Vector
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Ayan Raza6.1 Introduction.
Vectors represent one of the most important mathematical systems, which is used to handle certain types
of problems in Geometry, Mechanics and other branches of Applied Mathematics, Physics and Engineering.
Scalar and vector quantities : Physical quantities are divided into two categories – scalar quantities and
vector quantities. Those quantities which have only magnitude and which are not related to any fixed direction
in space are called scalar quantities, or briefly scalars. Examples of scalars are mass, volume, density, work,
temperature etc.
A scalar quantity is represented by a real number along with a suitable unit.
Second kind of quantities are those which have both magnitude and direction. Such quantities are called
vectors. Displacement, velocity, acceleration, momentum, weight, force etc. are examples of vector quantities.
6.2 Representation of Vectors.
Geometrically a vector is represented by a line segment. For example, a AB . Here A is called the initial
point and B, the terminal point or tip.
B
Magnitude or modulus of a is expressed as | a | | AB | AB .
a
Note : The magnitude of a vector is always a non-negative real number.
A
Every vector AB has the following three characteristics:
Length : The length of AB will be denoted by | AB | or AB.
Support : The line of unlimited length of which AB is a segment is called the support of the vector
AB .
Sense : The sense of AB is from A to B and that of BA is from B to A. Thus, the sense of a
directed line segment is from its initial point to the terminal point.
6.3 Types of Vector.
(1) Zero or null vector : A vector whose magnitude is zero is called zero or null vector and it is
represented by O .
The initial and terminal points of the directed line segment representing zero vector are coincident and its
direction is arbitrary.
(2) Unit vector : A vector whose modulus is unity, is called a unit vector. The unit vector in the direction
of a vector a is denoted by â , read as “a cap”. Thus, | aˆ | 1 .
PRATAP BHAWAN, HAZRATGANJ LUCKNOW; PH.(0522)4026913,9838162263
a Vector a
aˆ
| a | Magnitude of a
Note : Unit vectors parallel to x-axis, y-axis and z-axis are denoted by i, j and k respectively.
Two unit vectors may not be equal unless they have the same direction.
(3) Like and unlike vectors : Vectors are said to be like when they have the same sense of direction
and unlike when they have opposite directions.
(4) Collinear or parallel vectors : Vectors having the same or parallel supports are called collinear
vectors.
(5) Co-initial vectors : Vectors having the same initial point are called co-initial vectors.
(6) Co-planar vectors : A system of vectors is said to be coplanar, if their supports are parallel to the same
plane.
Note : Two vectors having the same initial point are always coplanar but such three or more vectors
may or may not be coplanar.
(7) Coterminous vectors : Vectors having the same terminal point are called coterminous vectors.
(8) Negative of a vector : The vector which has the same magnitude as the vector a but opposite
direction, is called the negative of a and is denoted by a . Thus, if PQ a , then QP a .
(9) Reciprocal of a vector : A vector having the same direction as that of a given vector a but magnitude
equal to the reciprocal of the given vector is known as the reciprocal of a and is denoted by a 1 . Thus, if
1
| a | a,| a 1 |
a
Note : A unit vector is self reciprocal.
(10) Localized and free vectors : A vector which is drawn parallel to a given vector through a specified
point in space is called a localized vector. For example, a force acting on a rigid body is a localized vector as
its effect depends on the line of action of the force. If the value of a vector depends only on its length and
direction and is independent of its position in the space, it is called a free vector.
(11) Position vectors : The vector OA which represents the position of the point A with respect to a fixed point
O (called origin) is called position vector of the point A. If (x, y, z) are co-ordinates of the point A, then
OA x i y j z k .
(12) Equality of vectors : Two vectors a and b are said to be equal, if
(i) | a | | b | (ii) They have the same or parallel support and (iii) The same sense.
6.4 Rectangular resolution of a Vector in Two and Three dimensional systems.
PRATAP BHAWAN, HAZRATGANJ LUCKNOW; PH.(0522)4026913,9838162263
(1) Any vector r can be expressed as a linear combination of two unit vectors i and j at right angle i.e.,
r xi y j
The vector x i and y j are called the perpendicular component vectors
Y
P(x, y)
of r . The scalars x and y are called the components or resolved parts of r in
r
the directions of x-axis and y-axis respectively and the ordered pair (x, y) is j
known as co-ordinates of point whose position vector is r . O
X
i
Also the magnitude of r x 2 y 2 and if be the inclination of r with
the x-axis, then tan 1 (y / x )
(2) If the coordinates of P are (x, y, z) then the position vector of r can be written as r x i y j z k .
The vectors x i, y j and z k are called the right angled components of r .
The scalars x , y , z are called the components or resolved parts of r in the directions of x-axis, y-axis and
z-axis respectively and ordered triplet (x, y, z) is known as coordinates of P whose position vector is r .
Also the magnitude or modulus of r | r | x2 y2 z2
Y
Direction cosines of r are the cosines of angles that the vector r P(x, y, z)
makes with the
positive direction of x, y
and z-axes. j
r
O
x x y y i
X
cos l , cos m and k
2
x y z 2 2 | r| 2 2
x y z 2 | r|
Z
z z
cos n
x 2 y 2 z 2 | r|
Clearly, l 2 m 2 n 2 1 . Here POX , POY POZ and i, j, k are the unit vectors along
OX , OY , OZ respectively.
Example: 1 If a is a non-zero vector of modulus a and m is a non-zero scalar, then m a is a unit vector if
1
(a) m 1 (b) m | a | (c) m (d) m 2
| a|
1 1
Solution: (c) As m a is a unit vector, | m a | 1 | m | | a | 1 | m | m
| a| | a|
Example: 2 For a non-zero vector a , the set of real numbers, satisfying | (5 x ) a | | 2 a | consists of all x such that
(a) 0 x 3 (b) 3 x 7 (c) 7 x 3 (d) 7 x 3
Solution: (b) We have, | (5 x ) a | | 2 a |
| 5 x | | a | 2 | a | | 5 x | 2 2 5 x 2 3 x 7 .
Example: 3 The direction cosines of the vector 3 i 4 j 5 k are [Karnataka CET 2000]
3 4 1 3 4 1 3 4 1 3 4 1
(a) , , (b) , , (c) , , (d) , ,
5 5 5 5 2 5 2 2 2 2 2 5 2 5 2 2
Solution: (b) r 3 i 4 j 5 k ; | r | 3 2 (4 )2 5 2 5 2
3 4 5 3 4 1
Hence, direction cosines are , , i.e., , , .
5 2 5 2 5 2 5 2 5 2 2
PRATAP BHAWAN, HAZRATGANJ LUCKNOW; PH.(0522)4026913,9838162263
6.5 Properties of Vectors.
(1) Addition of vectors
C
(i) Triangle law of addition : If two vectors are represented by two
c = a+b
consecutive sides of a triangle then their sum is represented by the third side b
of the triangle, but in opposite direction. This is known as the triangle law of a
A B
addition of vectors. Thus, if AB a , BC b and AC c then AB BC AC
i.e., a b c .
(ii) Parallelogram law of addition : If two vectors are represented by two
adjacent sides of a parallelogram, then their sum is represented by the B C
c = a+b
diagonal of the parallelogram whose initial point is the same as the initial point b
of the given vectors. This is known as parallelogram law of addition of vectors.
O a A
Thus, if OA a , OB b and OC c
Then OA OB OC i.e., a b c , where OC is a diagonal of the parallelogram OABC.
(iii) Addition in component form : If the vectors are defined in terms of i , j and k, i.e., if
a a1 i a 2 j a 3 k and b b1 i b 2 j b 3 k , then their sum is defined as
a b (a1 b1 )i (a 2 b 2 )j (a 3 b 3 )k .
Properties of vector addition : Vector addition has the following properties.
(a) Binary operation : The sum of two vectors is always a vector.
(b) Commutativity : For any two vectors a and b , a b b a
(c) Associativity : For any three vectors a, b and c , a (b c ) (a b ) c
(d) Identity : Zero vector is the identity for addition. For any vector a , 0 a a a 0
(e) Additive inverse : For every vector a its negative vector a exists such that a (a ) (a ) a 0
i.e., (a ) is the additive inverse of the vector a.
(2) Subtraction of vectors : If a and b are two vectors, then their subtraction a b is defined as
a b a (b ) where b is the negative of b having magnitude equal to that of b and direction
B
opposite to
a+b
b. b
0 A
If a a1 i a 2 j a 3 k and b b1 i b 2 j b 3 k a
–b
Then a b (a1 b1 )i (a 2 b 2 )j (a 3 b 3 )k . a+(–b)= a – b
B
PRATAP BHAWAN, HAZRATGANJ LUCKNOW; PH.(0522)4026913,9838162263
Properties of vector subtraction
(i) a b b a (ii) (a b ) c a (b c )
(iii) Since any one side of a triangle is less than the sum and greater than the difference of the other two
sides, so for any two vectors a and b, we have
(a) | a b | | a | | b | (b) | a b | | a | | b |
(c) | a b | | a | | b | (d) | a b | | a | | b |
(3) Multiplication of a vector by a scalar : If a is a vector and m is a scalar (i.e., a real number) then
m a is a vector whose magnitude is m times that of a and whose direction is the same as that of a , if m is
positive and opposite to that of a , if m is negative.
Magnitude of m a | m a | m (magnitude of a ) = m | a |
Again if a a1 i a 2 j a 3 k then m a (ma 1 )i (ma 2 )j (ma 3 )k
Properties of Multiplication of vectors by a scalar : The following are properties of multiplication of vectors
by scalars, for vectors a, b and scalars m, n
(i) m (a ) (m ) a (m a ) (ii) (m ) (a ) m a
(iii) m (n a ) (mn ) a n(m a ) (iv) (m n) a m a n a
(v) m (a b ) m a m b
(4) Resultant of two forces
Q
R P Q
R
2 2
| R | R P Q 2 PQ cos
Q sin P
where | P | = P, | Q | Q , tan
P Q cos
P sin sin
Deduction : When | P | | Q | , i.e., P = Q, tan tan ;
P P cos 1 cos 2 2
Hence, the angular bisector of two unit vectors a and b is along the vector sum a b .
Important Tips
The internal bisector of the angle between any two vectors is along the vector sum of the corresponding unit vectors.
The external bisector of the angle between two vectors is along the vector difference of the corresponding unit vectors.
B(b)
(aˆ bˆ ) (aˆ bˆ )
External Internal
bisector bisector
A (a)
O
PRATAP BHAWAN, HAZRATGANJ LUCKNOW; PH.(0522)4026913,9838162263
Example: 4 If ABCDEF is a regular hexagon, then AD EB FC [Karnataka CET 2002]
(a) O (b) 2 AB (c) 3 AB (d) 4 AB
Solution: (d) We have AD EB FC E D
= ( AB BC CD) ( ED DC CB ) FC
F C
= AB (BC CB ) (CD DC) ED FC
= AB O O AB 2 AB = 4 AB [ ED AB , FC 2 AB ] A B
Example: 5 The unit vector parallel to the resultant vector of 2 i 4 j 5 k and i 2 j 3 k is [MP PET 2003]
1 i j k i j 2k 1
(a) (3 i 6 j 2k) (b) (c) (d) (i j 8 k)
7 3 6 69
Solution: (a) Resultant vector r (2 i 4 j 5 k ) (i 2 j 3 k ) = 3 i 6 j 2 k
1 1 1
Unit vector parallel to r = r (3 i 6 j 2 k ) = (3 i 6 j 2 k )
| r| 2
3 6 (2)2 2 7
Example: 6 If the sum of two vectors is a unit vector, then the magnitude of their difference is
[Kurukshetra CEE 1996; Rajasthan PET 1996]
1
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) (d) 1
3
1
Solution: (b) Let | a | 1 , | b | 1 and | a b | 1 | a b | 2 1 1 1 2 cos 1 cos 120 o
2
| a b | 2 1 1 2 cos 3 | a b | 3 .
Example: 7 The length of longer diagonal of the parallelogram constructed on 5a + 2b and a – 3b, it is given that
| a | 2 2 ,| b | 3 and angle between a and b is , is [UPSEAT 2002]
4
(a) 15 (b) 113 (c) 593 (d) 369
Solution: (c) Length of the two diagonals will be d 1 | (5 a 2 b ) (a 3 b ) | and d 2 | (5 a 2 b ) (a 3 b ) |
d 1 | 6 a b | , d 2 | 4 a 5 b |
1
Thus, d 1 | 6 a | 2 | b | 2 2 | 6 a | | b | cos( / 4 ) = 36 (2 2 ) 2 9 12 .2 2 . 3 . = 15.
2
1
d 2 | 4 a | 2 | 5 b | 2 2 | 4 a | | 5 b | cos = 16 8 25 9 40 2 2 3 = 593 .
4 2
Length of the longer diagonal = 593
Example: 8 The sum of two forces is 18 N and resultant whose direction is at right angles to the smaller force is 12 N . The
magnitude of the two forces are
(a) 13, 5 (b) 12, 6 (c) 14, 4 (d) 11, 7
Solution: (a) We have, | P | | Q | 18 N ; | R | | P Q | 12 N
90 o P Q cos 0 Q cos P Q
Now, R 2 P 2 Q 2 2 PQ cos R 2 P 2 Q 2 2 P( P) Q 2 P 2 R
12 2 (P Q) (Q P) 18 (Q P)
P
PRATAP BHAWAN, HAZRATGANJ LUCKNOW; PH.(0522)4026913,9838162263
Q P 8 and Q P 18 Q 13 , P 5
Magnitude of two forces are 5N, 13N.
Example: 9 The vector c , directed along the internal bisector of the angle between the vectors a 7 i 4 j 4 k and
b 2 i j 2 k with | c | 5 6 , is
5 5 5 5
(a) (i 7 j 2 k ) (b) (5 i 5 j 2 k ) (c) (i 7 j 2 k ) (d) (5 i 5 j 2 k )
3 3 3 3
Solution: (a) Let a = 7 i 4 j 4 k and b 2 i j 2 k
a b 7 i 4 j 4 k 2 i j 2 k
Now required vector c = = (i 7 j 2 k )
| a | | b | 9 3 9
2 5
| c|2 54 150 15 c = (i 7 j 2 k )
81 3
6.6 Position Vector .
If a point O is fixed as the origin in space (or plane) and P is any point, then OP is P
r
called the position vector of P with respect to O.
Origin
If we say that P is the point r , then we mean that the position vector of P is r with
O
respect to some origin O.
(1) AB in terms of the position vectors of points A and B : If a and b are position vectors of points
A and B respectively. Then, OA a , OB b B
In OAB , we have OA AB OB AB OB OA b a b
AB = (Position vector of B) – (Position vector of A)
O
AB = (Position vector of head) – (Position vector of tail) a A
(2) Position vector of a dividing point
(i) Internal division : Let A and B be two points with position vectors a and b respectively, and let C be a
point dividing AB internally in the ratio m : n. B
n
Then the position vector of C is given by b C
c
m b na m
OC
m n O A
a
(ii) External division : Let A and B be two points with position vectors a and b respectively and let C be
a point dividing AB externally in the ratio m : n. C
B
Then the position vector of C is given by
c
m b na b
OC
m n O a
A
PRATAP BHAWAN, HAZRATGANJ LUCKNOW; PH.(0522)4026913,9838162263
Important Tips
a b
Position vector of the mid point of AB is
2
a b c
If a, b, c are position vectors of vertices of a triangle, then position vector of its centroid is
3
a b c d
If a, b, c, d are position vectors of vertices of a tetrahedron, then position vector of its centroid is .
4
Example: 10 If position vector of a point A is a 2 b and a divides AB in the ratio 2 : 3, then the position vector of B is [MP PET 2002]
(a) 2 a b (b) b 2 a (c) a 3 b (d) b
Solution: (c) Let position vector of B is x . A
(a 2 b )
The point C (a ) divides AB in 2 : 3.
2
C
2 x 3 (a 2 b ) (a )
a
23 3
5a 2 x 3a 6 b O B (x )
x a 3b
Example: 11 Let , , be distinct real numbers. The points with position vectors i j k , i j k , i j k
[IIT Screening 1994]
(a) Are collinear
A (i j k )
(b) Form an equilateral triangle
(c) Form a scalene triangle
(d) Form a right angled triangle
B C
Solution: (b) AB ( )2 ( )2 ( )2 BC CA (i j k ) (i j k )
ABC is an equilateral triangle.
Example: 12 The position vectors of the vertices A, B, C of a triangle are i j 3 k , 2 i j 2 k and 5 i 2 j 6 k respectively. The
length of the bisector AD of the angle BAC where D is on the segment BC, is
3 1 11
(a) 10 (b) (c) (d) None of these
4 4 2
Solution: (a) | AB | | (2 i j 2 k ) (i j 3 k )| | i 2 j k | = 12 2 2 12 6 A (i j 3 k )
ˆ|=
| AC | | (5 i 2 j 6 k ) (i j 3 k )| | 6ˆi 3ˆj 3 k 2
(6 ) 3 (3)2 2
= 54 3 6 .
6 1
BD : DC = AB : AC = . B C
3 6 3 D (5 i 2 j 6 k )
(2i j 2 k)
1 . (5 i 2 j 6 k ) 3(2 i j 2 k ) 1
Position vector of D = = (i 5 j 12 k )
13 4
1 1 3
AD position vector of D – Position vector of A = (i 5 j 12 k ) (i j 3 k ) = (3 i 9 j) ( i 3 j)
4 4 4
3 3
| AD | (1)2 3 2 10 .
4 4
Example: 13 The median AD of the triangle ABC is bisected at E, BE meets AC in F. Then AF : AC =
PRATAP BHAWAN, HAZRATGANJ LUCKNOW; PH.(0522)4026913,9838162263
(a) 3/4 (b) 1/3 (c) 1/2 (d) 1/4
Solution: (b) Let position vector of A with respect to B is a and that of C w.r.t. B is c .
0 c c A (a )
Position vector of D w.r.t. B =
2 2
1
c F
a E
Position vector of E = 2 a c .....(i) 1
2 2 4
Let AF : FC = : 1 and BE : EF : 1 (0 ) B D
C (c )
c a 1
Position vector of F = c
1 2
c a
1 .0
1 a c
Now, position vector of E = .......(ii). From (i) and (ii) , a c
1 2 4 (1 )(1 ) (1 )(1 )
1
1 1 1 AF AF 1
and , 2 .
2 (1 ) (1 ) 4 (1 ) (1 ) 2 AC AF FC 1 3 3
2
6.7 Linear Combination of Vectors.
A vector r is said to be a linear combination of vectors a , b , c ..... etc, if there exist scalars x, y, z etc.,
such that r x a y b zc ....
Examples : Vectors r1 2 a b 3 c , r2 a 3 b 2 c are linear combinations of the vectors a , b , c .
