Unit 1 Introduction on to Python Programming Language: Why and for What Python?

Program execu
on Process, Built- in Data Types, Variables, Strings and String methods, Numbers, Basic Input, Output
and command line input, String forma ng, Pythonliterals, Operators: Arithme c, Comparison,
Assignment, Logical, Bitwise, Membership, and Iden ty, Comments, Indenta on, First Python
program, Styling Python code. Condi onal Statements- If, If-else, Nested If-else, Itera ve Statement –
For, While, Nested Loops, Control statements – Break, Con nue, Pass.

Introduction to Python Programming

Python is a high-level, interpreted, dynamically typed, and general-purpose programming language.

Why Python?

1. Easy to Learn & Readable – Uses simple English-like syntax.

2. Interpreted – No need for compilation, executed line by line.

3. Cross-Platform – Runs on Windows, macOS, and Linux.

4. Extensive Libraries – Includes built-in modules for data science, machine learning, web
development, etc.

5. Open Source & Free – No licensing costs.

6. Dynamically Typed – No need to declare variable types.

7. Object-Oriented – Supports OOP principles.

Python Program Execution Process

Steps:

1. Write the Python script (.py file).

2. Interpretation by Python Interpreter:

o Converts the source code into bytecode.

o Bytecode is sent to the Python Virtual Machine (PVM).

o PVM executes the code.

📌 Example:

python

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print("Hello, World!")

💡 Run using:

nginx
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python filename.py

Built-in Data Types in Python

1. Numeric Types

 int (Integer) → 10, -5

 float (Decimal) → 3.14, -2.5

 complex (Imaginary) → 2 + 3j

📌 Example:

python

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a = 10 # int

b = 3.14 # float

c = 2 + 3j # complex

print(type(a), type(b), type(c))

2. Sequence Types

 str (String) → "Hello"

 list (Ordered, Mutable) → [1, 2, 3]

 tuple (Ordered, Immutable) → (1, 2, 3)

📌 Example:

python

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s = "Python"

l = [1, 2, 3]

t = (4, 5, 6)

print(type(s), type(l), type(t))

3. Set Types

 set (Unordered, Unique) → {1, 2, 3}

 frozenset (Immutable Set) → frozenset({1, 2, 3})

4. Mapping Type

 dict (Key-Value pairs) → {"name": "Alice", "age": 25}

 No need to declare type.

 Variable names are case-sensitive.

📌 Example:

python

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name = "Alice"

age = 25

print(name, age)

Strings and String Methods

String Methods:

Method Description

upper() Converts to uppercase

lower() Converts to lowercase

strip() Removes whitespace

replace(a, b) Replaces a with b

split() Splits string into a list

📌 Example:

python

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text = " Hello Python "

print(text.upper()) # " HELLO PYTHON "

print(text.strip()) # "Hello Python"

Numbers

Basic Arithmetic Operations

📌 Example:

python

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a, b = 10, 3

print(a + b) # Addition

print(a - b) # Subtraction

print(a * b) # Multiplication

print(a / b) # Division

print(a // b) # Floor division

print(a % b) # Modulus

print(a ** b) # Exponentiation

Basic Input & Output

Taking User Input

📌 Example:

python

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name = input("Enter your name: ")

print("Hello", name)

Command-Line Input

Run a Python file from the terminal:

nginx

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python script.py arg1 arg2

Use sys.argv to access arguments.

String Formatting

Different Formatting Methods

📌 Example:

python

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name = "Alice"

age = 25

print(f"My name is {name} and I am {age} years old.") # f-string

 Numeric Literals: 10, 3.14

 String Literals: "Hello"

 Boolean Literals: True, False

 Special Literal: None

📌 Example:

python

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x = None

print(type(x)) # <class 'NoneType'>

Operators in Python

Type Operators

Arithmetic + - * / // % **

Comparison == != > < >= <=

Assignment = += -= *= /=

Logical and or not

Bitwise `&

Membership in, not in

Identity is, is not

📌 Example:

python

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x = 10

y = 20

print(x > y and y > 5) # False

print(x in [10, 20, 30]) # True

Comments and Indentation

 Single-line comment: # This is a comment

 Multi-line comment:

python

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"""

This is a

multi-line comment

"""

Indentation

Python uses indentation instead of {}.

📌 Example:

python

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if True:

print("Indented block")

First Python Program

📌 Example:

python

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print("Hello, World!")

Styling Python Code

Follow PEP 8 guidelines:

 Use snake_case for variable names.

 Indentation: 4 spaces per level.

 Keep line length ≤79 characters.

Conditional Statements

📌 Example:
python

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x = 10

if x > 5:

print("x is greater than 5")

elif x == 5:

print("x is 5")

else:

print("x is less than 5")

Loops in Python

For Loop

📌 Example:

python

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for i in range(5):

print(i)

While Loop

📌 Example:

python

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x=5

while x > 0:

print(x)

x -= 1

Nested Loops

📌 Example:

python

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for i in range(3):

for j in range(3):
 print(i, j)

Control Statements

Break Statement

📌 Example:

python

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for i in range(5):

if i == 3:

break

print(i)

Continue Statement

📌 Example:

python

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for i in range(5):

if i == 2:

continue

print(i)

Pass Statement

📌 Example:

python

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for i in range(5):

pass # Placeholder for future code

Func ons: How func ons communicate with their environment? Returning a result from func on,
Types of func on, func on crea on, types of func on crea on, calling, passing parameters, Func on
Scopes ,types of Arguments passed in func on, Lamda Func on. List: Basic List opera ons, Indexing,
Slicing, organizing a list, Built-in func ons of list, Working with list and a part of a list, Condi onal
Execu on, Boolean Expressions, Condi onal Statements with Lists, List Comprehension Expression,
While and For Loop,Itera ons, Documenta on Interlude. Tuple: defini on, Crea on, accessing, dele on,
Itera on, conver ng between list and tuple.

