Computer Hardware & Setup - Complete

By: NetComp Technologies

Preface
This eBook presents 25 essential computer hardware topics in a simplified and easy-to-understand format.
Each topic includes diagrams, step-by-step explanations, and examples, making it suitable even for beginners.

The guide is designed for students, teachers, and anyone interested in learning how to assemble, install, and
maintain a computer system. After studying this guide, you'll be able to completely disassemble, assemble, and
install/uninstall software on a computer.

Topic 1: Introduction to Computer

A computer is an electronic device that processes data based on user-provided instructions and delivers
output. It can also store data and retrieve it for future use.

Characteristics of a Computer:
1. Speed – Performs calculations extremely fast.

2. Accuracy – Errors are rare and usually due to incorrect input.

3. Automation – Executes tasks automatically once programmed.

4. Storage – Can store massive amounts of data (e.g., in GBs or TBs).

5. Diligence – Works continuously without fatigue or boredom.

6. Versatility – Can perform various tasks such as calculations, design, and multimedia.

7. Multitasking – Handles multiple tasks simultaneously.

Applications of Computers:
- Education – Online classes, research, tutorials

- Business – Billing, accounting, emails

- Healthcare – Patient records, diagnostics

- Entertainment – Gaming, music, videos

- Government – Digital IDs, governance systems

- Science – Data analysis, research support

History of Computers:
Initially, people used the abacus for calculations. Later, Charles Babbage conceptualized the first mechanical
computer called the Analytical Engine.

Generations of Computers:
1. 1st Generation (1940–1956): Vacuum Tubes – Large and heat-generating

2. 2nd Generation (1956–1963): Transistors – Smaller and more efficient

3. 3rd Generation (1964–1971): Integrated Circuits (ICs)

4. 4th Generation (1971–Present): Microprocessors – Personal computers

5. 5th Generation (Present & Beyond): AI, robotics, smart devices

Types of Computers:
- Microcomputers (Desktops, Laptops)

- Minicomputers

- Mainframe computers

- Supercomputers

Basic Block Diagram of a Computer:

Input → Processing Unit → Output (with integrated Storage Unit)

Input devices like a keyboard/mouse send data to the CPU for processing. The results are shown using output
devices like monitors/printers. Storage units (HDD/SSD) hold data temporarily or permanently.

Topic 2: Input Devices

Input devices are hardware components that take data or instructions from the user and pass them to the
computer system. They convert data from human-readable form to machine-readable form.

Common Input Devices:

1. Keyboard – The most common input device used to enter text, numbers, and symbols. It uses the QWERTY
layout.

2. Mouse – A pointing device used to control the cursor. It includes left-click, right-click, and scroll functions.

3. Scanner – Converts physical documents and images into digital format. Common types: flatbed and handheld
scanners.

4. Microphone – Captures sound input. Used for voice recognition and audio recording.

5. Webcam – Captures live video and photos. Used for video calls and online meetings.
6. Touch Screen – Acts as both input and output. Allows direct interaction with the display.

7. Joystick – Primarily used for gaming. Has directional control and buttons.

8. Light Pen – A light-sensitive pen used to draw or write directly on the screen (mostly older systems).

9. Optical Mark Reader (OMR) – Used in exams to read filled bubbles on predefined forms.

10. Barcode Reader – Scans product barcodes. Widely used in retail and inventory management.

Importance of Input Devices:

- Input devices are essential for interaction between the user and the computer.
- Different devices are used to input different types of data.

Block Diagram:
[User] ---> [Input Devices] ---> [Computer Processing System]

Topic 3: Output Devices

Output devices are hardware components that deliver processed data from the computer to the user. They
convert machine-readable data into human-readable form.

Common Output Devices:

1. Monitor (VDU) – Displays text, images, and videos. Types include CRT, LCD, LED, and OLED.

2. Printer – Prints data onto paper. Types include Inkjet, Laser, and Dot Matrix.

3. Speaker – Outputs sound, such as music or system notifications.

4. Headphones – Provide private audio output similar to speakers.

5. Projector – Projects computer screen onto a larger surface, commonly used for presentations.

6. Plotter – Used for printing large-size vector graphics and engineering drawings.

7. Braille Reader – Outputs information in braille format for visually impaired users.

Importance of Output Devices:

- They provide the final output that a user can see, hear, or feel.
- Different devices cater to different types of output such as visual, audio, and physical.

