2023-2024 ACADEMIC YEAR

MATHEMATICS DEPARTMENT

10 SL TERM 1

TRANSFORMATIONS OF GRAPHS

NAME / SURNAME:

CLASS / NO:

1
GRAPHS OF THE PARENTAL FUNCTIONS

Constant Function: f ( x) = 2 Identity: f ( x) = x Absolute Value: f ( x) = x

2
Quadratic: f ( x) = x Cubic: f ( x) = x 3 Square root: f ( x) = x

1 1
f ( x) = f ( x) =
Cube root: f ( x) = x
3
Reciprocal: x Reciprocal squared: x2

2
Domains and Ranges of the Toolkit Functions
We will now return to our set of toolkit functions to note the domain and range of each.

Constant Function:

f ( x) = c
The domain here is not restricted; x can be anything. When this is the case we say the domain is all real
numbers. The outputs are limited to the constant value of the function.

Domain: (−∞, ∞)

Range: [c]

Identity Function: Quadratic Function:

f ( x) = x f ( x) = x 2
Domain: (−∞, ∞) Domain: (−∞, ∞)

Range: (−∞, ∞) Range: [0, ∞)

Cubic Function:

f ( x) = x3
Domain: (−∞, ∞)

Range: (−∞, ∞)

Reciprocal:
1
f ( x) =
x
Domain: (−∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞)

Range: (−∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞)

3
Reciprocal squared:

1
f ( x) =
x2

Domain: (−∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞)

Range: (0, ∞)

We cannot divide by 0 so we must exclude 0 from the domain.

Cube Root:

f ( x) = 3 x

Domain: (−∞, ∞)

Range: (−∞, ∞)

Square Root:

f ( x) = 2 x , commonly just written as, f ( x) = x

When dealing with the set of real numbers we cannot take the square root of a negative number so the
domain is limited to 0 or greater.

Domain: [0, ∞)

Range: [0, ∞)

Absolute Value Function: f ( x) = x

Domain: (−∞, ∞)

Range: [0, ∞)

Since absolute value is defined as a distance from 0, the output can only be greater than or equal to 0.

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HOMEWORK:

1. Match each function name with its equation.

a. y=x Cube root

b. y = x3
Reciprocal
c. y= x 3

Linear
1
y=
d. x
Square Root
e. y = x2
Absolute Value
f. y= x

g. y= x Quadratic
1
y= Reciprocal Squared
h. x2

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2. For each graph with its equation.

i. ii. iii. iv.

v. vi. vii. viii.

a. y = x

3
b. y = x

c. y = x
3

1
y=
d. x

2
e. y = x

f. y = x

g. y = x

1
y=
h. x2

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 i. ii. iii.
In Out In Out In Out

-2 -0.5 -2 -2 -2 -8

-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1

0 _ 0 0 0 0

1 1 1 1 1 1

2 0.5 2 2 2 8

3 0.33 3 3 3 27

iv. v. vi.
In Out In Ou In Out
t
-2 4 -2 2
-2 _
-1 1 -1 1
-1 _
0 0 0 0
0 0
1 1 1 1
1 1
2 4 2 2
4 2
3 9 3 3
9 3

3. Match each table with its equation.

b. y = x

c. y = x

d. y = 1/ x

e. y =| x |

3
f. y = x

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 TRANSFORMATIONS OF GRAPHS
1. TRANSLATIONS
1.1 VERTICAL TRANSLATION

8
Example 1: Using translation on the graph of f ( x ) = x , sketch the graph of the following
2

a) f ( x) − 3 f ( x) + 3
b)

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1.2 HORIZONTAL TRANSLATION

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Example 2: Using translation on the graph of f ( x ) = x , sketch the graph of the following
2

a) f ( x − 3) f ( x + 1)
b)

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Example 3:

12
Example 4:

13
Example 5:

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Translations can be represented in the form of where n is the horizontal component and r is the vertical
component.

2. REFLECTIONS

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Example 6: Given the graph of y = f ( x ) , sketch the graphs of the followings.

y f (−x)
= b) y = − f ( x )
a)

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 3. STRETCHES OR COMPRESSES

3.1. Vertical Stretch or compress

If f ( x ) is the parent function, then a f ( x ) stretches f ( x ) vertically with scale factor of “ a ”.

f(x) and 3f(x)

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 Example 7: Given the graph of y = f ( x ) , sketch the graphs of the followings

1
f ( x)
a) 2 f ( x ) b) 3

A stretch with a scale factor a where 0<a<1 actually compress the graph.

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3.2. Horizontal Stretch or compress

If f ( x ) is the parent function, then f ( a x ) represents a horizontal stretch of the parent

f(x) and f (2x)

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Example 8: Given the graph of y = f ( x ) , sketch the graphs of the following.

a) f ( 2x)
x
f 
b) 3

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21
Example 9: PAST YEAR IB EXAM QUESTION

The diagrams show how the graph of y = x2 is transformed to the graph of y = f (x) in three
steps.

For each diagram give the equation of the curve.

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Example 10: PAST YEAR IB EXAM QUESTION

The graph of y = f (x) is shown in the diagram.

(a) On each of the following diagrams draw the required graph,

(i) y = 2 f (x);

(ii) y = f (x – 3).

(b) The point A (3, –1) is on the graph of f. The point A′ is the corresponding point on the
graph of y = –f (x) + 1. Find the coordinates of A′.

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 Example 11: PAST YEAR IB EXAM QUESTION

The following diagram shows part of the graph of f (x).

Consider the five graphs in the diagrams labelled A, B, C, D, E below.

(a) Which
diagram is the
graph of f (x + 2) ?

(b) Which
diagram is the

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Example 12: The function f is well defined in R to R. Find and sketch the
y = f (x) − 2, y = f (x) + 2 according to the function below.

2
a) f (x)
= 3x − 4 b) f (x) = x

25
Example 13: The function f is well defined in R to R. Find and sketch the
y =f (x − 2), y =f (x + 2) according to the functions below

2
a) f (x) =−2x + 2 b) f (x) = x

26
Example 14: The function f is well defined in R to R. Find and sketch the
y=
−f (x), y =
f (− x) according to the functions below

2
a) f (x) =−2x − 3 b) f (x)
= 2x − 3 c) f (x) = x

27
Example 15:

Let f (x) = 2x + 1.

(a) On the grid below draw the graph of f (x) for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2.

(b) Let g (x) = f (x +3) –2. On the grid below draw the graph of g (x) for –3 ≤ x ≤ –1.

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 2 2
Example 16: Let f(x) = x and g(x) = 2(x – 1) .

(a) The graph of g can be obtained from the graph of f using two transformations.
Give a full geometric description of each of the two transformations.

(2)

(b) The graph of g is translated by the vector to give the graph of h.

(4)

(Total 6 marks)

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