(1) Collinear and Non-collinear vectors : Let a and b be two collinear vectors and let x be the unit
vector in the direction of a . Then the unit vector in the direction of b is x or x according as a and b are
like or unlike parallel vectors. Now, a | a | x̂ and b | b | xˆ .
| a | | a| | a|
a | b | ˆx a b a b , where .
| b | | b| | b|
Thus, if a, b are collinear vectors, then a b or b a for some scalar .
(2) Relation between two parallel vectors
(i) If a and b be two parallel vectors, then there exists a scalar k such that a k b .
i.e., there exist two non-zero scalar quantities x and y so that x a y b 0 .
If a and b be two non-zero, non-parallel vectors then x a y b 0 x 0 and y 0 .
a 0 , b 0
or
Obviously x a y b 0 x 0, y 0
or
a || b
(ii) If a a1 i a 2 j a 3 k and b b1 i b 2 j b 3 k then from the property of parallel vectors, we have
a1 a 2 a 3
a || b
b1 b 2 b 3
PRATAP BHAWAN, HAZRATGANJ LUCKNOW; PH.(0522)4026913,9838162263
(3) Test of collinearity of three points : Three points with position vectors a, b, c are collinear iff there
exist scalars x, y, z not all zero such that x a y b z c 0 , where x y z 0 . If a a1 i a 2 j , b b1 i b 2 j
a1 a2 1
and c c1 i c 2 j , then the points with position vector a , b , c will be collinear iff b1 b2 1 0.
c1 c2 1
(4) Test of coplanarity of three vectors : Let a and b two given non-zero non-collinear vectors. Then
any vectors r coplanar with a and b can be uniquely expressed as r x a y b for some scalars x and y.
(5) Test of coplanarity of Four points : Four points with position vectors a , b , c , d are coplanar iff there
exist scalars x, y, z, u not all zero such that x a y b z c u d 0 , where x y z u 0 .
Four points with position vectors
a a1 i a 2 j a 3 k , b b1 i b 2 j b 3 k , c c1 i c 2 j c 3 k , d d 1 i d 2 j d 3 k
a1 a2 a3 1
b1 b2 b3 1
will be coplanar, iff 0
c1 c2 c3 1
d1 d2 d3 1
6.8 Linear Independence and Dependence of Vectors.
(1) Linearly independent vectors : A set of non-zero vectors a 1 , a 2 ,..... a n is said to be linearly
independent, if x 1 a 1 x 2 a 2 ..... x n a n 0 x 1 x 2 ..... x n 0 .
(2) Linearly dependent vectors : A set of vectors a 1 , a 2 ,..... a n is said to be linearly dependent if there
exist scalars x 1 , x 2 ,......, x n not all zero such that x 1 a 1 x 2 a 2 ......... x n a n 0
Three vectors a a1 i a 2 j a 3 k , b b1 i b 2 j b 3 k and c c1 i c 2 j c 3 k will be linearly dependent
a1 a2 a3
vectors iff b1 b2 b3 0 .
c1 c2 c3
Properties of linearly independent and dependent vectors
(i) Two non-zero, non-collinear vectors are linearly independent.
(ii) Any two collinear vectors are linearly dependent.
(iii) Any three non-coplanar vectors are linearly independent.
(iv) Any three coplanar vectors are linearly dependent.
(v) Any four vectors in 3-dimensional space are linearly dependent.
Example: 14 The points with position vectors 60 i 3 j , 40 i 8 j, ai 52 j are collinear, if a =
[Rajasthan PET 1991; IIT 1983; MP PET 2002]
(a) – 40 (b) 40 (c) 20 (d) None of these
PRATAP BHAWAN, HAZRATGANJ LUCKNOW; PH.(0522)4026913,9838162263
Solution: (a) As the three points are collinear, x (60 i 3 j) y (40 i 8 j) z (ai 52 j) 0
such that x, y, z are not all zero and x y z 0 .
(60 x 40 y az ) i (3 x 8 y 52 z )j 0 and x y z 0
60 x 40 y az 0 , 3 x 8 y 52 z 0 and x y z 0
60 40 a
For non-trivial solution, 3 8 52 0 a 40
1 1 1
Trick : If A, B, C are given points, then AB k (BC ) 20 i 11 j k [(a 40 ) i 44 j]
1 1
On comparing, 11 44 k k and 20 (a 40 ) a 40 .
4 4
Example: 15 If the position vectors of A, B, C, D are 2 i j, i 3 j, 3 i 2 j and i j respectively and AB || CD , then will be
[Rajasthan PET 1988]
(a) – 8 (b) – 6 (c) 8 (d) 6
Solution: (b) AB (i 3 j) (2 i j) i 4 j ; CD (i j) (3 i 2 j) 2 i ( 2) j ; AB || CD AB x CD
1
i 4 j x {2 i ( 2) j} 1 2 x , 4 ( 2) x x , 6 .
2
Example: 16 Let a, b and c be three non-zero vectors such that no two of these are collinear. If the vector a 2 b is collinear
with c and b 3 c is collinear with a ( being some non-zero scalar) then a 2 b 6 c equals
(a) 0 (b) b (c) c (d) a
Solution: (a) As a 2 b and c are collinear a 2 b c ......(i)
Again b 3 c is collinear with a
b 3c = a .....(ii)
Now, a 2 b 6 c (a 2 b ) 6 c = c 6 c = ( 6 ) c .....(iii)
Also, a 2 b 6 c a 2(b 3 c ) = a 2 a = (2 1) a ......(iv)
From (iii) and (iv), ( 6 ) c (2 1) a
But a and c are non-zero , non-collinear vectors,
6 0 2 1 . Hence, a 2 b 6 c 0 .
Example: 17 If the vectors 4 i 11 j m k , 7 i 2 j 6 k and i 5 j 4 k are coplanar, then m is [Karnataka CET 2003]
(a) 38 (b) 0 (c) 10 (d) – 10
Solution: (c) As the three vectors are coplanar, one will be a linear combination of the other two.
4 i 11 j m k x (7 i 2 j 6 k ) y (i 5 j 4 k ) 4 7 x y .....(i)
11 2 x 5 y .....(ii)
m 6x 4y .....(iii)
3 23 3 23
From (i) and (ii), x ,y ; From (iii), m 6 4 10 .
11 11 11 11
Trick : Vectors 4 i 11 j m k , 7 i 2 j 6 k and i 5 j 4 k are coplanar.
4 11 m
7 2 6 0
1 5 4
4 (8 30 ) 11(28 6 ) m(35 2) 0 88 11 22 33 m 0 8 22 3 m 0 3 m 30 m 10 .
Example: 18 The value of for which the four points 2 i 3 j k , i 2 j 3 k , 3 i 4 j 2 k, i j 6 k are coplanar [MP PET 2004]
PRATAP BHAWAN, HAZRATGANJ LUCKNOW; PH.(0522)4026913,9838162263
(a) 8 (b) 0 (c) – 2 (d) 6
Solution: (c) The given four points are coplanar
x (2 i 3 j k ) y (i 2 j 3 k ) z (3 i 4 j 2 k ) w(i j 6 k ) 0 and x y z w 0 ,
where x , y , z , w are not all zero.
(2 x y 3 z w ) i (3 x 2 y 4 z w ) j + ( x 3 y 2 z 6 w)k 0 and x y z w 0
2 x y 3 z w 0 , 3 x 2 y 4 z w 0 , x 3 y 2 z 6 w 0 and x y z w 0
2 1 3 1 2 1 3 1
3 2 4 0 0 0 ( 2)
For non-trivial solution, 0 0 , Operating [R 2 R 2 R1 R 4 ]
1 3 2 6 1 3 2 6
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 1 3
( 2) 1 3 2 0 2 .
1 1 1
Example: 19 If a i j k , b 4 i 3 j 4 k and c i j k are linearly dependent vectors and | c | 3 , then [IIT 1998]
(a) 1, 1 (b) 1, 1 (c) 1, 1 (d) 1, 1
Solution: (d) The given vectors are linearly dependent hence, there exist scalars x , y, z not all zero, such that x a y b zc 0
i.e., x (i j k ) y (4 i 3 j 4 k ) z (i j k ) 0 ,
i.e., (x 4 y z ) i ( x 3 y z )j ( x 4 y z )k 0
x 4 y z 0 , x 3 y z 0 , x 4 y z 0
1 4 1
For non-trivial solution, 1 3 0 1
1 4
| c | 2 3 1 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 1 1 ; 1
Trick : | c | 1 2 2 3 2 2 2
1 1 1
a , b , c are linearly dependent, hence 4 3 4 0 1 .
1
2 1 1 .
6.9 Product of Two Vectors.
Product of two vectors is processed by two methods. When the product of two vectors results is a scalar
quantity, then it is called scalar product. It is also known as dot product because we are putting a dot (.) between
two vectors.
When the product of two vectors results is a vector quantity then this
product is called vector product. It is also known as cross product because we B
are putting a cross (×) between two vectors. b
(1) Scalar or Dot product of two vectors : If a and b are two non-
0 a A
zero vectors and be the angle between them, then their scalar product (or
dot product) is denoted by a . b and is defined as the scalar | a | | b | cos , where | a | and | b | are modulii of
a and b respectively and 0 .
PRATAP BHAWAN, HAZRATGANJ LUCKNOW; PH.(0522)4026913,9838162263
Important Tips
a .b R
a . b | a | | b |
a . b 0 angle between a and b is acute.
a . b 0 angle between a and b is obtuse.
The dot product of a zero and non-zero vector is a scalar zero.
(i) Geometrical Interpretation of scalar product : Let a and b be two vectors represented by OA and
OB respectively. Let be the angle between OA and OB . Draw BL OA B
M
and AMOB .
b
From s OBL and OAM , we have OL OB cos and OM OA cos .
Here OL and OM are known as projection of b on a and a on b O a L
A
respectively.
Now a . b | a | | b | cos =| a | (OB cos ) = | a | (OL )
= (Magnitude of a ) (Projection of b on a ) .....(i)
Again, a . b | a | | b | cos | b | (| a | cos ) =| b | (OA cos ) | b | (OM )
a.b = (Magnitude of b) (Projection of a on b ) .....(ii)
Thus geometrically interpreted, the scalar product of two vectors is the product of modulus of either
vector and the projection of the other in its direction.
(ii) Angle between two vectors : If a, b be two vectors inclined at an angle , then, a . b | a | | b | cos
a .b a .b
cos cos 1
| a || b | | a | | b |
a1 b1 a 2 b 2 a 3 b 3
If a a1 i a 2 j a 3 k and b b1 i b 2 j b 3 k ; cos 1
a2 a2 a2 b 2 b 2 b 2
1 2 3 1 2 3
(2) Properties of scalar product
(i) Commutativity : The scalar product of two vector is commutative i.e., a . b b . a .
(ii) Distributivity of scalar product over vector addition: The scalar product of vectors is distributive over
vector addition i.e.,
(a) a . (b c ) a . b a . c (Left distributivity) (b) (b c ) . a b . a c . a (Right distributivity)
(iii) Let a and b be two non-zero vectors a . b 0 a b .
As i, j, k are mutually perpendicular unit vectors along the co-ordinate axes, therefore
i . j j . i 0 ; j . k k . j 0; k . i i . k 0 .
(iv) For any vector a , a . a | a | 2 .
As i, j, k are unit vectors along the co-ordinate axes, therefore i . i | i | 2 1 , j . j | j | 2 1 and
k. k | k | 2 1
(v) If m is a scalar and a, b be any two vectors, then (m a ) . b m (a . b ) a . (m b )
PRATAP BHAWAN, HAZRATGANJ LUCKNOW; PH.(0522)4026913,9838162263
(vi) If m, n are scalars and a, b be two vectors, then m a . n b mn (a . b ) (mn a ) . b a . (mn b )
(vii) For any vectors a and b , we have (a) a . (b ) (a . b ) (a ) . b (b) (a ) . (b ) a . b
(viii) For any two vectors a and b , we have
(a) | a b | 2 | a | 2 | b | 2 2a . b (b) | a b | 2 | a | 2 | b | 2 2 a . b
(c) (a b ). (a b ) | a | 2 | b | 2 (d) | a b | | a | | b | a|| b
(e) | a b | 2 | a | 2 | b | 2 a b (f) | a b | | a b | a b
(3) Scalar product in terms of components.: If a a1 i a 2 j a 3 k and b b1 i b 2 j b 3 k ,
then, a . b a1 b 1 a 2 b 2 a 3 b 3 . Thus, scalar product of two vectors is equal to the sum of the products of
their corresponding components. In particular, a . a | a | 2 a12 a 22 a 32 .
Example: 20 (a . i ) i (a . j) j (a . k ) k [Karnataka CET 2004]
(a) a (b) 2 a (c) 3a (d) 0
Solution: (a) Let a a1i a2 j a3 k
a . i (a1 i a2 j a3 k ). i a1 , a . j a 2 , a . k a3
(a . i) i (a . j)j (a . k ) k a1i a2 j a3 k a .
Example: 21 If | a | 3,| b | 4 then a value of for which a b is perpendicular to a b is [Karnataka CET 2004]
(a) 9/16 (b) 3/4 (c) 3/2 (d) 4/3
Solution: (b) a b is perpendicular to a b
| a| 3
(a b ). (a b ) 0 | a | 2 (a . b ) (b . a ) 2 | b | 2 0 | a | 2 2 | b | 2 0
| b| 4
Example: 22 A unit vector in the plane of the vectors 2 i j k , i j k and orthogonal to 5 i 2 j 6 k is
6i 5k 3j k 2i 5 j 2i j 2k
(a) (b) (c) (d)
61 10 29 3
Solution: (b) Let a unit vector in the plane of 2 i j k and i j k be
aˆ (2i j k) (i j k) = (2 ) i ( ) j ( ) k
As â is unit vector, we have
= (2 )2 ( )2 + ( )2 1
6 2 4 3 2 1 .....(i)
As â is orthogonal to 5 i 2 j 6 k , we get 5 (2 ) 2 ( ) 6 ( ) 0 18 9 0 2
1 2 3 1
From (i), we get 6 2 8 2 12 2 1 . Thus aˆ j k
10 10 10 10
Example: 23 If be the angle between the vectors a 2 i 2 j k and b 6 i 3 j 2 k , then [MP PET 2001, 03]
4 3 2 5
(a) cos (b) cos (c) cos (d) cos
21 19 19 21
a .b (2 i 2 j k ). (6 i 3 j 2 k ) 12 6 2 4
Solution: (a) Angle between a and b is given by, cos =
| a || b | 2 2 2 2
2 2 (1) . 6 (3 ) 2 2 2 3.7 21
PRATAP BHAWAN, HAZRATGANJ LUCKNOW; PH.(0522)4026913,9838162263
Example: 24 Let a, b and c be vectors with magnitudes 3, 4 and 5 respectively and a b c = 0, then the values of
a .b b . c c.a is [DCE 2001;
AIEEE 2002; UPSEAT 2002]
(a) 47 (b) 25 (c) 50 (d) – 25
Solution: (d) We observe, | a | 2 | b | 2 3 2 4 2 5 2 | c | 2
A
a.b 0
4 4 4 c
b . c | b | | c | . cos cos 1 4 5 cos cos 1 4 5 = 16 b
5 5 5
B
3 3 3 a C
c . a | c | | a | . cos cos 1 = 5 . 3 . cos cos 1 5 . 3 . = – 9
5 5 5
a . b b . c c . a 0 16 9 25
Trick: a b c 0
Squaring both the sides | a b c | 2 0
| a 2 | | b | 2 | c | 2 2 (a . b b . c c . a ) 0 2(a .b b .c c .a ) (9 16 25 ) a . b b . c c . a 25 .
Example: 25 The vectors a 22 i 4 j k and b 7 i 2 j k make an obtuse angle whereas the angle between b and k is
acute and less than / 6 , then domain of is
1 1
(a) 0 (b) 159 (c) 0 (d) Null set
2 2
Solution: (d) As angle between a and b is obtuse, a . b 0
1
(2 2 i 4 j k) . (7 i 2 j k) 0 14 2 8 0 (2 1) 0 0 ......(i)
2
Angle between b and k is acute and less than .
6
b . k | b | .| k | cos 53 2 . 1 . cos cos
53 2
3 3
cos cos cos 4 2 3(53 2 ) 0 2 159 159
6 6 2 53 2 2
or 159 ……(ii)
From (i) and (ii), . Domain of is null set.
Example: 26 In cartesian co-ordinates the point A is (x 1 , y1 ) where x1 1 on the curve y x 2 x 10 . The tangent at A cuts the
x-axis at B. The value of the dot product OA. AB is
520
(a) (b) 148 (c) 140 (d) 12
3
Solution: (b) Given curve is y x 2 x 10 ......(i)
2
when x 1 , y 1 1 10 12
A (1, 12 ) ; OA i 12 j
dy
From (i), 2x 1
dx
dy
Equation of tangent at A is y 12 ( x 1) y 12 (2 1 1) (x 1) y 12 3 x 3
dx (1, 12 )
y 3( x 3)
This tangent cuts x-axis (i.e., y 0 ) at (3,0 )
PRATAP BHAWAN, HAZRATGANJ LUCKNOW; PH.(0522)4026913,9838162263
B (3, 0 )
OB 3 i 0 . j 3 i ; OA . AB OA . (OB OA ) = (i 12 j) . (3 i i 12 j) = (i 12 j) . (4 i 12 j) = 4 144 148 .
Example: 27 If three non-zero vectors are a a1 i a 2 j a 3 k , b b1i b 2 j b 3 k and c c 1 i c 2 j c 3 k . If c is the unit vector
2
a1 a2 a3
perpendicular to the vectors a and b and the angle between a and b is , then b 1 b2 b3 is equal to [IIT 1986]
6
c1 c2 c3
3 (a12 ) (b 12 ) (c 12 ) (a12 )(b 12 )
(a) 0 (b) (c) 1 (d)
4 4
Solution: (d) As c is the unit vector perpendicular to a and b , we have | c | 1, a . c 0 b . c
2
a1 a2 a3 a1 a2 a3 a1 a2 a3 a12 a 22 a 32 a1 b 1 a 2 b 2 a 3 b 3 a1 c 1 a 2 c 2 a 3 c 3
Now, b 1 b2 b3 b1 b2 b3 b1 b2 b3 = a1 b 1 a 2 b 2 a 3 b 3 b 12 b 22 b 32 b1 c1 b 2 c 2 b 3 c 3
c1 c2 c3 c1 c2 c3 c1 c2 c3 a1 c1 a 2 c 2 a 3 c 3 b 1 c1 b 2 c 2 b 3 c 3 c 12 c 22 c 32
| a| 2 a . b a .c | a| 2 a . b 0
a .b | b| 2 b .c a .b | b| 2 0 | a | 2| b | 2 (a .b ) 2
a .c b .c | c| 2 0 0 1
2
3 1 1
= | a | 2| b | 2 | a | | b | cos | a | 2| b | 2 1 = | a | 2 | b | 2 (a12 )(b12 )
6 4 4 4
(4) Components of a vector along and perpendicular to another vector : If a B
and b be two vectors represented by OA and OB . Let be the angle between a
b
and b . Draw BMOA . In OBM , we have OB OM MB b OM MB
M a A
Thus, OM and MB are components of b along a and perpendicular to O
a respectively.