Diagram:
[Computer Processing] ---> [Output Devices] ---> [User]
Topic 4: CPU Back Panel
The CPU back panel or rear side of the system unit contains various essential ports used for connecting
external devices to the computer. Each port serves a unique function and helps establish communication with
different peripherals.

Main Components:
1. Power Supply Port – Distributes power to the internal components.

2. PS/2 Ports – For old-style keyboard (purple) and mouse (green).

3. USB Ports – Used to connect mouse, keyboard, printer, storage devices, etc.

4. VGA Port – Used to connect to analog monitors or projectors.

5. HDMI Port – Transmits high-definition video and audio signals.

6. Ethernet Port – For wired internet connectivity.

7. Audio Jacks – 3.5mm jacks for headphones, microphones, and speakers.

8. Serial Port – Used with older peripherals, now mostly outdated.

9. Parallel Port – Formerly used with printers and scanners.

10. Expansion Ports – For external outputs of graphic or sound cards.

Diagram:

CPU back panel showing common ports.

Importance:
The CPU back panel is vital for connecting your system with external hardware. Understanding these ports
ensures proper and safe hardware connections.

Topic 5: Open Computer Cabinet

An open computer cabinet shows the internal hardware components that are essential for the functioning of a
desktop computer. This helps users understand where and how different parts are connected inside the system
unit.
Main Components Inside the Cabinet:
1. Power Supply – Provides power to all internal components.

2. Motherboard – The main circuit board that holds CPU, RAM, and expansion cards.

3. CPU (Processor) – The brain of the computer that performs calculations and processing.

4. RAM (Memory) – Temporary memory for processing tasks.

5. Hard Disk Drive (HDD) – Stores data and the operating system.

6. Cooling Fans – Prevent overheating of the CPU and system.

7. Expansion Slots – Allow additional cards such as graphics or sound cards.

Diagram:

Labeled diagram of an open desktop cabinet showing internal components like CPU, RAM, HDD, and Power
Supply.

Conclusion:
Opening a computer cabinet is essential for maintenance, upgrades, or repairs. Familiarity with its internal
layout is key for any hardware technician or enthusiast.
Topic 6: Motherboard and Its Components
The motherboard is the main printed circuit board (PCB) in a computer. It serves as the foundation for all
hardware components and allows them to communicate and function together. Every crucial part of the
computer is either directly installed on the motherboard or connected to it via ports or slots.

Main Components of the Motherboard:

1. CPU Socket – The slot where the processor is installed.

2. RAM Slots – Memory modules are inserted here for temporary data access.

3. Chipset – Includes Northbridge and Southbridge, controlling communication between CPU, RAM, and
peripherals.

4. PCIe Slots – Used for adding graphic cards, sound cards, and other expansion cards.

5. SATA Ports – Used for connecting storage devices like HDDs and SSDs.

6. Power Connectors – 24-pin and 8-pin connectors provide power from the PSU.

7. USB Headers – Internal connectors for front USB ports.

8. CMOS Battery – Maintains BIOS settings when the computer is powered off.

9. Fan Header – For connecting CPU and cabinet fans.

10. Front Panel Connectors – Connect buttons and LEDs on the cabinet front panel.

Diagram:

Labeled top-down view of a motherboard with key components identified.

Importance:
Understanding the motherboard is essential for assembling, upgrading, or troubleshooting a computer. It is the
central hub where all hardware meets and works together.

Topic 7: SMPS (Switched Mode Power Supply)

SMPS stands for Switched Mode Power Supply. It is a power conversion unit that supplies power to all the
components of a computer by converting high-voltage AC (Alternating Current) from the wall outlet into low-
voltage DC (Direct Current) required by internal components.

Functions of SMPS:
1. Converts 230V AC into regulated low-voltage DC (such as 3.3V, 5V, 12V).

2. Distributes power to the motherboard, storage devices, CPU, GPU, fans, and other components.

3. Offers overvoltage and short circuit protection.

Main Output Connectors:

• 24-Pin ATX Power Connector – Main power supply to motherboard.

• 4/8-Pin CPU Power Connector – Supplies power to the processor.

• SATA Power Connector – Powers HDDs and SSDs.

• Molex Connector – Powers older devices like DVD drives or case fans.

