. tuple: Example:
 Represents ordered, immutable sequences. complex_num = 3 + 4j
Example:
my_tuple = (1, 2, 3, 4)

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BUILT –IN FUNCTION 6. Logical Operations:

1. Type Conversion: bool():

 Convert between different data types.  Convert a value to a Boolean.

 int(), float(), str(), list(), tuple(), set(), dict() any(), all():

2. Math Functions:  Check if any or all elements in an iterable are true.

 Perform mathematical operations. 7. File Operations:

 abs(), pow(), round(), max(), min()  Perform file operations.

3. Input / Output:  open(), read(), write(), close():

print(): 8. Object-Oriented Programming:

 Print to the console.  Check object types and class relationships.

input():  isinstance(), issubclass():

 Read input from the user. 9. Functional Programming:

4. String Manipulation:  Perform functional programming operations.

len():  map(), filter(), reduce():
 Get the length of a string or collection. 10. Exception Handling:
str(), ord(), chr()  Handle exceptions or Error.
 Convert between strings and Unicode characters.  try, except, finally:
format(): 11. Time and Date:
 Format strings.  Work with time and date.
5. List, Tuple, Set, and Dictionary Operations:  time(), datetime(), strftime()
sorted(), reversed():
 Return sorted or reversed versions of a sequence.
sum(), max(), min():
 Calculate the sum, maximum, or minimum of a sequence.

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STANDARD TYPE OPERATORS 2. isinstance()
1. type()  Check if a variable is of a certain type.
 Determines the type of an object.  function takes two arguments.
Example:

 Additionally, for comparing types, the == operator can be

used.

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PYTHON OBJECTS Inheritance:
Class:  The classes inherit the attributes and methods from another

 It is a user-defined data type. class.

 Defines a blueprint for creating objects.  The class inherited from is parent class.
 It encapsulates data and the methods.  The class inherits is called the child class.
 The parent class is also called base class.
 The child class is also called derived class
Example:

Object:
 An object is an instance of a class.
 It is created from the class.
Attributes:
 Attributes are data members.
 Hold information about the object.
 Defined within the class.
Methods:
 Methods are functions.
 Defined within a class. ------------------------------------- END -------------------------------------

 Perform operations on the object's data.

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