(a . b ) a .b a.b a a .b
Now, OM (OM ) aˆ (OB cos ) aˆ = (| b | cos ) aˆ = | b | aˆ = aˆ a
| a || b | | a| | a | | a | | a |
2
a.b
b OM MB MB b OM b 2
a
| a |
a.b a.b
Thus, the components of b along and perpendicular to a are a and b
2 | a | 2
a respectively.
| a |
Example: 28 The projection of a 2i 3 j 2 k on b i 2 j 3 k is [Karnataka CET 2004]
1 2 2
(a) (b) (c) 14 (d)
14 14 14
b (2 i 3 j 2 k) . (i 2 j 3 k) 26 6 2
Solution: (b) Projection of a on b = a . bˆ a . = =
| b| | i 2j 3k | 14 14
Example: 29 Let u , v , w be such that | u | 1,| v | 2,| w | 3 . If the projection v along u is equal to that of w along u and
v , w are perpendicular to each other then | u v w | equals
(a) 14 (b) 7 (c) 14 (d) 2
Solution: (c) Without loss of generality, we can assume v 2 i and w 3 j . Let u x i y j z k , | u | 1 x 2 y 2 z 2 1
.....(i)
Projection of v along u = Projection of w along u
PRATAP BHAWAN, HAZRATGANJ LUCKNOW; PH.(0522)4026913,9838162263
v . u w . u 2 i . (x i y j 2 k ) 3 j . ( x i y j z k ) 2 x 3 y 3 y 2 x 0
Now, | u v w | | x i y j z k 2 i 3 j | = | ( x 2) i (y 3 ) j z k | = (x 2)2 (y 3)2 z 2
= (x 2 y 2 z 2 ) 2 (3 y 2 x ) 13 1 2 0 13 14 .
Example: 30 Let b 3 j 4 k , a i j and let b 1 and b 2 be component vectors of b parallel and perpendicular to a. If
3 3
b1 i j , then b 2 [MP PET 1989]
2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3
(a) i j 4k (b) i j 4k (c) i j (d) None of these
2 2 2 2 2 2
Solution: (b) b b1 b 2
3 3 3 3
b 2 b b 1 = (3 j 4 k) i j = i j 4 k
2 2 2 2
3 3
Clearly, b 1 (i j) a i.e., b 1 is parallel to a
2 2
3 3
b 2 . a i j 4 k .(i j) 0 ; b 2 is r to a .
2 2
Example: 31 A vector a has components 2p and 1 with respect to a rectangular cartesian system. The system is rotated through a
certain angle about the origin in the anti-clockwise sense. If a has components p 1 and 1 with respect to the new
system, then [IIT 1984]
1 1
(a) p 0 (b) p 1 or (c) p 1 or (d) p 1 or 1
3 3
Solution: (b) Without loss of generality, we can write a 2 p i j ( p 1) ˆI ˆJ .....(i)
Now, ˆI cos i sin j Y
y
X
ˆJ sin i cos j
j
^
J ^
From (i), 2 p i j ( p 1) (cos i sin j) ( sin i cos j) I
x
O i
2 p i j {( p 1) cos sin } i {( p 1) sin cos } j
2 p ( p 1) cos sin ....(ii) and 1 ( p 1) sin cos ....(iii)
Squaring and adding, 4 p 2 1 ( p 1) 2 1
1
( p 1) 2 4 p 2 p 1 2 p p 1 , .
3
(5) Work done by a force : A force acting on a particle is said to do work
if the particle is displaced in a direction which is not perpendicular to the force. B
The work done by a force is a scalar quantity and its measure is equal to F
the product of the magnitude of the force and the resolved part of the
O A
displacement in the direction of the force.
If a particle be placed at O and a force F represented by OB be acting on the particle at O. Due to the
application of force F the particle is displaced in the direction of OA . Let OA be the displacement. Then the
component of OA in the direction of the force F is | OA | cos .
PRATAP BHAWAN, HAZRATGANJ LUCKNOW; PH.(0522)4026913,9838162263
Work done = | F | | OA | cos F . OA F .d , where d OA Or Work done = (Force) . (Displacement)
If a number of forces are acting on a particle, then the sum of the works done by the separate forces is
equal to the work done by the resultant force.
Example: 32 A particle is acted upon by constant forces 4 i j 3 k and 3 i j k which displace it from a point i 2 j 3 k to the
point 5 i 4 j k . The work done in standard units by the force is given by [AIEEE 2003, 2004]
(a) 15 (b) 30 (c) 25 (d) 40
Solution: (d) Total force F = (4 i j 3 k ) (3 i j k ) = 7 i 2 j 4 k
Displacement d = (5 i 4 j k ) (i 2 j 3 k ) = 4 i 2 j 2 k
Work done = F .d = (7 i 2 j 4 k ) . (4 i 2 j 2 k ) = 28 4 8 40 .
Example: 33 A groove is in the form of a broken line ABC and the position vectors of the three points are respectively 2 i 3 j 2 k ,
3 i 2 j k and i j k . A force of magnitude 24 3 acts on a particle of unit mass kept at the point A and moves it
along the groove to the point C. If the line of action of the force is parallel to the vector i 2 j k all along, the
number of units of work done by the force is
(a) 144 2 (b) 144 3 (c) 72 2 (d) 72 3
i 2j k 24 3
Solution: (c) F (24 3 ) = (i 2 j k ) = 12 2 (i 2 j k)
| i 2j k| 6
Displacement r position vector of C – Position vector of A = (i j k ) (2 i 3 j 2 k ) = (i 4 j k )
Work done by the force W r . F = (i 4 j k ) . 12 2 (i 2 j k) = 12 2 (1 8 1) 72 2 .
6.10 Vector or Cross product of Two Vectors.
Let a, b be two non-zero, non-parallel vectors. Then the vector product
a b , in that order, is defined as a vector whose magnitude is | a | | b | sin
where is the angle between a and b whose direction is perpendicular to
b
the plane of a and b in such a way that a, b and this direction constitute a
right handed system. O a
In other words, a b | a | | b | sin η̂ where is the angle between a and b , η̂ is a unit vector
ˆ form a right handed system.
perpendicular to the plane of a and b such that a , b , η
(1) Geometrical interpretation of vector product : If a, b be two non-zero, non-parallel vectors represented
by OA and OB respectively and let be the angle between them. Complete the parallelogram OACB. Draw
BL OA .
˄
BL B C
In OBL , sin BL OB sin | b | sin ......(i)
OB
b
ˆ = (OA )(BL ) η̂
Now, a b | a | | b | sin η
= (Base Height) η̂ = (area of paralle logram OACB ) η̂ O L a A
PRATAP BHAWAN, HAZRATGANJ LUCKNOW; PH.(0522)4026913,9838162263
= Vector area of the parallelogram OACB
Thus, a b is a vector whose magnitude is equal to the area of the parallelogram having a and b as its
ˆ form a right
adjacent sides and whose direction η̂ is perpendicular to the plane of a and b such that a , b , η
handed system. Hence a b represents the vector area of the parallelogram having adjacent sides along a and
b.
Thus, area of parallelogram OACB = | a b | .
1 1 1
Also, area of OAB area of parallelogram OACB = | a b | | OA OB |
2 2 2
(2) Properties of vector product
(i) Vector product is not commutative i.e., if a and b are any two vectors, then a b b a , however,
a b (b a )
(ii) If a, b are two vectors and m is a scalar, then m a b m (a b ) a m b
(iii) If a, b are two vectors and m, n are scalars, then m a n b mn (a b ) m (a n b ) n(m a b )
(iv) Distributivity of vector product over vector addition.
Let a , b , c be any three vectors. Then
(a) a (b c ) a b a c (Left distributivity)
(b) (b c ) a b a c a (Right distributivity)
(v) For any three vectors a , b , c we have a (b c ) a b a c
(vi) The vector product of two non-zero vectors is zero vector iff they are parallel (Collinear) i.e.,
a b 0 a || b , a , b are non-zero vectors.
It follows from the above property that a a 0 for every non-zero vector a , which in turn implies that
i i j j k k 0
(vii) Vector product of orthonormal triad of unit vectors i, j, k using the definition of the vector product, we
obtain i j k , j k i, k i j , j i k , k j i, i k j
(viii) Lagrange's identity: If a, b are any two vector then | a b | 2 | a | 2| b | 2 (a . b )2 or
| a b | 2 (a . b)2 | a | 2| b | 2
(3) Vector product in terms of components : If a a1i a2 j a3 k and b b1i b 2 j b3 k .
i j k
Then, a b (a2b 3 a3b 2 ) i (a1b3 a3b1 )j (a1b 2 a2 b1 ) k a1 a2 a3 .
b1 b2 b3
| a b|
(4) Angle between two vectors : If is the angle between a and b , then sin
| a || b |
Expression for sin : If a a1 i a 2 j a 3 k , b b1i b 2 j b3 k and be angle between a and b , then
PRATAP BHAWAN, HAZRATGANJ LUCKNOW; PH.(0522)4026913,9838162263
(a2 b3 a3 b2 )2 (a1b3 a3 b1 )2 (a1b 2 a2 b1 )2
sin 2
(a12 a22 a32 )(b12 b 22 b32 )
(5) (i) Right handed system of vectors : Three mutually perpendicular vectors a , b , c form a right
handed system of vector iff a b c , b c a , c a b
b
Example: The unit vectors i , j , k form a right-handed system,
i j k, j k i, k i j
Y
a
c
j
X
k i
(ii) Left handed system of vectors : The vectors a , b , c , mutually perpendicular to one another form a left
handed system of vector iff
c b a , a c b, b a c
a
b
(6) Vector normal to the plane of two given vectors : If a, b be two non-zero, nonparallel vectors and
let be the angle between them. a b | a | | b | sin ηˆ where η̂ is a unit vector to the plane of a and b
such that a , b , η from a right-handed system.
(a b ) | a b | η ˆ ab
ˆ η
| a b|
ab ab
Thus, is a unit vector to the plane of a and b . Note that is also a unit vector
| a b| | a b|
to the plane of a and b . Vectors of magnitude ' ' normal to the plane of a and b are given by
(a b )
.
| a b|
Example: 34 If a is any vector, then (a i )2 (a j)2 (a k) 2 is equal to
[EAMCET 1988; Rajasthan PET 2000; Orissa JEE 2003; MP PET 1984, 2004]
(a) | a | 2 (b) 0 (c) 3| a | 2 (d) 2 | a | 2
Solution: (d) Let a a1 i a 2 j a 3 k
a i = (a1 i a 2 j a 3 k ) i = a 2 k a 3 j
PRATAP BHAWAN, HAZRATGANJ LUCKNOW; PH.(0522)4026913,9838162263
(a i )2 (a i ). (a i ) = (a 2 k a 3 j) . (a 2 k a 3 j) = a 22 a 32
2 2 2
Similarly (a j) 2 a 32 a12 and (a k ) a 1 a 2
(a i )2 (a j)2 (a k)2 = 2 (a12 a 22 a 32 ) 2 | a | 2 .
Example: 35 (a b )2 (a . b )2 is equal to [MP PET 1989, 97, 2004]
(a) a 2 b 2 (b) a 2 b 2 (c) 2a . b (d) 1
Solution: (b) ˆ )2 (| a | | b | cos )2
(a b ) 2 (a . b) 2 = (| a | | b | sin η
ˆ .η
= | a | 2| b | 2 (sin 2 (η ˆ ) cos 2 ) = (a . a )(b . b )(sin 2 cos 2 ) = a 2 b 2 .1 a 2 b 2 .
Example: 36 The unit vector perpendicular to the vectors 6 i 2 j 3 k and 3 i 6 j 2 k , is [IIT 1989; Rajasthan PET 1996]
2i 3 j 6 k 2i 3 j 6 k 2i 3 j 6 k 2i 3 j 6 k
(a) (b) (c) (d)
7 7 7 7
Solution: (c) Let a 6 i 2 j 3 k and b 3 i 6 j 2 k
i j k
a b 6 2 3 14 i 21 j 42 k = 7 (2 i 3 j 6 k ) ; | a b | 7| 2 i 3 j 6 k | 7 . 7
3 6 2
ab 1
(2 i 3 j 6 k) , which is a unit vector perpendicular to a and b .
| ab| 7
Example: 37 The sine of the angle between the vectors a 3 i j k , b 2 i 2 j k is [Pb. CET 1988]
74 25 37 5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
99 99 99 41
i j k
| a b| 74 74
Solution: (a) a b 3 1 1 3i j 8 k ; sin
| a|| b| 11 . 9 99
2 2 1
Example: 38 The vectors c , a x i y j zk and b j are such that a, c, b form a right handed system, then c is [DCE 1999]
(a) z i x k (b) 0 (c) yj (d) z i x k
Solution: (a) a , c , b form a right handed system. Hence, b a c c = j (x i y j zk ) x k zi z i x k
(7) Area of parallelogram and Triangle
(i) The area of a parallelogram with adjacent sides a and b is | a b | .
1
(ii) The area of a parallelogram with diagonals a and b is | a b| .
2
1
(iii) The area of a plane quadrilateral ABCD is | AC BD | , where AC and BD are its diagonals.
2
1
(iv) The area of a triangle with adjacent sides a and b is | a b|
2
1 1 1
(v) The area of a triangle ABC is | AB AC | or | BC BA | or | CB CA |
2 2 2
1
(vi) If a , b , c are position vectors of vertices of a ABC , then its area = | (a b ) (b c ) (c a ) |
2
Note : Three points with position vectors a , b , c are collinear if (a b ) (b c ) (c a ) 0
PRATAP BHAWAN, HAZRATGANJ LUCKNOW; PH.(0522)4026913,9838162263
Example: 39 The area of a triangle whose vertices are A(1, 1, 2) , B (2, 1, 1) and C (3, 1, 2) is [MNR 1983; IIT 1983]
(a) 13 (b) 13 (c) 6 (d) 6
Solution: (b) AB (2 i j k) (i j 2 k) i 2 j 3 k , AC (3 i j 2 k ) (i j 2 k) 2 i
1 1 1
Area of triangle ABC = | AB AC | = | (i 2 j 3 k ) 2 i | = | 4 k 6 j | | 3 j 2 k | 13
2 2 2
Example: 40 If a i j k, b i 3 j 5 k and c 7 i 9 j 11 k , then the area of the parallelogram having diagonals a b and
b c is [Haryana CET 2002]
1 6
(a) 4 6 (b) 21 (c) (d) 6
2 2
1
Solution: (a) Area of the parallelogram with diagonals a b and b c = | (a b ) (b c )|
2
1 1
= | {(i j k ) (i 3 j 5 k )} {(i 3 j 5 k ) (7 i 9 j 11 k )} | = | {(2 i 4 j 6 k ) (8 i 12 j 16 k )}|
2 2
i j k
= 4 | (i 2 j 3 k ) (2 i 3 j 4 k )| = 4 | 1 2 3 | 4 | i 2 j k | = 4 6
2 3 4
Example: 41 The position vectors of the vertices of a quadrilateral ABCD are a, b, c and d respectively. Area of the quadrilateral
formed by joining the middle points of its sides is [Roorkee 2000]
1
(a) | a b b d d a|
4
1
(b) | b c c d a d b a |
4
1
(c) | a b b c c d d a|
4
1
(d) | b c c d d b|
4
Solution: (c) Let P, Q, R, S be the middle points of the sides of the quadrilateral ABCD.
a b bc c d da
Position vector of P = , that of Q , that of R = and that of S =
2 2 2 2
d a b c 1 1
Mid point of diagonal SQ (a b c d)
2 2 2 4 c d
2 C (c)
1 (d)
Similarly mid point of PR (a b c d ) D R
4 d a bc
2 S Q 2
As the diagonals bisect each other, PQRS is a parallelogram.
P
a b d a b d c d d a c a A B
SP ; SR (a) a b
(b)
2 2 2 2 2 2
2
b d c a
Area of parallelogram PQRS = | SP SR |
2 2
1 1
= b c b a d c d a = a b b c c d d a .
4 4
PRATAP BHAWAN, HAZRATGANJ LUCKNOW; PH.(0522)4026913,9838162263
6.11 Moment of a Force and Couple.
(1) Moment of a force
(i) About a point : Let a force F be applied at a point P of a rigid body.
Then the moment of F about a point O measures the tendency of F to turn r×F
F
the body about point O. If this tendency of rotation about O is in anticlockwise O
Q
direction, the moment is positive, otherwise it is negative. r
P
H
Let r be the position vector of P relative to O. Then the moment or
torque of F about the point O is defined as the vector M r F .
If several forces are acting through the same point P, then the vector sum of the moment of the separate
forces about O is equal to the moment of their resultant force about O.
(ii) About a line: The moment of a force F acting at a point P about a line L is a scalar given by (r F). aˆ
where â is a unit vector in the direction of the line, and OP r , where O is any point on the line.
Thus, the moment of a force F about a line is the resolved part (component) along this line, of the
moment of F about any point on the line.
Note : The moment of a force about a point is a vector while the moment about a straight line is a scalar quantity.
(2) Moment of a couple : A system consisting of a pair of equal unlike
parallel forces is called a couple. The vector sum of two forces of a couple is F A N
r
always zero vector.
O
The moment of a couple is a vector perpendicular to the plane of couple
B
–F
and its magnitude is the product of the magnitude of either force with the
perpendicular distance between the lines of the forces.
M r F , where r BA
| M | | BA F | = | F | | BA | sin , where is the angle between BA and F
= | F | (BN ) | F | a
where a BN is the arm of the couple and +ve or –ve sign is to be taken according as the forces
indicate a counter-clockwise rotation or clockwise rotation.