• PCIe Connector – Powers graphic cards.

Advantages:
• More efficient than traditional linear power supplies.

• Lightweight and compact design.

• Less heat generation.

Conclusion:
SMPS is a vital part of any computer system. A faulty SMPS can prevent the computer from booting or may
damage internal components. Understanding SMPS connectors and functions is important for assembling and
troubleshooting PCs.

Diagram:
Labeled SMPS showing major power connectors like ATX, CPU, SATA, Molex, and PCIe.

Topic 8: Hard Disk Drive (HDD)

A Hard Disk Drive (HDD) is a non-volatile data storage device used in computers to permanently store and
retrieve digital information using magnetic storage. It is one of the oldest and most reliable forms of storage
technology.

How HDD Works:

An HDD consists of spinning disks (platters) coated with magnetic material. Data is written to and read from
the platters using a magnetic head, which moves across the surface as the platters spin.

Key Components of HDD:

1. Platters – Circular disks where data is magnetically stored.

2. Spindle – Rotates the platters at high speed (usually 5400 or 7200 RPM).

3. Read/Write Head – Reads data from and writes data to the platters.

4. Actuator Arm – Moves the read/write head across the platter.

5. Actuator – Controls the movement of the actuator arm.

6. PCB (Printed Circuit Board) – Controls drive functions and data transfer.

Types of HDD:
• SATA (Serial ATA) – Most common interface in modern computers.

• IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics) – Older type, now rarely used.

• SSD (Solid State Drive) – Newer technology with faster speeds (not technically HDD but used for comparison).

Advantages of HDD:
• High storage capacity at low cost.

• Long lifespan if handled properly.

Disadvantages:
• Slower compared to SSDs.

• Mechanical parts make it prone to damage if dropped.

Conclusion:
The HDD is a crucial storage component in computers. Though SSDs are now popular, HDDs remain widely
used due to their affordability and large capacity.

Diagram:
Labeled diagram of a Hard Disk Drive showing platter, spindle, actuator arm, read/write head, actuator axis,
and connector.

Topic 9: SMPS Cables and Connectors

The SMPS (Switched Mode Power Supply) provides power to various components in a computer system using
different types of connectors. Each connector has a specific shape, pin configuration, and voltage rating to
match the needs of individual hardware components.

Main SMPS Connectors and Their Uses:

1. 24-Pin ATX Connector – Main power supply for the motherboard. Provides 3.3V, 5V, and 12V rails.

2. 4-Pin / 8-Pin CPU Connector – Delivers power directly to the processor (CPU).

3. SATA Power Connector – Powers storage devices like HDDs, SSDs, and optical drives.

4. Molex Connector – Older 4-pin connector used for case fans, older HDDs, or DVD drives.

5. PCIe (6/8-Pin) Connector – Supplies extra power to high-end graphics cards (GPU).

6. Floppy Connector – Small 4-pin connector used for floppy drives or legacy devices (now obsolete).

Typical Voltage Levels:

• +3.3V – Used by newer digital components on the motherboard.

• +5V – Used by older digital logic and some disk drives.

• +12V – Powers motors, fans, CPU, and GPU.

Color Code of Wires (Standard):

• Yellow – +12V

• Red – +5V

• Orange – +3.3V

• Black – Ground (GND)

• Purple – +5V Standby

• Green – Power ON

• Grey – Power Good

Diagram:

Conclusion:
SMPS cables and connectors are critical for delivering stable power to different parts of a PC. Each connector is
designed for a specific purpose and must be correctly connected for the system to work properly.
Labeled diagram of SMPS showing 24-pin ATX, 4/8-pin CPU, SATA, and Molex connectors with associated
cables.

Topic 10: SMPS Testing and Fault Finding

Testing and diagnosing an SMPS (Switched Mode Power Supply) is essential to ensure proper functionality of
the system. Faulty SMPS can lead to no power, random reboots, or component damage.

Basic SMPS Testing Methods:

1. **Paperclip Test (Green-Black Wire Test):**

- Disconnect SMPS from the motherboard.

- Locate the green wire and any black (ground) wire on the 24-pin ATX connector.
- Use a paperclip to short the green and black wires.
- If the SMPS fan starts, it's providing power.

2. **Multimeter Test:**

- Set the multimeter to DC voltage mode.