Functions in Python

A function is a reusable block of code that performs a specific task.

1. Function Communication

Functions communicate with their environment in two ways:

1. Passing arguments (input)

2. Returning values (output)

📌 Example:

python

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def greet(name): # Function receives input

return f"Hello, {name}!" # Function returns output

message = greet("Alice")

print(message) # Output: Hello, Alice!

2. Returning a Result from a Function

 Use return to send a result back.

 Functions without return return None.

📌 Example:

python

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def add(a, b):

return a + b

result = add(5, 3)

print(result) # Output: 8

📌 Returning Multiple Values:

python
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def get_person():

return "Alice", 25 # Returns a tuple

name, age = get_person()

print(name, age) # Output: Alice 25

3. Types of Functions

1. Built-in functions: print(), len(), sum()

2. User-defined functions: Created by the user.

3. Recursive functions: A function that calls itself.

4. Lambda functions: Anonymous functions (one-liners).

5. Higher-order functions: Functions that take other functions as arguments.

4. Function Creation & Calling

📌 Defining and Calling a Function:

python

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def square(n):

return n * n

print(square(4)) # Output: 16

5. Types of Arguments in Functions

a) Positional Arguments

Arguments passed in the correct order.

python

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def info(name, age):

print(f"{name} is {age} years old.")

b) Default Arguments

Default values if no argument is given.

python

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def greet(name="Guest"):

print(f"Hello, {name}!")

greet() # Output: Hello, Guest!

greet("Bob") # Output: Hello, Bob!

c) Keyword Arguments

Pass values using parameter names.

python

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def person(name, age):

print(f"Name: {name}, Age: {age}")

person(age=30, name="Alice")

d) Variable-Length Arguments

i) *args (Multiple Positional Arguments)

python

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def add(*numbers):

return sum(numbers)

print(add(1, 2, 3, 4)) # Output: 10

ii) **kwargs (Multiple Keyword Arguments)

python

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def info(**details):

for key, value in details.items():

info(name="Alice", age=25, city="NY")

6. Function Scope

a) Local Scope

Variables inside a function.

python

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def example():

x = 10 # Local variable

print(x)

example()

# print(x) # Error: x is not defined outside function

b) Global Scope

Variables outside functions.

python

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x = 10 # Global variable

def example():

print(x) # Accessing global variable

example()

c) global Keyword

Modify global variables inside a function.

python

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x = 10
def modify():

global x

x += 5

modify()

print(x) # Output: 15

7. Lambda Functions (Anonymous Functions)

 A one-line function using lambda.

📌 Example:

python

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square = lambda x: x * x

print(square(4)) # Output: 16

📌 Multiple Arguments:

python

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add = lambda a, b: a + b

print(add(3, 5)) # Output: 8

Lists in Python

Lists are ordered, mutable, and can store heterogeneous elements.

📌 Creating a List:

python

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my_list = [1, 2, 3, "Python", 4.5]

1. Basic List Operations

python

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l = [10, 20, 30]

l.append(40) # Add item

l.insert(1, 25) # Insert item at index

print(l) # Output: [10, 25, 30, 40]

2. Indexing & Slicing

📌 Accessing Elements:

python

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l = [10, 20, 30, 40]

print(l[1]) # Output: 20

print(l[-1]) # Output: 40

📌 Slicing:

python

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print(l[1:3]) # Output: [20, 30]

print(l[:2]) # Output: [10, 20]

print(l[::2]) # Output: [10, 30]

3. List Comprehension

📌 Example:

python

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squares = [x*x for x in range(5)]

print(squares) # Output: [0, 1, 4, 9, 16]

4. Iteration Over Lists

Using for Loop

python

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for item in [1, 2, 3]:

print(item)

Using while Loop

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i=0

l = [10, 20, 30]

while i < len(l):

print(l[i])

i += 1

5. Built-in List Functions

Function Description

len(l) Length of list

max(l) Maximum value

min(l) Minimum value

sum(l) Sum of elements

sorted(l) Sorts the list

📌 Example:

python

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l = [3, 1, 4, 2]

print(sorted(l)) # Output: [1, 2, 3, 4]

Tuples in Python

Tuples are ordered, immutable sequences.

📌 Creating a Tuple:

python

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t = (1, 2, 3, "Python")

print(type(t)) # Output: <class 'tuple'>

1. Accessing Tuple Elements

python

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print(t[1]) # Output: 2

print(t[-1]) # Output: Python

2. Iterating Through a Tuple

python

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for item in t:

print(item)

3. Converting Between List and Tuple

📌 Tuple → List:

python

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t = (1, 2, 3)

l = list(t)

📌 List → Tuple:

python

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l = [1, 2, 3]

t = tuple(l)

Summary

 Functions: Communication, return values, argument types, lambda functions.

 Lists: Indexing, slicing, iteration, list comprehension.

 Tuples: Immutable, accessing, iteration, conversion.