PRATAP BHAWAN, HAZRATGANJ LUCKNOW; PH.(0522)4026913,9838162263
(3) Rotation about an axis : When a rigid body rotates about a fixed axis ON with an angular velocity
, then the velocity v of a particle P is given by v r , where r OP and | | (unit vector along ON)
N
r
O
Example: 42 Three forces i 2 j 3 k , 2 i 3 j 4 k and i j k are acting on a particle at the point (0, 1, 2). The magnitude of the
moment of the forces about the point (1, – 2, 0) is [MNR 1983]
(a) 2 35 (b) 6 10 (c) 4 17 (d) None of these
Solution: (b) Total force F (i 2 j 3 k) (2 i 3 j 4 k) (i j k ) 4 i 4 j 2 k
F
Moment of the forces about P = r F PA F
(0,1,2)
PA (0 1) i (1 2) j (2 0 )k i 3 j 2 k A
r
i j k (1,–2,0)
Moment about P = (i 3 j 2 k ) (4 i 4 j 2 k ) = 1 3 2 2 i 10 j 16 k P
4 4 2
Magnitude of the moment = | 2 i 10 j 16 k | = 2 1 2 5 2 8 2 2 90 6 10
Example: 43 The moment of the couple formed by the forces 5 i k and 5 i k acting at the points (9, 1, 2) and (3, 2, 1)
respectively is [AMU 1998]
(a) i j 5 k (b) i j 5 k (c) 2 i 2 j 10 k (d) 2 i 2 j 10 k
Solution: (b) Moment of the couple,
F 5 i+k
BA F = {(9 3) i (1 2) j (2 1)k } (5 i k ) A
(9,–1,2)
i j k (3,–2,1)
= (6 i j k ) (5 i k ) = 6 1 1 i j 5 k B
5 0 1 –F –5i–k
6.12 Scalar Triple Product .
If a , b , c are three vectors, then their scalar triple product is defined as the dot product of two vectors a and
b c . It is generally denoted by a . (b c ) or [abc ] . It is read as box product of a , b, c . Similarly other scalar triple
products can be defined as (b c ). a , (c a ). b . By the property of scalar product of two vectors we can say,
a . (b c ) (a b ).c
(1) Geometrical interpretation of scalar triple product : The scalar triple product of three vectors is
equal to the volume of the parallelopiped whose three coterminous edges are represented by the given
vectors. a , b , c form a right handed system of vectors. Therefore (a b ). c [abc ] = volume of the
parallelopiped, whose coterminous edges are a, b and c.
(2) Properties of scalar triple product
PRATAP BHAWAN, HAZRATGANJ LUCKNOW; PH.(0522)4026913,9838162263
(i) If a , b , c are cyclically permuted, the value of scalar triple product remains the same. i.e.,
(a b ). c (b c ). a (c a ). b or [a b c ] [b c a ] [c a b ]
(ii) The change of cyclic order of vectors in scalar triple product changes the sign of the scalar triple
product but not the magnitude i.e., [a b c ] [b a c ] [c b a ] [a c b ]
(iii) In scalar triple product the positions of dot and cross can be interchanged provided that the cyclic
order of the vectors remains same i.e., (a b ). c a . (b c )
(iv) The scalar triple product of three vectors is zero if any two of them are equal.
(v) For any three vectors a , b , c and scalar , [ a b c ] [a b c ]
(vi) The scalar triple product of three vectors is zero if any two of them are parallel or collinear.
(vii) If a , b , c , d are four vectors, then [(a b ) c d ] [a c d ] [bcd ]
(viii) The necessary and sufficient condition for three non-zero non-collinear vectors a , b , c to be coplanar
is that [a b c ] 0 i.e., a , b , c are coplanar [a bc ] 0 .
(ix) Four points with position vectors a, b, c and d will be coplanar, if [a b c ] [d c a ] [d a b ]
[a b c ] .
(3) Scalar triple product in terms of components
(i) If a a1i a2 j a3 k , b b1i b 2 j b3 k and c c1i c 2 j c 3 k be three vectors.
a1 b1 c1
Then, [a b c ] a 2 b2 c2
a3 b3 c3
a1 a2 a3
(ii) If a a1l a2 m a3 n, b b1l b 2 m b3 n and c c1l c 2 m c 3 n , then [a b c ] b 1 b2 b 3 [l m n ]
c1 c2 c3
(iii) For any three vectors a, b and c
(a) [a b b c c a ] 2[a b c ] (b) [a b b c c a ] 0 (c) [a b b c c a ] [a b c ]2
(4) Tetrahedron : A tetrahedron is a three-dimensional figure formed by
A(a)
four triangle OABC is a tetrahedron with ABC as the base.
OA , OB , OC , AB , BC and CA are known as edges of the tetrahedron. a
O
OA , BC ; OB , CA and OC, AB are known as the pairs of opposite edges. A b c
tetrahedron in which all edges are equal, is called a regular tetrahedron. B(b) C(c)
Properties of tetrahedron
(i) If two pairs of opposite edges of a tetrahedron are perpendicular, then the opposite edges of the third
pair are also perpendicular to each other.
(ii) In a tetrahedron, the sum of the squares of two opposite edges is the same for each pair.
PRATAP BHAWAN, HAZRATGANJ LUCKNOW; PH.(0522)4026913,9838162263
(iii) Any two opposite edges in a regular tetrahedron are perpendicular.
Volume of a tetrahedron
1
(i) The volume of a tetrahedron = (area of the base) (correspon ding altitude)
3
1 1 1
= . | AB AC | | ED | = | AB AC | | ED | cos 0 o for AB AC || ED
3 2 6
1 1 1
= ( AB AC ) . ED [ AB AC EA AD ] [ AB AC AD ] .
6 6 6
Because AB , AC , EA are coplanar, so [ AB AC EA] 0
(ii) If a , b , c are position vectors of vertices A, B and C with respect to O, then volume of tetrahedron
1
OABC = [a b c ]
6
(iii) If a , b , c , d are position vectors of vertices A, B, C, D of a tetrahedron ABCD, then
1
its volume = [b a c a d a ]
6
(5) Reciprocal system of vectors : Let a , b, c be three non-coplanar vectors, and let
bc c a ab
a , b , c .
[abc ] [abc ] [abc ]
a , b , c are said to form a reciprocal system of vectors for the vectors a , b , c .
If a , b , c and a , b , c form a reciprocal system of vectors, then
(i) a . a b . b c . c 1 (ii) a . b a . c 0 ; b . c b . a 0; c . a c . b 0
1
(iii) [a b c ] (v) a , b , c are non-coplanar iff so are a , b , c .
[a b c ]
Example: 44 If u, v and w are three non-coplanar vectors, then (u v w ) . [(u v ) (v w )] equals [AIEEE 2003]
(a) 0 (b) u . (v w ) (c) u . (w v ) (d) 3 u . (v w )
Solution: (b) (u v w ) . [u v (v w )] = (u v w ) . [(u v ) (u w ) 0 (v w )]
= [u u v ] [v u v ] [w u v ] [u u w ] – [v u w ] [w u w ] [u v w ] [v v w ] [w v w ]
= 0 0 [u v w ] 0 [u v w ] 0 [u v w ] 0 0 [u v w ] = u . (v w ) .
Example: 45 The value of ‘a’ so that the volume of parallelopiped formed by i aj k ; j ak and ai k becomes minimum is
[IIT Screening 2003]
(a) – 3 (b) 3 (c) 1 / 3 (d) 3
Solution: (c) Volume of the parallelepiped
V = [i aj k j ak ai k ] = (i aj k ) . {( j ak ) (ai k )} = (i aj k) . {i a 2 j ak)} = 1 a 3 a
dV d 2V dV 1
= 3a 2 1 ; 6a ; 0 3a2 1 0 a
da da 2 da 3
1 d 2V 6
At a , 2
0
3 da 3
1
V is minimum at a
3
Example: 46 If a , b , c be any three non-zero non-coplanar vectors, then any vector r is equal to
PRATAP BHAWAN, HAZRATGANJ LUCKNOW; PH.(0522)4026913,9838162263
(a) z a x b y c (b) xa yb zc (c) y a zb x c (d) None of these
[r b c ] [r c a ] [r a b ]
Where x , y , z
[a b c ] [a b c ] [a b c ]
Solution: (b) As a, b, c are three non-coplanar vectors, we may assume r a b c
[r b c ]
[r b c ] ( a b c ) . (b c ) = {a . (b c )} [a b c ]
[a b c ]
[r b c ]
But x ; x
[abc ]
Similarly y , z ; r x a y b z c .
Example: 47 If a, b, c are non-coplanar vectors and is a real number, then the vectors a 2 b 3 c , b 4 c and (2 1)c are
non-coplanar for [AIEEE 2004]
(a) No value of (b) All except one value of
(c) All except two values of (d) All values of
Solution: (c) As a , b , c are non-coplanar vectors. [abc ] 0
Now, a 2 b 3 c , b 4 c and (2 1) c will be non-coplanar iff
(a 2 b 3 c ) . {(b 4 c ) (2 1) c } 0
i.e., (a 2 b 3 c ) . { (2 1) (b c )} 0 i.e., (2 1)[a b c ] 0
1
0,
2
1
Thus, given vectors will be non-coplanar for all values of except two values: 0 and .
2
Example: 48 x, y, z are distinct scalars such that [ x a y b z c , x b y c z a , x c y a z b ] 0 where a, b, c are non-coplanar vectors
then
(a) x y z 0 (b) xy yz zx 0 (c) x3 y3 z3 0 (d) x2 y2 z2 0
Solution: (a) a, b, c are non-coplanar
[a b c ] 0
Now, [ x a y b zc , x b y c z a , x c y a z b ] 0
(xa yb zc). {(xb yc za) (xc ya zb)} 0 (x a y b zc ) . {( x 2 yz )(b c ) (z 2 xy ) (a b ) (y 2 zx )(c a )} 0
x ( x 2 yz ) [abc ] y (y 2 zx ) [b c a ] z (z 2 xy ) [c a b ] 0 ( x 3 xyz ) [a b c ] (y 3 xyz ) [abc ] (z 3 xyz ) [abc ] 0
As [abc ] 0 , x 3 y 3 z 3 3 xyz 0 ( x y z ) (x 2 y 2 z 2 xy yz zx ) 0
1
( x y z ) {( x y )2 (y z )2 (z x )2 } 0 x y z 0 or x y z
2
But x, y, z are distinct. x y z 0 .
6.13 Vector Triple Product.
Let a , b , c be any three vectors, then the vectors a (b c ) and (a b ) c are called vector triple product of
a, b, c .
Thus, a (b c ) (a . c ) b (a . b )c
(1) Properties of vector triple product
(i) The vector triple product a (b c ) is a linear combination of those two vectors which are within
brackets.
PRATAP BHAWAN, HAZRATGANJ LUCKNOW; PH.(0522)4026913,9838162263
(ii) The vector r a (b c ) is perpendicular to a and lies in the plane of b and c .
(iii) The formula a (b c ) (a . c ) b (a . b ) c is true only when the vector outside the bracket is on the left
most side. If it is not, we first shift on left by using the properties of cross product and then apply the same
formula.
Thus, (b c ) a {a (b c )} = {(a . c ) b (a . b )c } = (a . b ) c (a . c ) b
(iv) If a a1i a2 j a3 k , b b1i b 2 j b3 k and c c1i c 2 j c 3 k
i j k
then a (b c ) a1 a2 a3
b2 c3 b3 c2 b 3 c1 b1 c 3 b1 c 2 b 2 c1
Note : Vector triple product is a vector quantity.
a (b c ) (a b ) c
1
Example: 49 Let a, b and c be non-zero vectors such that (a b ) c | b | | c | a . If is the acute angle between the vectors
3
b and c , then sin equals [AIEEE 2004]
2 2 2 2 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 3 3 3
1 1
Solution: (a) (a b ) c = | b | | c | a (a . c ) b (b . c ) a | b | | c | a
3 3
1 1
(a . c ) b {(b . c ) | b | | c | }a (a . c ) b | b | | c | cos a
3 3
1
As a and b are not parallel, a . c 0 and cos 0
3
1 2 2
cos sin
3 3
Example: 50 If a i j k, b i j, c i and (a b ) c a b , then [EAMCT 2003]
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
Solution: (a) (a b ) c a b (a . c ) b (b . c )a a b b . c , a . c
a . c b . c = (a b ) . c = {(i j k ) (i j)} . i = k . i 0 .
Example: 51 If a , b , c and p, q, r are reciprocal system of vectors, then a p b q c r equals
(a) [a b c ] (b) (p q r) (c) 0 (d) a b c
b c c a ab
Solution: (c) p , q , r
[a b c ] [a b c ] [a b c ]
(b c ) (a . c ) b (a . b ) c
ap a
[a b c ] [a b c ]
(a . b ) c (b . c ) a (b . c ) a (a . c ) b
Similarly b q and c r
[a b c ] [a b c ]
1 1
a p b q c r = {(a . c ) b (a . b )c (a . b ) c (b . c ) a (b . c ) a (a . c ) b} = 0 0
[a b c ] [a b c ]
6.14 Scalar product of Four Vectors.
(a b ). (c d ) is a scalar product of four vectors. It is the dot product of the vectors a b and c d .
PRATAP BHAWAN, HAZRATGANJ LUCKNOW; PH.(0522)4026913,9838162263
It is a scalar triple product of the vectors a, b and c d as well as scalar triple product of the vectors a b , c
and d .
a .c a .d
(a b ). (c d )
b .c b .d
6.15 Vector product of Four Vectors.
(1) (a b ) (c d ) is a vector product of four vectors.
It is the cross product of the vectors a b and c d .
(2) a {b (c d )}, {(a b ) c } d are also different vector products of four vectors a , b , c and d .
Example: 52 a [a (a b )] is equal to [AMU 2001]
(a) (a a ) . (b a ) (b) a . (b a ) b .(a b ) (c) [a . (a b )] a (d) (a . a )(b a )
Solution: (d) a [a (a b )] = a [(a . b )a (a . a )b ] = (a .b )(a a ) (a . a ) (a b ) = (a . b ) 0 (a . a ) (b a ) (a . a )(b a )
Example: 53 [b c c a a b ] is equal to [MP PET 2004]
(a) a (b c ) (b) 2 [a b c ] (c) [a b c ] 2 (d) [a b c ]
Solution: (c) [(b c )( c a ), (a b )] = (b c ).{[ c a ) (a b )} (b c ) . {[c a b ] a [a a b ]c }
= (b c ). {[a b c ] a 0} = [b c a ][abc ] = [abc ] 2
Example: 54 Let the vectors a, b, c and d be such that (a b ) (c d ) 0 . Let P1 and P2 be planes determined by pair of vectors
a, b and c, d respectively. Then the angle between P1 and P2 is [IIT Screening 2000]
(a) 0 o (b) (c) (d)
4 3 2
Solution: (a) (a b ) (c d ) 0 (a b ) is parallel to (c d )
Hence plane P1 , determined by vectors a, b is parallel to the plane P2 determined by c, d
Angle between P1 and P2 = 0 (As the planes P1 and P2 are parallel).
6.16 Vector Equations.
Solving a vector equation means determining an unknown vector or a number of vectors satisfying the
given conditions. Generally, to solve a vector equation, we express the unknown vector as a linear combination
of three known non-coplanar vectors and then we determine the coefficients from the given conditions.
If a, b are two known non-collinear vectors, then a , b , a b are three non-coplanar vectors.
Thus, any vector r x a y b z (a b ) where x , y , z are unknown scalars.
Example: 55 If a i j k , a .b 1 and a b j k , then b [IIT Screening 2004]
(a) i (b) i j k (c) 2j k (d) 2 i
Solution: (a) Let b b1 i b 2 j b 3 k
i j k
Now, j k a b 1 1 1 b 3 b 2 0 , b1 b 3 1, b 2 b1 1 b 3 b 2 , b 1 b 2 1
b1 b2 b3
Now, a . b 1 b1 b 2 b 3 1 3 b 2 1 1 b 2 0 b1 1, b 3 0 . Thus b i
PRATAP BHAWAN, HAZRATGANJ LUCKNOW; PH.(0522)4026913,9838162263
Example: 56 The point of intersection of r a b a and r b a b where a i j and b 2 i k is
(a) 3 i j k (b) 3 i k (c) 3i 2 j k (d) None of these
Solution: (a) We have r b a b and r a b a
Adding, r (a b ) (a b ) (b a )
r (a b ) 0 r is parallel to a b
r (a b ) = {(i j) (2 i k )} = {3 i j k }
For 1 , r 3 i j k
Example: 57 Let a i j, b j k, c k i . If dˆ is a unit vector such that a . d 0 [b c d ] , then dˆ is equal to [IIT 1995]
i jk i jk i j 2k
(a) (b) (c) (d) k
3 3 6
Solution: (c) Let dˆ i j k
a . dˆ 0 (i j). ( i j k ) 0 0
i j k
[b c d ] 0 (b c ). d 0 0 1 1 . ( i j k ) 0 (i j k ) . ( i j k ) 0 0
1 0 1
( ) 2 ; ( )
ˆ | 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 4 2 1 1 and 2
|d
6 6
ˆ 1 (i j 2 k) .
d
6
Example: 58 Let p, q, r be three mutually perpendicular vectors of the same magnitude. If a vector x satisfies equation
p | (x q ) p | q | (x r) q | r | (x p ) r | 0 , then x is given by [IIT 1997]
1 1 1 1
(a) (p q 2r ) (b) (p q r) (c) (p q r) (d) (2 p q r)
2 2 3 3
Solution: (b) Let | p | | q | | r | k
ˆ,q k q
pk p ˆ , r k ˆr
ˆ q
Let x p ˆ ˆr
Now, p {x q } p} = (p . p )(x q ) {p . (x q )}p = | p | 2 (x q) {(p . x ) p . q} p
= k 2 (x q) {| p | (p ˆ = k 2 (x q) – | p | 2 (p
ˆ . xˆ ) 0}| p | p ˆ = k 2 {x q p
ˆ . ˆx ) p ˆ)
p {(x q ) p} q (x r) q} r {(x p ) r} 0
k 2 {x q p x r q x p r} 0 3 x (p q r) (p q r) 0
3 x (p q r) x 0 2 x (p q r) 0
1
x (p q r)
2
Example: 59 Let the unit vectors a and b be perpendicular and the unit vector c be inclined at an angle to both a and b. If
c a b (a b ) , then [Orissa JEE 2003]
(a) cos , 2 cos 2 (b) cos , 2 cos 2
(c) cos , sin , 2 cos 2 (d) None of these
Solution: (b) We have, | a | | b | 1
PRATAP BHAWAN, HAZRATGANJ LUCKNOW; PH.(0522)4026913,9838162263
a . b 0 ; (as a b )
c a b (a b ) ......(i)
Taking dot product by a , a . c | a | 2 (a . b ) [a a b ]
| a | .| c | cos .1 0 0 1 .| c | . cos
As | c | 1 ; cos
Taking dot product of (i) by b
b . c b . a | b | 2 [b a b ] | b | | c | cos 0 . 1 0
1 .1 . cos cos
| c | 1 2 2 2 1 cos 2 cos 2 2 1
2
2 1 2 cos 2 cos 2
Hence, cos , 2 cos 2
Example: 60 The locus of a point equidistant from two given points whose position vectors are a and b is equal to
1 1
(a) r (a b ) . (a b) 0 (b) r (a b ) . (a b ) 0
2 2
1
(c) r (a b ) . a 0 (d) [r (a b )] . b 0
2
Solution: (b) Let P (r) be a point on the locus.