- Check voltage on yellow (+12V), red (+5V), and orange (+3.3V) wires by probing them against a black
(ground) wire.
- Voltage should be within 5% of the standard value (e.g., 11.4V to 12.6V for 12V line).

Common SMPS Faults:

• No Power Output – Dead SMPS or blown fuse.

• SMPS Fan not spinning – Faulty fan or controller.

• PC Randomly Shuts Down – Voltage fluctuations or overheating.

• Burning Smell or Spark – Short circuit or capacitor damage.

Safety Precautions:
• Always unplug the SMPS before testing internally.

• Avoid touching internal capacitors – they can retain charge.

• Use insulated tools and proper grounding while testing.

Diagram:
[Diagram showing SMPS Paperclip Test and voltage testing with multimeter will be inserted here.]

Conclusion:
Regular testing and fault identification in SMPS help in maintaining a stable computer system. Using basic tools
like a paperclip and multimeter, most common issues can be diagnosed safely.

Topic 11: Types of RAM (Random Access Memory)

RAM (Random Access Memory) is a type of volatile memory used by computers to temporarily store data that
is actively being used or processed. It allows quick read and write access to a storage medium that is much
faster than a hard drive or SSD.
Main Types of RAM:
1. **SRAM (Static RAM):**

- Faster and more expensive than DRAM.

- Used in cache memory.
- Does not need to be refreshed frequently.

2. **DRAM (Dynamic RAM):**

- Slower than SRAM but cheaper and denser.

- Needs to be refreshed thousands of times per second.
- Used as main system memory.

SDRAM and DDR Generations:

• **SDRAM** – Synchronous DRAM, synchronized with the system clock.

• **DDR1** – First generation of Double Data Rate RAM.

• **DDR2** – Improved speed and efficiency over DDR1.

• **DDR3** – Common in systems from 2007–2014, lower voltage than DDR2.

• **DDR4** – Faster, more energy-efficient, used in modern PCs (2014–2020+).

• **DDR5** – Latest standard with higher speed and bandwidth (from 2021 onward).

Volatile vs Non-Volatile Memory:

• **Volatile Memory** – Requires power to retain data (e.g., RAM).

• **Non-Volatile Memory** – Retains data even after power is off (e.g., ROM, HDD, SSD).

Key Differences Between SRAM and DRAM:

• **Speed:** SRAM > DRAM

• **Cost:** SRAM is more expensive

• **Use:** SRAM in cache, DRAM in main memory

• **Refresh Rate:** SRAM doesn’t require refreshing, DRAM does

Diagram:

[Labeled diagram of a RAM stick with components like pins, chips, and notches will be inserted here.]

Conclusion:
RAM is a critical component that affects the speed and performance of a computer. Understanding different
types of RAM helps in selecting compatible and efficient memory modules.

Topic 12: Types of ROM (Read-Only Memory)

ROM (Read-Only Memory) is a type of non-volatile memory used in computers and other electronic devices.
Unlike RAM, the contents of ROM remain even after the computer is turned off. It stores firmware and essential
programs required for system startup.

Characteristics of ROM:
• Non-volatile – retains data without power.

• Data is permanently written during manufacture or later via special programming methods.

• Used to store BIOS, firmware, or embedded programs.

Types of ROM:
1. **ROM (Masked ROM):**

- Data is permanently written during manufacturing.

- Cannot be changed or erased.

2. **PROM (Programmable ROM):**

 - Blank ROM that can be written once using a special device called PROM programmer.
- Cannot be modified once written.

3. **EPROM (Erasable Programmable ROM):**

- Can be erased using ultraviolet (UV) light and reprogrammed.

- Identified by a quartz window on top of the chip.

4. **EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM):**

- Can be erased and reprogrammed using electric signals.

- Used in BIOS and embedded systems.
- Allows selective byte-level erasing.

ROM vs RAM:
• ROM is non-volatile; RAM is volatile.

• ROM is mainly used for firmware; RAM is used for temporary data processing.

• ROM is slower and smaller; RAM is faster and used in large sizes.

Uses of ROM:
• BIOS or firmware in computers

• Embedded software in devices like routers, washing machines, calculators

• Game cartridges, microcontrollers, and industrial machines

Diagram:
[Diagram showing different types of ROM chips will be inserted here.]