P(r)
AP BP
| r a | | r b | | r a | 2 | r b | 2 (r a ). (r a ) (r b ). (r b )
1
2 r .(a b ) a . a b .b r . (a b ) (a b ). (a b )
2 A(a) B(b)
1
[r (a b )]. (a b ) 0 . This is the locus of P.
2
***
PRATAP BHAWAN, HAZRATGANJ LUCKNOW; PH.(0522)4026913,9838162263
Modulus and Direction cosines of Vector
Basic Level
1. The perimeter of a triangle with sides 3 i 4 j 5 k , 4 i 3 j 5 k and 7 i j is [MP PET 1991]
(a) 450 (b) 150 (c) 50 (d) 200
2. The magnitudes of mutually perpendicular forces a, b and c are 2, 10 and 11 respectively. Then the magnitude of its resultant is
(a) 12 (b) 15 (c) 9 (d) None of these
3. If a 2 i j 8 k and b i 3 j 4 k , then the magnitude of a b [MP PET 1996]
13 3 4
(a) 13 (b) (c) (d)
3 13 13
4. The position vectors of A and B are 2i – 9j – 4k, and 6i – 3j + 8k respectively, then the magnitude of AB is [MP PET 2000]
(a) 11 (b) 12 (c) 13 (d) 14
5. If the position vectors of P and Q are (i 3 j 7 k ) and (5 i 2 j 4 k ) , then | PQ | is [MP PET 2001]
(a) 158 (b) 160 (c) 161 (d) 162
6. If a, b, c are mutually perpendicular unit vectors, then | a b c | [Karnataka CET 2002]
(a) 3 (b) 3 (c) 1 (d) 0
7. Let a i j p k and b i j k , then | a b | | a | | b | , holds for
(a) All real p (b) No real p (c) p = –1 (d) p = 1
8. For any two vectors a and b, which of the following is true
(a) | a b | | a | | b | (b) | a b | | a | | b | (c) | a b | | a | | b | (d) | a b | | a | | b |
9. If a and b are the adjacent sides of a parallelogram, then | a b | | a b | is a necessary and sufficient condition for the
parallelogram to be a
(a) Rhombus (b) Square (c) Rectangle (d) Trapezium
10. The direction cosines of vector a 3 i 4 j 5 k in the direction of positive axis of x, is [MP PET 1991]
3 4 3 4
(a) (b) (c) (d)
50 50 50 50
11. A force is a
(a) Unit vector (b) Localised vector (c) Zero vector (d) Free vector
12. A zero vector has
(a) Any direction (b) No direction (c) Many directions (d) None of these
Advance Level
13. The perimeter of the triangle whose vertices have the position vectors (i j k ) , (5 i 3 j 3 k ) and (2 i 5 j 9 k ) is given by
(a) 15 157 (b) 15 157 (c) 15 157 (d) 15 157
14. If the vectors 6 i 2 j 3 k , 2 i 3 j 6 k and 3 i 6 j 2 k form a triangle, then it is [Karnataka CET 1999]
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(a) Right angled (b) Obtuse angled (c) Equilateral (d) Isosceles
15. The vectors AB 3 i 4 k and AC 5 i 2 j 4 k are the sides of a triangle ABC. The length of the median through A is
(a) 18 (b) 72 (c) 33 (d) 288
16. If a and b are two unit vectors inclined at an angle 2 to each other, then | a b | 1 , if
2 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 3 3 3 2
17. If the position vectors of A and B are i 3 j 7 k and 5 i 2 j 4 k , then the direction cosine of AB along y- axis is [MNR 1989]
4 5
(a) (b) (c) –5 (d) 11
162 162
18. The position vectors of four points A, B, C, D lying in plane are a, b, c, d respectively. They satisfy the relation
| a d | | b d | | c d | , then the point D is
(a) Centroid of ABC (b) Circumcentre of ABC (c) Orthocentre of ABC (d) Incentre of ABC
19. In a parallelopiped the ratio of the sum of the squares on the four diagonals to the sum of the squares on the three coterminous
edges is
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 1
Addition of Vectors
Basic Level
20. P is the point of intersection of the diagonals of the parallelogram ABCD. If O is any point, then OA OB OC OD
(a) OP (b) 2 OP (c) 3 OP (d) 4 OP
21. If p 7 i 2 j 3 k and q 3 i j 5 k , then the magnitude of p – 2q is [MP PET 1987]
(a) 29 (b) 4 (c) 62 2 35 (d) 66
22. If C is the middle point of AB and P is any point outside AB, then [MNR 1991, UPSEAT 2000]
(a) PA PB PC (b) PA PB 2 PC (c) PA PB PC 0 (d) PA PB 2 PC 0
23. If a 2 i 5 j and b 2 i j , then the unit vector along a + b will be [Rajasthan PET 1985, 1995]
ij ij
(a) (b) i j (c) 2 (i j) (d)
2 2
24. What should be added in vector a 3 i 4 j 2 k to get its resultant a unit vector i [Roorkee 1977]
(a) 2 i 4 j 2 k (b) 2 i 4 j 2 k (c) 2i 4 j 2 k (d) None of these
25. If a i 2 j 3 k , b i 2 j k and c 3 i j , then the unit vector along its resultant is [Roorkee 1980]
3i 5 j 4 k 3i 5 j 4 k
(a) 3 i 5 j 4 k (b) (c) (d) None of these
50 5 2
26. In the triangle ABC, AB a , AC c , BC b , then [Rajasthan PET 1984]
(a) a b c 0 (b) a b c 0 (c) a b c 0 (d) a b c 0
27. If a has magnitude 5 and points north-east and vector b has magnitude 5 and points north-west, then | a b | [MNR 1984]
(a) 25 (b) 5 (c) 7 3 (d) 5 2
PRATAP BHAWAN, HAZRATGANJ LUCKNOW; PH.(0522)4026913,9838162263
28. If | a | 3 , | b | 4 and | a b | 5 , then | a b | [EAMCET 1994]
(a) 6 (b) 5 (c) 4 (d) 3
29. If the sum of two unit vectors is a unit vector, then the angle between them is equal to
2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
6 3 2 3
30. A, B, C, D, E are five coplanar points, then DA DB DC AE BE CE is equal to [Rajasthan PET 1999]
(a) DE (b) 3 DE (c) 2 DE (d) 4 ED
31. If a 0, b 0 and | a b | | a b | , then the vectors a and b are
(a) Parallel to each other (b) Perpendicular to each other
(c) Inclined at an angle of 60o (d) Neither perpendicular nor parallel
32. If ABCDEF is a regular hexagon and AB AC AD AE AF AD ,then [Rajasthan PET 1985]
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 6
33. If O be the circumcentre and O' be the orthocentre of a triangle ABC, then OA OB OC [MNR 1987, EAMCET 1994]
(a) 2OO ' (b) 2O' O (c) OO ' (d) O' O
34. Let a i be a vector which makes an angle of 120o with a unit vector b. Then the unit vector (a + b) is [MP PET 1991]
1 3 3 1 1 3 3 1
(a) i j (b) i j (c) i j (d) i j
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
35. If be the angle between the unit vectors a and b, then cos [MP PET 1998]
2
1 1 | a b| | a b|
(a) | a b| (b) | a b| (c) (d)
2 2 | a b| | a b|
36. If | a | 3 , | b | 4 , | c | 5 and a b c 0 , then the angle between a and b is [MP PET 1989; Bihar CEE 1994]
(a) 0 (b) (c) (d)
6 3 2
37. If ABCD is a parallelogram, AB 2 i 4 j 5 k and AD i 2 j 3 k , then the unit vector in the direction of BD is [Roorkee 1976]
1 1 1 1
(a) (i 2 j 8 k) (b) (i 2 j 8 k ) (c) (i 2 j 8 k) (d) (i 2 j 8 k )
69 69 69 69
38. If a and b are unit vectors making an angle with each other then | a b | is [BIT Ranchi 1991; Karnataka CET 2000, 01]
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) cos (d) 2 sin
2 2
39. If the moduli of the vectors a, b, c are 3, 4, 5 respectively and a and b + c, b and c + a, c and a + b are mutually perpendicular,
then the modulus of a + b + c is [IIT 1981]
(a) 12 (b) 12 (c) 5 2 (d) 50
40. If a and b are unit vectors and a – b is also a unit vector, then the angle between a and b is
2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 3 2 3
41. If in a triangle AB a , AC b and D, E are the mid-points of AB and AC respectively, then DE is equal to [Rajasthan PET 1986]
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a b a b b a b a
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 4 2 2 4 4 2 2
42. ABCDE is a pentagon. Forces AB, AE , DC, ED act at a point. Which force should be added to this system to make the resultant
2 AC [MNR 1984]
(a) AC (b) AD (c) BC (d) BD
43. In a regular hexagon ABCDEF, AE [MNR 1984]
(a) AC AF AB (b) AC AF AB (c) AC AB AF (d) None of these
44. 3 OD DA DB DC [IIT 1988]
(a) OA OB OC (b) OA OB BD (c) OA OB OC (d) None of these
45. In a triangle ABC, if 2 AC 3 CB , then 2OA 3 OB equals [IIT 1988]
(a) 5 OC (b) OC (c) OC (d) None of these
46. If | AO OB | | BO OC | , then A, B, C form [IIT 1983]
(a) Equilateral triangle (b) Right angled triangle (c) Isosceles triangle (d) Line
47. Three forces of magnitudes 1, 2, 3 dynes meet in a point and act along diagonals of three adjacent faces of a cube. The
resultant force is [MNR 1987]
(a) 114 dynes (b) 6 dynes (c) 5 dynes (d) None of these
48. If p q r 0 , | p | 3, | q | 5,| r | 7 . Then angle between p and q is
2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
16 3 6 3
49. If A, B, C are the vertices of a triangle whose position vectors are a, b, c and G is the centroid of the ABC , then GA GB GC
a bc a b c
is (a)0 (b) A B C (c) (d)
3 3
50. If a 3 i 2 j k , b 2 i 4 j 3 k and c i 2 j 2 k , then a b c is [MP PET 2001]
(a) 3 i 4 j (b) 3 i 4 j (c) 4i 4 j (d) 4 i 4 j
1
51. If x and y are two unit vectors and is the angle between them, then | x y | is equal to [UPSEAT 2001]
2
(a) 0 (b) / 2 (c) 1 (d) / 4
52. If D, E, F are respectively the mid points of AB, AC and BC in ABC , then BE AF [EAMCET 2003]
1 3
(a) DC (b) BF (c) 2 BF (d) BF
2 2
53. If ABCD is a rhombus whose diagonals cut at the origin O, then OA OB OC OD equals
(a) AB AC (b) O (c) 2( AB BC ) (d) AC BD
54. ABCD is a parallelogram with AC and BD as diagonals. Then AC BD [EAMCET 2001]
(a) 4 AB (b) 3 AB (c) 2 AB (d) AB
55. The vectors b and c are in the direction of north-east and north-west respectively and | b | | c | 4 . The magnitude and direction
of the vector d c b , are [Roorkee 2000]
PRATAP BHAWAN, HAZRATGANJ LUCKNOW; PH.(0522)4026913,9838162263
(a) 4 2 , towards north (b) 4 2 , towards west (c) 4, towards east (d) 4, towards south
56. Let a and b be two unit vectors inclined at an angle , then sin( / 2) is equal to [UPSEAT 2002]
1 1
(a) | a b| (b) | a b| (c) | a b | (d) | a b |
2 2
57. If a, b, c are three vectors such that a b c and the angle between b and c is / 2 , then [EAMCET 2003; Bihar CEE 1989]
(a) a 2 b 2 c 2 (b) b 2 c 2 a 2 (c) c 2 a 2 b 2 (d) 2 a 2 b 2 c 2
(Note : Here a | a |, b | b |, c | c | )
Advance Level
58. If a , b , c are three vectors of equal magnitude and the angle between each pair of vectors is such that | a b c | 6 then
3
| a | is equal to
1
(a) 2 (b) –1 (c) 1 (d) 6
3
59. Let a, b, c be three unit vectors such that | a b c | 1 and a b . If c makes angles , with a, b respectively then
cos cos is equal to
3
(a) (b) 1 (c) –1 (d) None of these
2
60. A vector of magnitude 2 along a bisector of the angle between the two vectors 2 i 2 j k and i 2 j 2 k is
2 1 2
(a) (3 i k) (b) (i 4 j 3 k) (c) (i 4 j 3 k) (d) None of these
10 26 26
61. The vector i x j 3 k is rotated through an angle and doubled in magnitude, then it becomes 4 i (4 x 2)j 2 k . The value of
x is
2 1 2
(a) (b) (c) (d) 2
3 3 3
62. If I is the centre of a circle inscribed in a triangle ABC, then | BC | IA | CA | IB | AB | IC is
IA IB IC
(a) 0 (b) IA IB IC (c) (d) None of these
3
63. If the vector i j k bisects the angle between the vector e and the vector 3 i 4 j, then the unit vector in the direction of e is
1 1 1 1
(a) (11 i 10 j 2 k ) (b) (11 i 10 j 2 k ) (c) (11 i 10 j 2 k ) (d) (11 i 10 j 2 k )
15 15 15 15
64. The sides of a parallelogram are 2 i 4 j 5 k , i 2 j 3 k ,then the unit vector parallel to one of the diagonals
1 1 1 1
(a) (3 i 6 j 2 k ) (b) (3 i 6 j 2 k ) (c) (3 i 6 j 2 k ) (d) (3 i 6 j 2 k )
7 7 7 7
65. A point O is the centre of a cricle circumscribed about a triangle ABC. Then OA sin 2 A OB sin 2 B OC sin 2 C is equal to
(a) (OA OB OC ) sin 2 A (b) 3 . OG , where G is the centroid of triangle ABC
(c) O (d) None of these
66. If a b c d , b c d a and a, b, c are non-coplanar, then the sum of a b c d [DCE 1997]
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(a) 0 (b) ( 1)d ( 1)a (c) ( 1)d ( 1)a (d) ( 1)d ( 1)a
67. Let a and b be two non-parallel unit vectors in a plane. If the vectors (a b ) bisects the internal angle between a and b, then
is
1
(a) (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 4
2
68. The horizontal force and the force inclined at an angle 60o with the vertical, whose resultant is in vertical direction of P kg, are
(a)P, 2P (b) P, P 3 (c) 2 P, P 3 (dNone of these
69. If the resultant of two forces is of magnitude P and equal to one of them and perpendicular to it, then the other force is [MNR 1986]
(a) P 2 (b) P (c) P 3 (d) None of these
70. ABC is an isosceles triangle right angled at A. Forces of magnitude 2 2 , 5 and 6 act along BC, CA and AB respectively. The
magnitude of their resultant force is [Roorkee 1999]
(a) 4 (b) 5 (c) 11 2 2 (d) 30
71. If the resultant of two forces of magnitudes P and Q acting at a point at an angle of 60o is 7 Q , then P / Q is [Roorkee 1999]
(a) 1 (b) 3/2 (c) 2 (d) 4
72. Five points given by A, B, C, D, E are in a plane. Three forces AC, AD and AE act at A and three forces CB , DB, EB act at B.
Then their resultant is [AMU 2001]
(a) 2 AC (b) 3 AB (c) 3 DB (d) 2 BC
Position Vectors
Basic Level
73. If a, b, c are the position vectors of the vertices A, B, C of the triangle ABC, then the centroid of ABC is [MP PET 1987]
a bc 1 bc bc a bc
(a) (b) a (c) a (d)
3 2 2 2 2
74. If in the given figure OA a , OB b and AP : PB m : n , then OP [Rajasthan PET 1981; MP PET 1988]
A P B
m a nb na m b m a nb
(a) (b) (c) m a n b (d)
m n m n m n
75. The position vectors of A and B are i j 2 k and 3 i j 3 k . The position vector of the middle point of the line AB is
O
1 1 5 3 1 3
(a) i jk (b) 2 i j k (c) i j k (d) None of these
2 2 2 2 2 2
76. If the position vectors of the points A and B are i 3 j k and 3 i j 3 k , then what will be the position vector of the mid point
of AB [MP PET 1992]
(a) i 2 j k (b) 2 i j 2 k (c) 2i j k (d) i j 2 k
77. The position vectors of two points A and B are i j k and 2 i j k respectively. Then | AB | [Ranchi BIT 1992]
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5
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78. The position vector of the points which divides internally in the ratio 2 : 3 the join of the points 2 a 3 b and 3 a 2 b , is
12 13 12 13 3 2
(a) a b (b) a b (c) a b (d) None of these
5 5 5 5 5 5
79. If a and b are P.V. of two points A, B, and C divides AB in ratio 2 : 1, then P.V. of C is [Rajasthan PET 1996]
a 2b 2a b a2 a b
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 3 3 2
80. If three points A, B, C whose position vector are respectively i 2 j 8 k , 5 i 2 k and 11 i 3 j 7 k are collinear, then the ratio in
which B divides AC is [Rajasthan PET 1999]
(a) 1 : 2 (b) 2 : 3 (c) 2 : 1 (d) 1 : 1
81. If O is the origin and C is the mid point of A (2, –1) and B (–4, 3). Then value of OC is [Rajasthan PET 2001]
(a) i j (b) i j (c) i j (d) i j
82. If the position vectors of P and Q are i 3 j 7 k and 5 i 2 j 4 k respectively, then PQ is equal to [MP PET 2003]
(a) 4 i 5 j 11 k (b) 4 i 5 j 11 k (c) i j k (d) None of these
83. The position vectors of two vertices and the centroid of a triangle are i j, 2 i j k and k respectively. The position vector of
the third vertex of the triangle is
2
(a) 3 i 2 k (b) 3 i 2 k (c) i k (d) None of these
3
84. The position vector of three consecutive vertices of a parallelogram are i j k , i 3 j 5 k and 7 i 9 j 11 k respectively.
The position vector of the fourth vertex is
(a) 7(i j k ) (b) 5 (i j k ) (c) 6 i 8 j 10 k (d) None of these
Advance Level
85. If a and b are the position vectors of A and B respectively, then the position vector of a point C on AB produced such that
AC 3 AB is [MNR 1980; MP PET 1995, 1999]
(a) 3a – b (b) 3b – a (c) 3a – 2b (d) 3b – 2a
86. If the position vectors of the points A, B, C, D be 2 i 3 j 5 k , i 2 j 3 k , 5 i 4 j 2 k and i 10 j 10 k respectively, then
[MNR 1982]
(a) AB CD (b) AB || CD (c) AB CD (d) None of these
87. The position vector of a point C with respect to B is i j and that of B with respect to A is i j . The position vector of C with
respect to A is [MP PET 1989]
(a) 2i (b) 2j (c) –2j (d) –2i
88. A and B are two points. The position vector of A is 6b – 2a. A point P divides the line AB in the ratio 1 : 2. If a – b is the position
vector of P , then the position vector of B is given by [MP PET 1993]
(a) 7 a 15 b (b) 7 a 15 b (c) 15 a 7 b (d) 15 a 7 b
89. The points D, E, F divide BC, CA and AB of the triangle ABC in the ratio 1 : 4, 3 : 2 and 3 : 7 respectively and the point K divides
AB in the ratio 1 : 3, then ( AD BE CF ) : CK is equal to [MNR 1987]
(a) 1 : 1 (b) 2 : 5 (c) 5 : 2 (d) None of these
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90. The point B divides the arc AC of a quadrant of a circle in the ratio 1 : 2. If O is the centre and OA a and OB b , then the
vector OC is [MNR 1988]
(a) b – 2a (b) 2a – b (c) 3b – 2a (d) None of these
91. The point having position vectors 2 i 3 j 4 k , 3 i 4 j 2 k , 4 i 2 j 3 k are the vectices of [EAMCET 1988]
(a) Right angled triangle (b) Isosceles triangle (c) Equilateral triangle (d) Collinear
92. Let p and q be the position vectors of P and Q respectively with respect to O and | p | p , | q | q. The points R and S divide
PQ internally and externally in the ratio 2 : 3 respectively. If OR and OS are perpendicular,then [IIT Screening 1994]
2 2 2 2
(a) 9 p 4 q (b) 4 p 9 q (c) 9 p 4 q (d) 4 p 9 q
93. The position vectors of the points A, B, C are (2 i j k ), (3 i 2 j k ) and (i 4 j 3 k ) respectively. These points
(a) Form an isosceles triangle (b) Form a right-angled triangle (c) Are collinear (d) Form a scalene triangle
94. ABCDEF is a regular hexagon where centre O is the origin. If the position vectors of A and B are i j 2 k and 2 i j k
respectively, then BC is equal to
(a) i j 2 k (b) i j 2 k (c) 3i 3 j 4 k (d) None of these
95. Let AB 3 i j k and AC i j 3 k . If the point P on the line segment BC is equidistant from AB and AC, then AP is
(a) 2 i k (b) i 2 k (c) 2i k (d) None of these
96. If 4 i 7 j 8 k , 2 i 3 j 4 k , and 2 i 5 j 7 k are the position vectors of the vertices A, B and C respectively of triangle ABC.
The position vector of the point where the bisector of angle A meets BC, is
2 2 1 1
(a) (6 i 8 j 6 k ) (b) (6 i 8 j 6 k ) (c) (6 i 13 j 18 k ) (d) (5 j 12 k )
3 3 3 3
Collinear and Parallel Vectors
Basic Level
97. If a i 2 j and b 2 i j are parallel, then is [Rajasthan PET 1996]
(a) 4 (b) 2 (c) –2 (d) – 4
98. The vectors 3 i j 5 k and ai b j 15 k are collinear, if [Rajasthan PET 1986; MP PET 1988]
(a) a 3, b 1 (b) a 9, b 1 (c) a 3, b 3 (d) a 9, b 3
99. If a = (1, –1) and b = (–2, m) are two collinear vectors, then m = [MP PET 1998]
(a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 0
100. If a, b, c are the position vectors of three collinear points, then the existence of x, y, z is such that
(a) x a y b zc 0 , x y z 0 (b) x a y b z c 0, x y z 0
(c) x a y b z c 0, x y z 0 (d) x a y b zc 0 , x y z 0
101. If a and b are two non-collinear vectors, then x a y b = 0 [Rajasthan PET 2001]
(a) x = 0, but y is not necessarily zero (b) y = 0, but x is not necessarily zero
(c) x = 0, y = 0 (d) None of these
PRATAP BHAWAN, HAZRATGANJ LUCKNOW; PH.(0522)4026913,9838162263
102. If a and b are two non-collinear vectors, then x a y b (where x and y are scalars) represents a vector which is [MP PET 2003]
(a) Parallel to b (b) Parallel to a (c) Coplanar with a and b (d) None of these
103. If a, b, c are non-collinear vectors such that for some scalars x, y, z, x a y b zc 0 , then [Rajasthan PET 2002]
(a) x 0 , y 0, z 0 (b) x 0, y 0, z 0 (c) x 0, y 0, z 0 (d) x 0, y 0, z 0
104. If the position vectors of the points A, B, C be a, b, 3a – 2b respectively, then the points A, B, C are [MP PET 1989]
(a) Collinear (b) Non-collinear
(c) Form a right angled triangle (d) None of these
105. If two vertices of a triangle are i j and j k , then the third vertex can be [Roorkee 1995]
(a) i k (b) i 2 j k (c) i k (d) 2 i j
106. If the vectors 3 i 2 j k and 6 i 4 x j y k are parallel, then the value of x and y will be [Rajasthan PET 1985, 1986]
(a) –1, –2 (b) 1, –2 (c) –1, 2 (d) 1, 2
107. The position vectors of four points P, Q, R, S are 2 a 4 c , 5 a 3 3 b 4 c , 2 3 b c and 2 a c respectively, then
(a) PQ is parallel to RS (b) PQ is not parallel to RS
(c) PQ is equal to RS (d) PQ is parallel and equal to RS
108. The vectors 2 i 3 j, 5 i 6 j and 8 i j have their initial points at (1, 1). The value of so that the vectors terminate on one
straight line, is
(a) 0 (b) 3 (c) 6 (d) 9
109. The points with position vectors 20 i p j, 5 i j and 10 i 13 j are collinear. The value of p is [Pb. CET 1999]
(a) 7 (b) – 37 (c) – 7 (d) 37
Advance Level
110. Three points whose position vectors are a b , a b and a k b will be collinear, if the value of k is [IIT 1984]
(a) Zero (b) Only negative real number (c) Only positive real number (d) Every real number
111. The points with position vectors 10 i 3 j, 12 i 5 j and ai 11 j are collinear, If a = [MNR 1992; Kurukshetra CEE 2002]
(a) – 8 (b) 4 (c) 8 (d) 12
112. Let the value of p ( x 4 y )a (2 x y 1)b and q (y 2 x 2)a (2 x 3 y 1)b , where a and b are non-collinear vectors. If
3 p 2 q , then the value of x and y will be [Rajasthan PET 1984; MNR 1984]
(a) – 1, 2 (b) 2, –1 (c) 1, 2 (d) 2, 1
113. If (x , y, z ) (0, 0 , 0 ) and (i j 3 k )x (3 i 3 j k )y (4 i 5 j)z (x i y j z k ) , then the value of will be
[IIT 1982; Rajasthan PET 1984]
(a) – 2, 0 (b) 0, – 2 (c) – 1, 0 (d) 0, – 1
114. The vectors i 2 j 3 k , i 4 j 7 k , 3 i 2 j 5 k are collinear, if equals [Kurukshetra CEE 1996]
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Vector Algebra
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6
115. If three points A, B and C have position vectors (1, x, 3), (3, 4, 7) and (y, – 2, – 5) respectively and if they are collinear, then (x, y)
=
[EAMCET 2002]
(a) (2, – 3) (b) (– 2, 3) (c) (2, 3) (d) (– 2, – 3)
116. The position vectors of three points are 2 a b 3 c , a 2 b c and a 5 b where a, b, c are non-coplanar vectors. The
points are collinear when
9 9 9
(a) –2, (b) , 2 (c) , 2 (d) None of these
4 4 4
117. Three points whose position vectors are a, b, c will be collinear if
(a) a b ( )c (b) a b b c c a 0 (c) [a b c ] 0 (d) None of these
118. If p i 2 j 3 k and q 3 i j 2 k , then a vector along r which is linear combination of p and q and also perpendicular to q is
[MNR 1986]
1
(a) i 5 j 4 k (b) i 5 j 4 k (c) (i 5 j 4 k ) (d) None of these
2
119. If a and b are two non zero and non-collinear vectors, then a + b and a – b are [MP PET 1997]
(a) Linearly dependent vectors (b) Linearly independent vectors
(c) Linearly dependent and independent vectors (d) None of these
120. If p, q are two non-collinear and non-zero vectors such that (b c )p q (c a )p (a b )q 0 , where a, b, c are the lengths
of the sides of a triangle, then the triangle is
(a) Right angled (b) Obtuse angled (c) Equilateral (d) Isosceles
121. If r 3 i 2 j 5 k , a 2 i j k , b i 3 j 2 k and c 2 i j 3 k such that r a b c then
(a) , , are in A.P. (b) , , are in A.P. (c) , , are in H.P. (d) , , are in G.P.
2
122. Let a, b, c are three non-coplanar vectors such that r1 a b c , r2 b c a , r3 c a b , r 2a 3 b 4 c . If
r 1 r1 2 r2 3 r3 , then
(a) 1 7 (b) 1 3 3 (c) 1 2 3 4 (d) 3 2 2
123. If c 2 a 3 b and 2 c 3 a 4 b then c and a are
(a) Like parallel vectors (b) Unlike parallel vectors (c) Are at right angles (d) None of these
124. The sides of a triangle are in A.P., then the line joining the centroid to the incentre is parallel to
(a) The largest side (b) The smaller side (c) The middle side (d) None of the sides
125. In a trapezoid the vector BC AD . We will then find that p AC BD is collinear with AD. If p AD , then
(a) 1 (b) 1 (c) 1 (d) 2
Scalar or Dot Product of Two Vectors
Basic Level
PRATAP BHAWAN, HAZRATGANJ LUCKNOW; PH.(0522)4026913,9838162263
126. The angle between the vectors 2 i 3 j k and 2 i j k is [MNR 1990]
(a) 0 (b) (c) (d)
4 6 2
127. If a 2 i 2 j 3 k, b i 2 j k and c 3 i j , then a tb is perpendicular to c if t = [MNR 1979; MP PET 2002]
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 8
128. The angle between the vectors 3 i j 2 k and 2 i 2 j 4 k is [MP PET 1990]
2 2 2 2
(a) cos 1 (b) sin 1 (c) cos 1 (d) sin 1
7 7 5 5
129. If a, b, c are non zero-vectors such that a . b = a . c, then which statement is true [Rajasthan PET 2001]
(a) b c (b) a (b c ) (c) b c or a (b c ) (d) None of these
130. The vector 2 i aj k is perpendicular to the vector 2 i j k , if a = [MP PET 1987]
(a) 5 (b) – 5 (c) – 3 (d) 3
131. The vector 2 i j k is perpendicular to the vector i 4 j k , if [MNR 1983; MP PET 1988]
(a) 0 (b) – 1 (c) – 2 (d) – 3
132. If the vectors ai 2 j 3 k and 3 i 6 j 5 k are perpendicular to each other, then a is given by [MP PET 1993]
(a) 9 (b) 16 (c) 25 (d) 36
133. The value of for which the vectors 2 i j k and 2 j k are perpendicular, is [MP PET 1992]
(a) None (b) – 1 (c) 1 (d) Any
134. The angle between the vectors i j k and i 2 j k is [Ranchi BIT 1991]
1 4 4
(a) cos 1
(b) cos 1
(c) cos 1 (d)
15 15 15 2
135. If λ is a unit vector perpendicular to plane of vector a and b and angle between them is , then a . b will be [Rajasthan PET 1985]
(a) | a | | b | sin (b) | a | | b | cos (c) | a | | b | cos (d) | a | | b | sin
136. If the vectors ai b j ck and p i q j rk are perpendicular, then [Rajasthan PET 1989]
(a) (a b c)( p q r) 0 (b) (a b c)( p q r) 1 (c) ap bq cr 0 (d) ap bq cr 1
137. If be the angle between two vectors a and b, then a . b 0 if [MP PET 1995]
(a) 0 (b) (c) 0 (d) None of these
2 2
138. If a 2 i 4 j 2 k and b 8 i 3 j k and a b , then value of will be [Rajasthan PET 1995]
(a) 2 (b) – 1 (c) – 2 (d) 1
139. If a and b are mutually perpendicular vectors, then (a b ) 2 [MP PET 1994]
(a) a b (b) a b (c) a 2 b 2 (d) (a b ) 2
140. If a i 2 j 3 k and b 3 i j 2 k , then the angle between the vectors a b and a b is [Karnataka CET 1994]
(a) 30o (b) 60o (c) 90o (d) 0o
INPS www.inpsmcalucknow.com
PRATAP BHAWAN, HAZRATGANJ LUCKNOW; PH.(0522)4026913,9838162263
Vector Algebra
141. a . b 0 , then [Rajasthan PET 1995]
(a) a b (b) a || b
(c) Angle between a and b is 60o (d) None of these
142. The angle between the vectors (2 i 6 j 3 k ) and (12 i 4 j 3 k ) is [MP PET 1996]
1 9 9 1
(a) cos 1 (b) cos 1 (c) cos 1 (d) cos 1
10 11 91 9
143. If the vectors ai 2 j 3 k and i 5 j ak are perpendicular to each other, then a = [MP PET 1996]
(a) 6 (b) – 6 (c) 5 (d) – 5
144. If the angle between two vectors i k and i j ak is / 3 , then the value of a = [MP PET 1997]
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) –2 (d) 0
145. (a . b) c and (a . c) b are [Rajasthan PET 2000]
(a) Two like vectors (b) Two equal vectors
(c) Two vectors in direction of a (d) None of these
146. The angle between the vector 2 i 3 j k and 2 i j k is [UPSEAT 2000]
(a) (b) (c) (d) 0
2 4 3
147. If a = (1, –1, 2), b = (– 2, 3, 5 ), c = (2, – 2, 4) and i is the unit vector in the x-direction, then (a 2 b 3 c ) . i
[Karnataka CET 2001]
(a) 11 (b) 15 (c) 18 (d) 36
148. If ai 6 j k and 7 i 3 j 17 k are perpendicular vectors, then the value of a is [Karnataka CET 2001]
1
(a) 5 (b) – 5 (c) 7 (d)
7
149. If a b a and | b | 2 | a | then
(a) (2 a b ) || b (b) (2 a b ) b (c) (2 a b ) b (d) (2 a b ) a
150. If a and b are adjacent sides of a rhombus, then [Rajasthan PET 2001]
(a) a . b = 0 (b) a b 0 (c) a . a b . b (d) None of these
151. If | a | | b | , then (a b ).(a b ) is [MP PET 2002]
(a) Positive (b) Negative (c) Zero (d) None of these
152. If 4 i j k and 3 i m j 2 k are at right angle, then m = [Karnataka CET 2002]
(a) – 6 (b) – 8 (c) – 10 (d) – 12
153. If the vectors 3 i j k and 2 i j 8 k are perpendicular, then is [Kerala (Engg.) 2002]
1
(a) – 14 (b) 7 (c) 14 (d)
7
154. (a . i) 2 (a . j) 2 (a . k) 2 is equal to
(a) a 2 (b) 3 (c) | a .(i j k) | 2 (d) None of these
155. If the vectors i 2 x j 3 y k and i 3 x j 2 y k are orthogonal to each other, then the locus of the point (x, y) is
(a) A circle (b) An ellipse (c) A parabola (d) A straight line
PRATAP BHAWAN, HAZRATGANJ LUCKNOW; PH.(0522)4026913,9838162263
156. If A i 2 j 3 k , B i 2 j k and C 3 i j , then the value of t such that A t B is at right angle to vector C , is
[Rajasthan PET 2002]
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6
157. If a and b are two perpendicular vectors, then out of the following four statements
(i) (a b ) 2 (a ) 2 (b ) 2 (ii) (a b ) 2 (a ) 2 (b ) 2 (iii) | a b | 2 | a | 2 | b | 2 (iv) (a b ) 2 (a b ) 2
(a) Only one is correct (b) Only two are correct (c) Only three are correct (d) All the four are correct
Advance Level
158. If a, b, c are unit vectors such that a b c 0 , then a . b b . c c . a [MP PET 1988; Karnataka CET 2000; UPSEAT 2003]
3 3
(a) 1 (b) 3 (c) (d)
2 2
159. A unit vector in the xy-plane which is perpendicular to 4 i 3 j k is [Rajasthan PET 1991]
ij 1 1
(a) (b) (3 i 4 j) (c) (3 i 4 j) (d) None of these
2 5 5
160. The vectors 2 i 3 j 4 k and ai b j ck are perpendicular, when [MNR 1982; MP PET 1988, 2002]
(a) a 2, b 3, c 4 (b) a 4 , b 4 , c 5 (c) a 4 , b 4 , c 5 (d) None of these
161. The unit normal vector to the line joining i j and 2 i 3 j and pointing towards the origin is [MP PET 1989]
4i j 4 i j 2i 3 j 2 i 3 j
(a) (b) (c) (d)
17 17 13 13
162. The position vector of coplanar points A, B, C, D are a, b, c and d respectively, in such a way that (a d ) . (b c )
(b d ) . (c a ) 0 , then the point D of the triangle ABC is [IIT 1984]
(a) Incentre (b) Circumcentre (c) Orthocentre (d) None of these
163. If F1 i j k , F 2 i 2 j k , F 3 j k , A 4 i 3 j 2 k and B 6 i j 3 k , then the scalar product of F1 F 2 F 3 and
AB will be [Roorkee 1980]
(a) 3 (b) 6 (c) 9 (d) 12
164. If the moduli of a and b are equal and angle between them is 120o and a . b = – 8, then | a | is equal to [Rajasthan PET 1986]
(a) – 5 (b) – 4 (c) 4 (d) 5
165. The position vector of vertices of a triangle ABC are 4 i 2 j, i 4 j 3 k and i 5 j k respectively, then ABC
[Rajasthan PET 1988, 1997]
(a) (b) (c) (d)
6 4 3 2
166. A, B, C, D are any four points, then AB . CD BC . AD CA . BD [MNR 1986]
(a) 2 AB . BC . CD (b) AB BC CD (c) 5 3 (d) 0
167. If | a | 3, | b | 1, | c | 4 and a b c 0 , then a . b b . c c . a [MP PET 1995; Rajasthan PET 2000]