Conclusion:
ROM is essential for booting and running firmware in computers and digital devices. Its various types serve
different purposes based on reusability and modification options.

Topic 13: SMPS Installation & Mounting

The SMPS (Switched Mode Power Supply) is a critical component that must be securely installed inside the
computer cabinet. Proper installation ensures safe power delivery to all internal hardware components and
maintains airflow inside the cabinet.

Step-by-Step SMPS Installation Guide:

1. **Turn off the power and unplug the cabinet.**

2. **Place the cabinet on a clean, static-free surface.**

3. **Identify the SMPS mounting area:** Usually located at the top-rear or bottom-rear of the cabinet.

4. **Insert the SMPS into its compartment:** Align the fan either facing downward or toward the ventilation
mesh.

5. **Align screw holes with cabinet frame:** Secure the SMPS with 4 screws using a screwdriver.

6. **Connect power cables:**

- 24-pin ATX to motherboard

- 4/8-pin CPU power

- SATA/Molex to HDD, SSD, and optical drives

7. **Check cable routing and airflow:** Tuck away extra cables to avoid blocking ventilation.

8. **Recheck connections and close the cabinet.**

9. **Connect power cable and test the system.**

Safety Precautions:
• Ensure the system is unplugged before installation.

• Avoid handling the SMPS by internal components or wires.

• Secure the unit tightly to prevent vibration or damage.

Diagram:

[Diagram showing SMPS mounted in cabinet with labeled screws and connector cables will be inserted here.]

Conclusion:
Installing the SMPS properly ensures reliable power delivery and prevents hardware malfunction. It also
promotes good airflow and system stability.

Topic 14: Motherboard Installation & Mounting

Installing the motherboard is a crucial step in assembling a computer. It serves as the central hub that connects
and powers all other components. Proper alignment and secure mounting are essential to avoid short circuits
and ensure a stable system.

Precautions Before Installation:

• Ensure power is off and the cabinet is unplugged.

• Use an anti-static wristband or touch metal surface to discharge static electricity.

• Make sure all tools (screwdriver, screws, etc.) are ready.

• Install the I/O shield in the cabinet before placing the motherboard.

• Confirm standoffs are correctly placed in the cabinet to align with motherboard holes.

Step-by-Step Motherboard Installation:

1. **Place the cabinet horizontally for easy access.**

2. **Align the motherboard's ports with the I/O shield in the back panel.**

3. **Gently lower the motherboard onto the standoffs.**

4. **Insert screws into all designated mounting holes and tighten gently.**

5. **Connect the 24-pin ATX power cable and 4/8-pin CPU power connector from the SMPS.**

6. **Connect front panel connectors: Power switch, reset, power LED, HDD LED, and USB/audio headers.**

7. **Attach SATA cables to the motherboard for hard drives/SSDs.**

8. **Double-check all connections and cable placement.**

Tips:
• Do not overtighten screws—this can damage the board.

• Ensure no extra metal or screw is left under the motherboard.

• Use cable ties for better cable management and airflow.

Diagram:
[Diagram of motherboard mounted inside cabinet with labeled components will be inserted here.]

Conclusion:
Proper motherboard mounting ensures safe and efficient operation of your PC. Carefully follow the steps and
verify all connections to avoid any functional issues.

Topic 15: CPU, RAM, and Fan Installation

Installing the CPU, RAM, and cooling fan is a delicate process that requires precision and care. These are some
of the most important components for performance, and their proper installation ensures system stability and
efficiency.

Step-by-Step CPU Installation:

1. **Open the CPU socket lever on the motherboard.**

2. **Align the CPU’s notches or golden triangle with the socket.**

3. **Gently place the CPU into the socket—do not apply force.**

4. **Lower and lock the socket lever.**

Applying Thermal Paste (if required):
• If the fan doesn’t come with pre-applied thermal paste, apply a pea-sized drop at the center of the CPU.

• Do not spread the paste manually—it will spread automatically when the cooler is mounted.

CPU Fan/Heatsink Installation:

1. **Align the cooler brackets with mounting holes.**

2. **Secure the cooler/fan using clips or screws (depending on the type).**

3. **Connect the CPU fan power cable to the motherboard’s CPU_FAN header.**

Installing RAM Modules:

1. **Open the latches of the RAM slots on the motherboard.**

2. **Align the notch on the RAM stick with the ridge in the slot.**

3. **Insert the RAM firmly until both side clips click into place.**

4. **For dual-channel RAM, install in the matching color-coded slots.**

Precautions:
• Handle CPU and RAM by the edges only—avoid touching contacts or pins.