(a) – 13 (b) – 10 (c) 13 (d) 10
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PRATAP BHAWAN, HAZRATGANJ LUCKNOW; PH.(0522)4026913,9838162263
Vector Algebra
168. The value of c so that for all real x, the vectors cx i 6 j 3 k , x i 2 j 2 cx k make an obtuse angle are [EAMCET 1994]
4 4
(a) c < 0 (b) 0 c (c) c0 (d) c 0
3 3
1
169. The vector (2 i 2 j k ) is [IIT Screening 1994]
3
(a) A unit vector (b) Makes an angle with the vector 2 i 4 j 3 k
3
1
(c) Parallel to the vector i j k (d) Perpendicular to the vector 3 i 2 j 2 k
2
170. The value of x for which the angle between the vectors a 3 i x j k and b x i 2 x j k is acute and the angle between b
and x-axis lies between and satisfy [Kurukshetra CEE 1996]
2
(a) x0 (b) x 0 (c) x 1 only (d) x 1 only
171. If the scalar product of the vector i j k with a unit vector parallel to the sum of the vectors 2 i 4 j 5 k and i 2 j 3 k be
1, then [Roorkee 1985, 95; Kurukshetra CEE 1998; UPSEAT 1992, 2000]
(a) 1 (b) – 1 (c) 2 (d) – 2
172. If a is any vector in space, then [MP PET 1997]
(a) a (a . i ) i (a . j)j (a . k )k (b) a (a i ) (a j) (a k )
(c) a j(a . i ) k(a . j) i (a . k ) (d) a (a i) i (a j) j (a k ) k
173. If a, b and c are unit vectors, then | a b | 2 | b c | 2 | c a | 2 does not exceed [IIT 1995, 2001]
(a) 4 (b) 9 (c) 8 (d) 6
174. If a and b are two unit vectors, such that a 2 b and 5 a 4 b are perpendicular to each other then the angle between a and b is
[IIT Screening 2002]
1 2
(a) 45o (b) 60o (c) cos 1 (d) cos 1
3 7
175. a, b, c are three vectors, such that a b c 0 , | a | 1, | b | 2, | c | 3 , then a . b b . c c . a is equal to [AIEEE 2003]
(a) 0 (b) – 7 (c) 7 (d) 1
176. A unit vector in xy-plane that makes an angle 45o with the vectors (i j) and an angle of 60o with the vector (3 i 4 j) is
[Kurukshetra CEE 2002]
1 1
(a) i (b) (i j) (c) (i j) (d) None of these
2 2
177. The angle between the vectors a b and a b , when a = (1, 1, 4) and b = (1, – 1, 4) is [Karnataka CET 2003]
(a) 90o (b) 45o (c) 30o (d) 15o
178. Let u i j, v i j and w i 2 j 3 k . If n is a unit vector such that u . n = 0 and v . n = 0, then | w . n | is equal to
[AIEEE 2003]
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
PRATAP BHAWAN, HAZRATGANJ LUCKNOW; PH.(0522)4026913,9838162263
i j k
179. If a, b, c are the pth, qth, rth terms of an HP and u (q r)i (r p )j ( p q )k, v , then
a b c
(a) u, v are parallel vectors (b) u, v are orthogonal vectors (c) u . v = 1 (d) u v i j k
180. ABC is an equilateral triangle of side a. The value of AB . BC BC . CA CA . AB is equal to
3a 2 3a 2
(a) (b) 3a 2 (c) (d) None of these
2 2
181. If e 1 (1, 1, 1) and e 2 (1, 1, 1) and a and b are two vectors such that e 1 2a b and e 2 a 2 b then angle between a and b
is
7 7 7 6 2
(a) cos 1 (b) cos 1 (c) cos 1 (d) cos 1
9 11 11 11
i 2 j 2k 4 i 3 k
182. A vector whose modulus is 51 and makes the same angle with a , b and c j , will be [Roorkee 1987]
3 5
(a) 5 i 5 j k (b) 5 i j 5 k (c) 5 i j 5 k (d) (5 i j 5 k )
183. In a right angled triangle ABC, the hypotenues AB = p, then AB . AC BC . BA CA . CB is equal to
p2
(a) 2 p 2 (b) (c) p2 (d) None of these
2
3
184. If the vectors b
tan , 1, 2 sin
2
and c tan , tan , are orthogonal and a vector a (1, 3, sin 2 ) makes an
sin
2
obtuse angle with the z-axis, then the value of is
(a) (4 n 1) tan 1 2 (b) (4 n 2) tan 1 2 (c) (4 n 1) tan 1 2 (d) (4 n 2) tan 1 2
185. If the vectors a (2, log 3 x , a) and b (3, a log 3 x , log 3 x ) are inclined at an acute angle, then
(a) a 0 (b) a 0 (c) a 0 (d) None of these
186. The value of x for which the angle between the vectors a x i 3 j k and b 2 x i x j k is acute and the angle between the
vector b and y-axis lies between and are [DCE 2001]
2
(a) < 0 (b) > 0 (c) – 2, – 3 (d) 1, 2
a b c
187. If a, b, c are linearly independent vectors and a . a a .b a . c , then
a .c b .c c .c
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) any non-zero value (d) None of these
188. The position vectors of the points A, B and C are i j k, i 5 j k and 2 i 3 j 5 k respectively.The greatest angle of the
triangle ABC is
2 5
(a) 135 o (b) 90o (c) cos 1 (d) cos 1
3 7
Component of Vector
Basic Level
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PRATAP BHAWAN, HAZRATGANJ LUCKNOW; PH.(0522)4026913,9838162263
Vector Algebra
189. If a and b are two non-zero vectors, then the component of b along a is [MP PET 1991]
(a . b ) a (a . b ) b (a . b ) b (a . b ) a
(a) (b) (c) (d)
b.b a .a a.b a .a
190. Projection of the vector i 2 j k in the direction of the vector 4 i 4 j 7 k will be
[Rajasthan PET 1990; MNR 1980; MP PET 2002; UPSEAT 2002]
5 6 9 19 6
(a) (b) (c) (d)
10 19 9 19
191. If a 4 i 6 j and b 3 j 4 k , then the component of a along b is [IIT Screening 1989; MNR 1983, 87; UPSEAT 2000]
18 18 18
(a) (3 j 4 k ) (b) (3 j 4 k ) (c) (3 j 4 k) (d) (3 j 4 k )
10 3 25 3
192. The projection of vector 2 i 3 j 2 k on the vector i 2 j 3 k will be [Rajasthan PET 1984, 90, 97, 99]
1 2 3
(a) (b) (c) (d) 14
14 14 14
Projection of vector a on vector b
193. If vector a 2 i 3 j 6 k and vector b 2 i 2 j k , then [MP PET 1994, 1999]
Projection of vector b on vector a
3 7
(a) (b) (c) 3 (d) 7
7 3
194. The projection of a along b is [Rajasthan PET 1995]
a.b a b a.b a b
(a) (b) (c) (d)
| a| | a| | b| | b|
195. If a 2 i j 2 k and b 5 i 3 j k , then the projection of b on a is [Karnataka CET 2002]
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6
196. The projection of the vector i j k along the vector j is [Kerala (Engg.) 2002]
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) 2 (d) – 1
197. If â is a unit vector and b, a non-zero vector not parallel to â , then the vector b (aˆ . b ) aˆ is
(a) Parallel to b (b) At right angles to â (c) Parallel to â (d) At right angles to b
Advance Level
198. If a i 2 j 2 k and b 3 i 6 j 2 k , then a vector in the direction of a and having magnitude as | b | is [IIT 1983]
7 7
(a) 7(i j k ) (b) (i 2 j 2 k ) (c) (i 2 j 2 k ) (d) None of these
3 9
199. The vector b 3 j 4 k is to be written as the sum of a vector b 1 parallel to a i j and a vector b 2 perpendicular to a. Then
b1 [MNR 1993; UPSEAT 2000]
3 2 1 1
(a) (i j) (b) (i j) (c) (i j) (d) (i j)
2 3 2 3
200. The components of a vector a along and perpendicular to the non-zero vector b are respectively [IIT 1988]
PRATAP BHAWAN, HAZRATGANJ LUCKNOW; PH.(0522)4026913,9838162263
a.b | a b| a.b | a b| a.b a.b | a b| | a b|
(a) , (b) , (c) , (d) ,
| a| | a| | b| | b| | a| | a| | a| | b|
201. Let b 4 i 3 j and c be two vectors perpendicular to each other in the xy-plane. All vectors in the same plane having
projections 1 and 2 along b and c respectively, are given by [IIT 1987]
2 11 2 11 2 11 2 11
(a) 2 i j, i j (b) 2 i j, i j (c) 2 i j, i j (d) 2 i j, i j
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
202. Let a 2 i j k, b i 2 j k and c i j 2 k be three vectors. A vector in the plane of b and c whose projection on a is of
magnitude 2 / 3 is [IIT 1993]
(a) 2 i 3 j 3 k (b) 2 i 3 j 3 k (c) 2 i j 5 k (d) 2 i j 5 k
Work done by a Force
Basic Level
203. If the position vectors of A and B be 6 i j 3 k and 4 i 3 j 2 k , then the work done by the force F i 3 j 5 k in displacing a
particle from A to B is [MP PET 1987]
(a) 15 units (b) 17 units (c) – 15 units (d) None of these
204. If the force F i 2 j 3 k moves from i j k to 2 i j k , then work done will be represented by [Ranchi BIT 1992]
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6
205. The work done by the force F 2i 3 j 2 k in displacing a particle from the point (3, 4, 5) to the point (1, 2, 3) is
[MP PET 1994; Kurukshetra CEE 2002]
(a) 2 units (b) 3 units (c) 4 units (d) 5 units
206. The work done in moving an object along the vector 3 i 2 j 5 k , if the applied force is F 2 i j k , is [MP PET 1997, 2001]
(a) 7 (b) 8 (c) 9 (d) 10
207. A force F 2 i j k acts at a point A whose position vector is 2 i j . If point of application of F moves from A to the point B
with position vector 2 i j , then work done by F is [Pb. CET 2000]
(a) 4 (b) 20 (c) 2 (d) None of these
Advance Level
208. Force 3 i 2 j 5 k and 2 i j 3 k are acting on a particle and displace it from the point 2 i j 3 k to the point 4 i 3 j 7 k ,
then work done by the force is [MP PET 1995]
(a) 30 units (b) 36 units (c) 24 units (d) 18 units
209. A force of magnitude 5 units acting along the vector 2 i 2 j k displaces the point of application from (1, 2, 3) to (5, 3, 7), then
the work done is [Kerala (Engg.) 2002]
(a) 50/7 (b) 50/3 (c) 25/3 (d) 25/4
INPS www.inpsmcalucknow.com
PRATAP BHAWAN, HAZRATGANJ LUCKNOW; PH.(0522)4026913,9838162263
Vector Algebra
210. If forces of magnitudes 6 and 7 units acting in the directions i 2 j 2 k and 2 i 3 j 6 k respectively act on a particle which is
displaced from the point P(2, –1, –3) to Q(5, –1, 1), then the work done by the forces is
(a) 4 units (b) – 4 units (c) 7 units (d) – 7 units
Vector or Cross Product of Two Vectors
Basic Level
211. If u 2 i 2 j k and v 6 i 3 j 2 k , then a unit vector perpendicular to both u and v is [MP PET 1987]
1 1 18 1
(a) i 10 j 18 k (b) i 2j k (c) (7 i 10 j 18 k) (d) None of these
17 5 5 473
212. (a b ) (a b ) [MP PET 1987]
(a) 2 a b (b) a b (c) a 2 b 2 (d) None of these
213. If a b c 0 , then which relation is correct [Rajasthan PET 1985; Roorkee 1981; AIEEE 2002]
(a) a b c 0 (b) a . b b . c c . a (c) a b b c c a (d) None of these
214. If be the angle between the vectors a and b and | a b | a . b , then [Rajasthan PET 1990; MP PET 1990; UPSEAT 2003]
(a) (b) (c) (d) 0
2 4
215. If a and b are two vectors such that a . b = 0 and a b 0 ,then [MNR 1988; IIT 1989; UPSEAT 2000, 01]
(a) a is parallel to b (b) a is perpendicular to b
(c) Either a or b is a null vector (d) None of these
216. ˆ ) (5 aˆ 7 b
(2 aˆ 3 b ˆ) [MP PET 1988]
(a) aˆ bˆ (b) bˆ aˆ (c) aˆ bˆ ˆ
(d) 7 aˆ 10 b
217. Which of the following is not a property of vectors [MP PET 1987]
2 2 2 2 2 2
(a) u v v u (b) u . v v . u (c) (u v ) u . v (u . v) (d) u | u |
218. The number of vectors of unit length perpendicular to vectors a = (1, 1, 0) and b = (0, 1, 1) is
[Ranchi BIT 1991; IIT 1987; Kurukshetra CEE 1998; DCE 2000; MP PET 2002]
(a) Three (b) One (c) Two (d) Infinite
219. If a 0 , b 0 , c 0 , then true statement is [MP PET 1991]
(a) a (b c ) (c b ) a (b) a . (b c ) (b c ) . a (c) a (b c ) (c b ) a (d) a . (b c ) (c b ) . a
220. A unit vector which is perpendicular to i 2 j 2 k and to i 2 j 2 k is [MP PET 1992]
1 1 1 1
(a) (2 i k ) (b) (2 i k) (c) (2 i j k) (d) (2 i k)
5 5 5 5
221. The unit vector perpendicular to the 3 i 2 j k and 12 i 5 j 5 k , is [Roorkee 1979; Rajasthan PET 1989, 1991]
5i 3j 9k 5i 3 j 9k 5 i 3 j 9 k 5i 3 j 9k
(a) (b) (c) (d)
115 115 115 115
222. The sine of the angle between the two vectors 3 i 2 j k and 12 i 5 j 5 k will be [Roorkee 1978]
PRATAP BHAWAN, HAZRATGANJ LUCKNOW; PH.(0522)4026913,9838162263
115 51 64
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
14 194 14 144 14 194
223. For any two vectors a and b, if a b 0 , then [Roorkee 1984]
(a) a = 0 (b) b = 0 (c) Not parallel (d) None of these
224. For any vectors a, b, c. a (b c ) b (c a ) c (a b ) [Roorkee 1981; Kerala (Engg.) 2002]
(a) 0 (b) a b c (c) [a b c] (d) a b c
225. If | a | 2, | b | 5 and | a b | 8 , then a . b is equal to [Rajasthan PET 1991; AI CBSE 1984]
(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 6
226. If a 2 i 2 j k and b 6 i 3 j 2 k ,then the value of a b is [MNR 1978; Rajasthan PET 2001]
(a) 2 i 2 j k (b) 6 i 3 j 2 k (c) i 10 j 18 k (d) i j k
227. A unit vector perpendicular to the vector 4 i j 3 k and 2 i j 2 k is [MNR 1995]
1 1 1 1
(a) (i 2 j 2 k ) (b) (i 2 j 2 k ) (c) (2 i j 2 k ) (d) ( 2i 2 j 2 k )
3 3 3 3
228. A unit vector perpendicular to each of the vector 2 i j k and 3 i 4 j k is equal to [MP PET 2003]
(3 i 5 j 11 k) (3 i 5 j 11 k) (6 i 4 j k ) (5 i 3 j)
(a) (b) (c) (d)
155 155 53 34
229. If a i 2 j 3 k and b 3 i j 2 k , then the unit vector perpendicular to a and b is [MP PET 1996]
i jk i jk i j k i jk
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 3 3 3
| a b|
230. If is the angle between the vectors a and b, then equal to [Karnataka CET 1999]
| a .b |
(a) tan (b) tan (c) cot (d) cot
231. A vector perpendicular to both of the vectors i j k and i j is [Rajasthan PET 2000]
(a) i j (b) i j (c) c(i j), c is a scalar (d) None of these
232. A unit vector perpendicular to the plane of a 2 i 6 j 3 k , b 4 i 3 j k is [MP PET 2000]
4i 3j k 2i 6 j 3 k 3i 2 j 6 k 2i 3 j 6 k
(a) (b) (c) (d)
26 7 7 7
233. The unit vector perpendicular to the both the vectors i 2 j 3 k and i 2 j k is [DCE 2001]
1 (i j k)
(a) (i j k ) (b) (i j k ) (c) (d) None of these
3 3
234. The unit vector perpendicular to the vectors i j k and 2 i 3 j k is [Karnataka CET 2001]
2 i 3 j 5 k 2 i 5 j 6 k 2 i 3 j 5 k 2i 4 j 5 k
(a) (b) (c) (d)
30 38 38 38
235. If a 2 i 3 j k and b i 4 j 2 k , then a b is [MP PET 2001]
(a) 10 i 2 j 11 k (b) 10 i 3 j 11 k (c) 10 i 3 j 11 k (d) 10 i 3 j 10 k
236. If | a | 4 , | b | 2 and the angle between a and b is , then (a b) 2 is equal to [AIEEE 2002]
6
(a) 48 (b) 16 (c) a (d) None of these
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PRATAP BHAWAN, HAZRATGANJ LUCKNOW; PH.(0522)4026913,9838162263
Vector Algebra
237. a 3 i 5 j and b 6 i 3 j are two vectors and c is a vector such that c a b , then | a |:| b |:| c | is [AIEEE 2002]
(a) 34 : 45 : 39 (b) 34 : 45 : 39 (c) 34 : 39 : 45 (d) 39 : 35 : 34
238. 3 c 2 (a b ) 0 , then [AIEEE 2002]
(a) 3 2 0 (b) 3 2 (c) (d) 0
239. If a 2 i 4 j 5 k and b i 2 j 3 k , then | a b | is [UPSEAT 2002]
(a) 11 5 (b) 11 3 (c) 11 7 (d) 11 2
240. The unit vector perpendicular to both i + j and j + k is [Kerala (Engg.) 2002]
i jk i jk
(a) i j k (b) i j k (c) (d)
3 3
241. If | a b | 4 and | a . b | 2 , then | a | 2 | b | 2 [Karnataka CET 2003]
(a) 2 (b) 6 (c) 8 (d) 20
242. If (a b ) 2 (a . b ) 2 144 and | a | 4 , then | b | [EAMCET 1994]
(a) 16 (b) 8 (c) 3 (d) 12
243. The unit vector perpendicular to both the vectors a i j k and b 2 i j 3 k and making an acute angle with the vector k
is
1 1 1
(a) (4 i j 3 k) (b) (4 i j 3 k) (c) (4 i j 3 k) (d) None of these
26 26 26
1
244. The angle between 3(a b ) and (b (a . b )aˆ ) is [Pb. CET 1996]
2
3
(a) 30o (b) 60o (c) 90o (d) cos 1
4
Advance Level
245. If the vectors a, b and c are represented by, the sides BC, CA and AB respectively of the ABC , then [IIT Screening 2000]
(a) a . b b . c c . a 0 (b) a b b c c a (c) a . b b . c c . a (d) a b b c c a 0
246. a b b c 0 , where a, b and c are coplanar vectors, then for some scalar k [Roorkee 1985; Rajasthan PET 1997]
(a) a c k b (b) a b k c (c) b c ka (d) None of these
247. If a b b c 0 and a c 0 , then [Rajasthan PET 1999]
(a) (a c ) b (b) (a c )|| b (c) (a c ) b (d) None of these
248. If a and b are two vectors, then (a b) 2 equals [Roorkee 1975, 1979, 1981, 1985]
a.b a .a a .a a.b a .b