• Do not use excessive force when installing components.

• Ensure CPU fan is properly connected to avoid overheating.

Diagram:

[Diagram showing step-by-step installation of CPU, thermal paste, fan, and RAM modules will be inserted here.]

Conclusion:
Proper installation of the CPU, RAM, and cooling fan is essential for a stable and fast-performing system. Taking
care during this process prevents hardware damage and ensures optimal thermal management.

Topic 16: Connecting Storage Devices (HDD/SSD)

Storage devices such as Hard Disk Drives (HDDs) and Solid State Drives (SSDs) are used to store the operating
system, software, and user data. Proper installation and connection are essential for system functionality and
performance.

Types of Storage Devices:

• **HDD (Hard Disk Drive):** Mechanical device with spinning platters; available in 3.5" (desktop) and 2.5"
(laptop) sizes.

• **SSD (Solid State Drive):** Faster, no moving parts; available in 2.5" SATA or M.2 NVMe/SATA form factors.
Steps to Install HDD/SSD (SATA):
1. **Mount the drive in a 3.5" or 2.5" bay using screws or tool-less brackets.**

2. **Connect one end of the SATA data cable to the drive, the other end to the motherboard SATA port.**

3. **Connect the SATA power cable from the SMPS to the drive.**

4. **Secure cables using cable ties to improve airflow.**

5. **Verify BIOS detects the drive after system startup.**

Steps to Install M.2 SSD:

1. **Locate the M.2 slot on the motherboard.**

2. **Insert the M.2 SSD at a 30-degree angle and gently push it into place.**

3. **Secure the SSD with a screw provided on the motherboard.**

4. **No extra power or data cable is required for M.2 drives.**

Cable Management Tips:

• Use pre-cut cable holes in the cabinet to route SATA cables neatly.

• Bundle extra wires with zip ties to avoid airflow obstruction.

• Avoid sharp bends or tight pulls in cables.

Diagram:
[Diagram showing HDD/SSD mounted in cabinet with SATA data and power cables connected will be inserted
here.]

Conclusion:
Installing storage devices properly ensures the system can boot and operate smoothly. Using correct SATA
cables and securely mounting the drives prevents disconnection and damage.

Topic 17: Optical Drive Installation

An optical drive is used to read and write data from optical discs such as CDs, DVDs, and Blu-rays. Although not
common in modern systems, they are still used in many offices, schools, and for legacy media.

Tools and Requirements:

• A SATA optical drive (CD/DVD-RW)

• One SATA data cable

• One SATA power connector from SMPS

• A screwdriver if the cabinet uses screw-based mounting

Steps to Install an Optical Drive:
1. **Open the front panel bay cover of the cabinet (usually 5.25” bay).**

2. **Slide the optical drive into the bay from the front side.**

3. **Align the screw holes on both sides of the drive with the cabinet rails.**

4. **Secure the drive using screws or tool-less brackets.**

5. **Connect one end of the SATA data cable to the drive, the other to the motherboard.**

6. **Connect the SATA power cable from the SMPS to the drive.**

7. **Power on the system and check BIOS to ensure the drive is detected.**

8. **Once in Windows or Linux, the drive should appear in File Explorer/My Computer.**

Tips:
• Most modern cabinets support tool-free installation for 5.25” bays.

• Make sure the SATA cable is not bent or under tension.

• If the drive isn’t detected, recheck both cables and BIOS settings.

Diagram:

[Diagram showing optical drive installation in cabinet and connection to motherboard and power will be
inserted here.]
Conclusion:
Optical drives are easy to install and useful for media playback, software installation, and data backup. Correct
mounting and connections ensure smooth operation.

Topic 18: Connecting Front Panel Connectors

Front panel connectors allow the user to interact with the computer's cabinet, providing buttons and ports
such as power switch, reset, LEDs, USB, and audio jacks. Correctly connecting these to the motherboard is
essential for system control and usability.

Common Front Panel Connectors:

• **Power Switch (PWR SW):** Turns the system ON/OFF.

• **Reset Switch (RESET SW):** Restarts the system.

• **Power LED (PLED):** Lights up when system is powered ON.

• **HDD LED:** Indicates hard drive activity.

• **Speaker (Optional):** Small beeping sound for POST error codes.

• **Front USB:** USB 2.0/3.0 ports on the cabinet connected to USB headers on motherboard.

• **Front Audio (HD AUDIO/AC’97):** Connects headphone/mic jack to motherboard.

Steps to Connect Front Panel Connectors:

1. **Refer to the motherboard manual for the exact pin layout (FPANEL header).**

2. **Locate the front panel header on the motherboard (usually labeled 'F_PANEL').**

3. **Identify each connector's label and match it with the motherboard pin layout.**

4. **Insert each connector gently onto the corresponding pins.**

5. **Ensure the polarity (+/-) is correct for LED indicators.**

6. **Connect USB and Audio headers into their designated slots (usually labeled USB1/USB2 and AAFP).**

Tips:
• Most connectors are labeled (PWR SW, HDD LED, etc.) — read them carefully.

• Use a flashlight and magnifying glass if needed to read small print on motherboard.

• USB 3.0 front connector is larger and key-notched—insert carefully.

Diagram:

[Diagram showing front panel connectors on motherboard and labeled wires from cabinet will be inserted
here.]

Conclusion:
Connecting front panel connectors properly enables you to control your computer easily. Incorrect connections
may prevent the PC from turning on or showing LED indicators.

Topic 19: Assembling Complete CPU Step-by-Step

Assembling a complete CPU (cabinet) involves installing all internal components in the correct sequence.
Following a step-by-step approach ensures a clean, functional, and safe computer build.

Tools Required:
• Phillips head screwdriver

• Zip ties or Velcro straps for cable management

• Anti-static wrist strap or grounded metal surface

Step-by-Step Assembly Process:

1. **Prepare the workspace:** A clean, well-lit area with enough space to spread components.

2. **Install SMPS in the cabinet:** Secure it with screws and route power cables.

3. **Install motherboard:** Mount using standoffs, align I/O shield, and screw into place.

4. **Install CPU onto motherboard socket:** Align and place gently, then lock the lever.

5. **Apply thermal paste (if needed) and install CPU fan:** Secure and connect to CPU_FAN header.

6. **Install RAM modules into appropriate motherboard slots:** Firmly press till it clicks.

7. **Mount HDD/SSD and connect SATA data and power cables.**

8. **Install Optical Drive (if any):** Use front panel bay and connect required cables.

9. **Connect Front Panel Connectors (Power, Reset, LEDs, USB, Audio).**

10. **Install additional components:** Graphics card, network card, etc. into PCIe slots.

11. **Connect all power cables to the motherboard and components.**

12. **Tidy up cables using ties or straps to ensure airflow and safety.**

13. **Double-check all connections before closing the cabinet.**

14. **Connect monitor, keyboard, and power cord — then power ON the system.**

Initial Boot Checklist:

• Check if CPU fan spins.

• Monitor displays BIOS or logo screen.

• No error beeps or burning smell.

• BIOS detects all installed components.

Diagram:
[Diagram showing complete cabinet with all installed components labeled will be inserted here.]

Conclusion:
Assembling a computer requires patience and attention to detail. By following these structured steps, you can
build a clean and reliable system.
Topic 20: BIOS Setup and Configuration
BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) is the firmware that initializes hardware components and starts the
operating system when the computer is powered on. It resides on a ROM chip located on the motherboard and
plays a key role in system stability and configuration.

Accessing the BIOS:

• Power on the computer and press the BIOS key repeatedly (usually DEL, F2, F10, or ESC) during startup.

• The BIOS Setup Utility screen will appear with multiple configuration menus.

Common BIOS Menus and Options:

1. **Main:** Shows system time, date, processor, and memory information.

2. **Advanced:** Options for CPU settings, USB configuration, and integrated peripherals.

3. **Boot:** Set boot device order (e.g., HDD, SSD, USB, DVD).

4. **Security:** Set BIOS passwords to prevent unauthorized access.

5. **Exit:** Save, discard, or restore default BIOS settings.

How to Set Boot Priority:

• Navigate to the Boot menu.

• Use arrow keys to highlight the boot device (e.g., USB or SSD).

• Use +/- keys or instructions on the screen to reorder the priority.

Changing Date and Time:

• Go to the Main menu.

• Use arrow keys to select Date or Time and enter new values.

Restore Default BIOS Settings:

• Go to Exit menu.

• Choose 'Load Setup Defaults' or 'Optimized Defaults'.

• Save and Exit.

BIOS Update (Optional):

• Can be done using USB or update tools provided by the motherboard manufacturer.

• Only update if necessary (e.g., hardware compatibility, performance fix).

Diagram:
[Diagram showing BIOS screen with labeled sections like Boot Order, Date/Time, and Menus will be inserted
here.]
Conclusion:
BIOS is a vital utility for configuring system hardware, boot devices, and enabling smooth startup. Making
correct BIOS settings is essential before OS installation.

Topic 21: Installing Windows Operating System

Installing a Windows Operating System is a critical step after assembling a computer. This process involves
booting from a bootable USB/DVD, formatting the hard drive, and completing the Windows setup wizard.

System Requirements (Example – Windows 10):

• 1 GHz or faster processor

• 2 GB RAM (32-bit) or 4 GB RAM (64-bit)

• 20 GB free disk space

• USB/DVD bootable media

• Internet connection (optional)

Creating a Bootable USB:

• Use tools like Rufus or Windows Media Creation Tool.

• Select Windows ISO file and USB drive, then create bootable media.

Steps to Install Windows:

1. **Insert the bootable USB/DVD into the computer.**

2. **Power ON the computer and enter BIOS.**

3. **Set boot priority to USB/DVD and Save & Exit.**

4. **Windows setup will start. Select language, time, and input method.**

5. **Click on 'Install Now'.**

6. **Enter product key (if available) or skip for later.**

7. **Choose the Windows edition (if asked).**

8. **Accept license terms and click Next.**

9. **Choose 'Custom: Install Windows only'.**

10. **Delete existing partitions if needed or create new partitions.**

11. **Select partition for installation and click Next.**

12. **Installation will begin – wait for copying and setup to complete.**

13. **System will reboot – follow on-screen instructions to set username, password, and preferences.**

After Installation:
• Install motherboard and driver software (from CD or manufacturer’s website).

• Connect to internet and run Windows Update.

• Install essential applications (browser, antivirus, etc.).

Diagram:

[Diagram showing Windows setup screens like partition selection, progress bar, and completion will be
inserted here.]

Conclusion:
Installing Windows is a user-friendly process when done step-by-step. Once installed, you can proceed to
drivers and software setup to make the system fully usable.

Topic 22: Installing Drivers and Basic Software

After installing the operating system, the next step is to install drivers and essential software. Drivers help the
operating system communicate with hardware components. Without them, devices like sound, network, or
graphics may not work properly.
What Are Drivers?
Drivers are software programs that act as a bridge between the operating system and hardware components.
Each component like a graphics card, sound card, printer, or network adapter needs its respective driver.

Installing Drivers:
1. **From Motherboard CD/DVD:**

- Insert the disc and follow the on-screen instructions to install chipset, audio, LAN, and USB drivers.

2. **From Manufacturer’s Website:**

- Visit the official website of the motherboard or laptop brand.

- Search using the exact model number.
- Download and install the latest drivers.

3. **Via Windows Update:**

- Go to Settings → Update & Security → Windows Update → Check for updates.

- Some basic drivers may install automatically.

Important Drivers to Install:

• Chipset Driver – Controls motherboard functions

• Audio Driver – Enables sound functionality

• LAN/WiFi Driver – Provides network connectivity

• Graphics Driver – Required for display output and performance (Intel/NVIDIA/AMD)

• USB Drivers – For proper detection of USB ports and devices

Basic Software to Install:

• Web Browser – Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Microsoft Edge

• PDF Reader – Adobe Acrobat Reader, Foxit Reader

• Office Suite – Microsoft Office, LibreOffice, WPS Office

• Media Player – VLC Media Player

• Antivirus – Windows Defender (built-in), or third-party solutions

• Compression Tool – WinRAR, 7-Zip

Diagram:
[Diagram showing Device Manager with installed and missing drivers highlighted will be inserted here.]

Conclusion:
Installing correct drivers and basic software ensures your system is fully functional, secure, and ready for daily
use. Always prefer the latest drivers from official sources for the best performance.