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
b.b b .a b .a b.b b .a
249. Given a i j k , b i 2 j k and c i 2 j k . A unit vector perpendicular to both a b and b c is
[Karnataka CET 1993]
PRATAP BHAWAN, HAZRATGANJ LUCKNOW; PH.(0522)4026913,9838162263
i jk
(a) i (b) j (c) k (d)
3
250. For any two vectors a and b, (a b) 2 is equal to [Roorkee 1975, 1979, 1981, 1985]
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
(a) a b (b) a b (c) a b (a . b ) (d) None of these
251. If vectors A 2 i 3 j 4 k , B i j 5 k and C form a left handed system, then C is [Roorkee 1999]
(a) 11 i 6 j k (b) 11 i 6 j k (c) 11 i 6 j k (d) 11 i 6 j k
252. (r . i)(r i) (r . j)(r j) (r . k )(r k ) is equal to
(a) 3r (b) r (c) 0 (d) None of these
253. If a, b, c are noncoplanar vectors such that b c a , a b c and c a b , then
(a) | a | 1 (b) | b | 1 (c) | a | | b | | c | 3 (d) None of these
254. If AB b and AC c ,then the length of the perpendicular from A to the line BC is
| b c| | bc| 1 | bc|
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
| b c| | b c| 2| b c|
Area of parallelogram and Triangle
Basic Level
255. The area of a parallelogram whose two adjacent sides are represented by the vector 3 i k and i 2 j is [MNR 1981]
1 1 1
(a) 17 (b) 14 (c) 41 (d) 7
2 2 2
256. The area of the parallelogram whose diagonals are a 3 i j 2 k and b i 3 j 4 k is
[MNR 1985; MP PET 1988,93; Tamilnadu Engg. 2002]
(a) 10 3 (b) 5 3 (c) 8 (d) 4
257. The area of a parallelogram whose diagonals coincide with the following pair of vectors is 5 3 . The vectors are
[Kurukshetra CEE 1993]
3 1
(a) 3 i 2 j k, 3 i j 4 k (b) i j k, 2i 6 j 8 k (c) 3 i j 2 k, i 3 j 8 k (d) None of these
2 2
258. If i 2 j 3 k and 3 i 2 j k represents the adjacent sides of a parallelogram, then the area of this parallelogram is
[Roorkee 1978, 1979; MP PET 1990; Rajasthan PET 1988, 1989, 1991]
(a) 4 3 (b) 6 3 (c) 8 3 (d) 16 3
259. If the vectors i 3 j 2 k , i 2 j represents the diagonals of a parallelogram, then its area will be [Roorkee 1976]
21 21
(a) 21 (b) (c) 2 21 (d)
2 4
260. The area of a parallelogram whose adjacent sides are i 2 j 3 k and 2 i j 4 k , is [MP PET 1996, 2000]
(a) 5 3 (b) 10 3 (c) 5 6 (d) 10 6
261. If the diagonals of a parallelogram are represented by the vectors 3 i j 2 k and i 3 j 4 k , then its area in square units is
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PRATAP BHAWAN, HAZRATGANJ LUCKNOW; PH.(0522)4026913,9838162263
Vector Algebra
[MP PET 1998]
(a) 5 3 (b) 6 3 (c) 26 (d) 42
262. The area of a parallelogram whose adjacent sides are given by the vectors i 2 j 3 k and 3 i 2 j k (in square units) is
[Karnataka CET 2001]
(a) 180 (b) 140 (c) 80 (d) 40
3 1
263. The area of the parallelogram whose diagonals are i j k and 2 i 6 j 8 k is [UPSEAT 2002]
2 2
(a) 5 3 (b) 5 2 (c) 25 3 (d) 25 2
264. The area of the triangle whose two sides are given by 2 i 7 j k and 4 j 3 k is [EAMCET 1990]
17 17 1
(a) 17 (b) (c) (d) 389
2 4 2
265. If 3 i 4 j and 5 i 7 j are the vector sides of any triangle, then its area is given by [Rajasthan PET 1987, 1990]
41 47
(a) 41 (b) 47 (c) (d)
2 2
Advance Level
266. Let a, b, c be the position vectors of the vertices of a triangle ABC. The vector area of triangle ABC is
[MP PET 1990; EAMCET 2003]
1 1
(a) a b b c c a (b) (a b b c c a ) (c) (a b b c c a ) (d) b a c b a c
4 2
267. Consider a tetrahedron with faces F1 , F2 , F3 , F4 . Let V1 , V2 , V3 , V4 be the vectors whose magnitudes are respectively equal to
areas of F1 , F2 , F3 , F4 and whose directions are perpendicular to these faces in outward direction. Then | V1 V2 V3 V4 |
equals
(a) 1 (b) 4 (c) 0 (d) None of these
268. A unit vector perpendicular to the plane determined by the points (1, –1, 2), (2, 0, –1) and (0, 2, 1) is [IIT 1983; MNR 1984]
1 1 1 1
(a) (2 i j k) (b) (i 2 j k) (c) (i j k ) (d) (2 i j k )
6 6 6 6
1
269. The position vectors of the points A, B and C are i j , j k and k i respectively. The vector area of the ABC α , where
2
α
[MP PET 1989]
(a) i j k (b) i j k (c) i j k (d) i j k
270. The area of the triangle having vertices as i 2 j 3 k , 2 i 3 j k , 4 i 7 j 5 k is [MP PET 2004]
(a) 26 (b) 11 (c) 36 (d) 0
PRATAP BHAWAN, HAZRATGANJ LUCKNOW; PH.(0522)4026913,9838162263
271. Let OA a , OB 10 a 2 b and OC b , where O, A and C are noncollinear points. Let p denote the area of the quadrilateral
p
OABC, and q denote the area of the parallelogram with OA and OC as adjacent sides. Then is equal to
q
1 | a b|
(a) 4 (b) 6 (c) (d) None of these
2 | a|
272. The adjacent sides of a parallelogram are along a i 2 j and b 2 i j . The angles between the diagonals are
(a) 30o and 150o (b) 45o and 135o (c) 90o and 90o (d) None of these
273. Four points with position vectors 7 i 4 j 7 k , i 6 j 10 k, i 3 j 4 k and 5 i j k form a
(a) Rhombus (b) Parallelogram but not rhombus
(c) Rectangle (d) Square
274. In a ABC , AB ri j, AC si j . If the area of triangle is of unit magnitude, then [DCE 1996]
(a) | r s | 2 (b) | r s | 1 (c) | r s | 2 (d) | r s | 1
Moment of a Force
Basic Level
275. The moment of the force F acting at a point P, about the point C is [MP PET 1987]
(a) F CP (b) CP . F
(c) A vectors having the same direction as F (d) CP F
276. A force F 2 i j k acts at a point A, whose position vector is 2 i j . The moment of F about the origin is [Karnataka CET 2000]
(a) i 2 j 4 k (b) i 2 j 4 k (c) i 2 j 4 k (d) i 2 j 4 k
Advance Level
277. Let the point A, B, and P be (–2, 2, 4), (2, 6, 3) and (1, 2, 1) respectively. The magnitude of the moment of the force represented
by AB and acting at A about P is [MP PET 1987]
(a) 15 (b) 3 41 (c) 3 57 (d) None of these
278. The moment about the point M(–2, 4, –6) of the force represented in magnitude and position by AB where the points A and B
have the coordinates (1, 2, –3) and (3, –4, 2) respectively, is [MP PET 2000]
(a) 8 i 9 j 14 k (b) 2 i 6 j 5 k (c) 3 i 2 j 3 k (d) 5 i 8 j 8 k
279. A force of 39 kg. wt is acting at a point P (–4, 2, 5) in the direction of 12 i 4 j 3 k . The moment of this force about a line
through the origin having the direction of 2 i 2 j k is
(a) 76 units (b) –76 units (c) 42 i 144 j 24 k (d) None of these
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PRATAP BHAWAN, HAZRATGANJ LUCKNOW; PH.(0522)4026913,9838162263
Vector Algebra
280. If the magnitude of moment about the point j k of a force i j k acting through the point i j is 8 , then the value of
is
[Tamilnadu (Engg.) 2002]
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
Scalar Triple Product
Basic Level
281. a . [(b c ) (a b c )] is equal to [Rajasthan PET 1988, 2002; IIT 1981; UPSEAT 2003; MP PET 2004]
(a) [a b c ] (b) 2[a b c ] (c) 3[a b c ] (d) 0
a .b c b .a c
282. If a, b, c are three non-coplanar vector, then [IIT 1985, 86; UPSEAT 2003]
c a .b c .a b
(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) –2 (d) None of these
283. If i, j, k are the unit vectors and mutually perpendicular, then [i k j] is equal to [Rajasthan PET 1986]
(a) 0 (b) –1 (c) 1 (d) None of these
284. If a 2 i j k, b i 2 j k and c i j 2 k , then a . (b c ) [Rajasthan PET 1989, 2001]
(a) 6 (b) 10 (c) 12 (d) 24
285. If a . b b . c c . a 0 or a, b, c are a right handed triad of mutually perpendicular vectors, then [a b c] =
[MP PET 1994; Tamilnadu Engg. 2001]
(a) | a | | b | | c | (b) 1 (c) –1 (d) A non-zero vector
286. i . (j k ) j . (k i ) k . (i j) [Karnataka CET 1994]
(a) 1 (b) 3 (c) –3 (d) 0
287. If a 3 i j 2 k , b 2 i j k , then a (a . b ) = [Karnataka CET 1994]
(a) 3a (b) 3 14 (c) 0 (d) None of these
288. If a . i 4 , then (a j) . (2 j 3 k ) [EAMCET 1994]
(a) 12 (b) 2 (c) 0 (d) – 12
289. a . (a b ) [MP PET 1996]
(a) b . b (b) a 2 b (c) 0 (d) a 2 ab
290. For three vectors u, v, w which of the following expressions is not equal to any of the remaining three [IIT 1998; Orissa JEE 2004]
(a) u . (v w ) (b) (v w ) . u (c) v . (u w ) (d) (u v ) . w
291. Which of the following expressions are meaningful [IIT 1998; Rajasthan PET 2001]
(a) u . (v w ) (b) (u . v ) . w (c) (u . v ) w (d) u (v . w )
292. Given vectors a, b, c such that a . (b c ) 0 , the value of (b c ) . (a b c ) / is [AMU 1999]
PRATAP BHAWAN, HAZRATGANJ LUCKNOW; PH.(0522)4026913,9838162263
3
(a) 3 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d)
293. If a 3 i 2 j 2 k , b 6 i 4 j 2 k and c 3 i 2 j 4 k , then a . (b c ) is [Karnataka CET 2001]
(a) 122 (b) – 144 (c) 120 (d) – 120
294. a . (b c ) is equal to [Rajasthan PET 2001]
(a) b . (a c ) (b) c . (b a ) (c) b . (c a ) (d) None of these
295. [i k j] [k j i ] [ j k i] [UPSEAT 2002]
(a) 1 (b) 3 (c) – 3 (d) – 1
a .b c b .c a c .a b
296. If [a b c ] 1 , then is equal to
c a .b a b .c b c .a
(a) 3 (b) 1 (c) – 1 (d) None of these
297. If the vectors 2 i 3 j, i j k and 3 i k form three concurrent edges of a parallelopiped, then the volume of the parallelopiped
is
[IIT 1983; Rajasthan PET 1995; DCE 2001; Kurukshetra CEE 1998; MP PET 2001]
(a) 8 (b) 10 (c) 4 (d) 14
298. If three vectors a 12 i 4 j 3 k , b 8 i 12 j 9 k and c 33 i 4 j 24 k represents a cube, then its volume will be
[Roorkee 1988]
(a) 616 (b) 308 (c) 154 (d) None of these
299. Volume of the parallelopiped whose coterminous edges are 2 i 3 j 4 k , i 2 j 2 k , 3 i j k , is [EAMCET 1993]
(a) 5 cubic units (b) 6 cubic units (c) 7 cubic units (d) 8 cubic units
300. If a 3 i 7 j 5 k , b 3 i 7 j 3 k and c 7 i 5 j 3 k are the three coterminous edges of a parallelopiped, then its volume
is
[MP PET 1996]
(a) 108 (b) 210 (c) 272 (d) 308
301. Three concurrent edges OA, OB, OC of a parallelopiped are represented by three vectors 2 i j k , i 2 j 3 k and
3 i j k , the volume of the solid so formed in cubic units is [Kurukshetra CEE 1998]
(a) 5 (b) 6 (c) 7 (d) 8
302. What will be the volume of that parallelopiped whose sides are a i j k , b i 3 j 4 k and c 2 i 5 j 3 k [UPSEAT 1999]
(a) 5 unit (b) 6 unit (c) 7 unit (d) 8 unit
303. The volume of the parallelopiped whose coterminous edges are i j k , 2 i 4 j 5 k and 3 i 5 j 2 k is [Kerala (Engg.) 2002]
(a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 8
304. The volume of the parallelopiped whose edges are represented by 12 i k , 3 j k and 2 i j 15 k is 546, then
[IIT Screening 1989; MNR 1987]
(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) – 3 (d) – 2
Advance Level
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PRATAP BHAWAN, HAZRATGANJ LUCKNOW; PH.(0522)4026913,9838162263
Vector Algebra
305. | (a b ) . c | | a | | b | | c | , if [Ranchi BIT 1990; IIT 1982; AMU 2002]
(a) a . b b . c 0 (b) b . c c . a 0 (c) c . a a . b 0 (d) a . b b . c c . a 0
306. If a, b, c be any three non-coplanar vectors, then [a b , b c , c a ]
[Rajasthan PET 1988; MP PET 1990, 2002; Kerala (Engg.) 2002]
(a) [a b c] (b) 2[a b c] (c) [a b c]2 (d) 2[a b c]2
bc c a ab
307. If a, b, c are three non-coplanar vectors and p, q, r are defined by the relations p , q , r , then
[a b c ] [a b c ] [a b c ]
(a b ) . p (b c ) . q (c a ) . r = [IIT 1988; BIT Ranchi 1996; AMU 2002]
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
bc c a ab
308. If p , q , r , where a, b, c are three non-coplanar vectors, then the value of (a b c ) . (p q r) is
[a b c ] [a b c ] [a b c ]
given by [MNR 1992; UPSEAT 2000]
(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 0
309. The value of [a b b c c a ] , where | a | 1, | b | 5 and | c | 3 is [Rajasthan PET 1988, 2000; IIT 1989]
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 4
310. If a, b and c are three non-coplanar vectors, then (a b c ) . [(a b ) (a c )] is equal to [IIT 1995]
(a) [a b c] (b) 2[a b c] (c) – [a b c] (d) 0
311. If a, b, c are three coplanar vectors, then [a b b c c a ] [MP PET 1995]
(a) [a b c] (b) 2[a b c] (c) 3[a b c] (d) 0
a . (b c )
312. If b and c are any two non-collinear unit vectors and a is any vector, then (a . b )b (a . c )c (b c ) [IIT 1996]
| bc|
(a) a (b) b (c) c (d) 0
313. If three coterminous edges of a parallelopiped are represented by a b , b c and c a , then its volume is [MP PET 1999]
(a) [a b c] (b) 2[a b c] (c) [a b c]2 (d) 0
314. If a, b and c are unit coplanar vectors then the scalar triple product [2 a b 2 b c 2c a ] is equal to [IIT Screening 2000]
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) 3
315. Let a i k , b x i j (1 x )k and c y i x j (1 x y )k , then [a b c ] depends on [IIT Screening 2001]
(a) Only x (b) Only y (c) Neither x nor y (d) Both x and y
316. (a b ) . (b c ) (a b c ) [EAMCET 2002]
(a) – [a b c] (b) [a b c] (c) 0 (d) 2[a b c]
317. Let V 2 i j k and W i 3 k if U is a unit vector, then the maximum value of the scalar triple product [U V W] is
[IIT Screening 2002]
(a) – 1 (b) 10 6 (c) 59 (d) 60
318. If a, b are non-zero and non-collinear vectors then [a b i] i [a b j] j [a b k ] k is equal to
PRATAP BHAWAN, HAZRATGANJ LUCKNOW; PH.(0522)4026913,9838162263
(a) a b (b) a b (c) a b (d) b a
319. If a, b, c are three non-coplanar nonzero vectors then (a . a )b c (a . b )c a (a . c )a b is equal to
(a) [b c a]a (b) [c a b]b (c) [a b c]c (d) None of these
320. Let a, b, c be three unit vectors and a . b a . c 0 . If the angle between b and c is , then | [a b c ] | is equal to
3
3 1
(a) (b) (c) 1 (d) None of these
2 2
321. If a, b, c are three non-coplanar vectors represented by concurrent edges of a parallelopiped of volume 4, then
(a b ) . (b c ) (b c ) . (c a ) (c a ) . (a b ) is equal to
(a) 12 (b) 4 (c) 12 (d) 0
322. The three concurrent edges of a parallelopiped represent the vectors a, b, c such that [a b c ] . Then the volume of the
parallelopiped whose three concurrent edges are the three concurrent diagonals of three faces of the given parallelopiped is
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) (d) None of these
323. If a, b, c are non-coplanar non-zero vectors and r is any vector in space then [b c r]a+[c a r]b+[a b r]c is equal to
(a) 3[a b c]r (b) [a b c]r (c) [b c a]r (d) None of these
324. If the vertices of a tetrahedron have the position vectors 0, i + j, 2j – k and i k then the volume of the tetrahedron is
1
(a) (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) None of these
6
325. The three vectors i j, j k, k i taken two at a time form three planes. The three unit vectors drawn perpendicular to three
planes form a parallelopiped of volume
1 3 3 4
(a) cubic units (b) 4 cubic units (c) cubic units (d) cubic units
3 4 3 3
326. The volume of the tetrahedron whose vertices are the points with position vectors i 6 j 10 k , i 3 j 7 k, 5 i j k and
7 i 4 j 7 k is 11 cubic units if the value of is
(a) – 1 (b) 1 (c) – 7 (d) 7
327. Let a, b and c be three non-zero and non-coplanar vectors and p, q and r be three vectors given by
p a b 2 c , q 3 a 2 b c and r a 4 b 2 c . If the volume of the parallelopiped determined by a, b, and c is V1 and that
of the parallelopiped determined by p, q, and r is V2 , then V2 : V1 =
(a) 2 : 3 (b) 5 : 7 (c) 15 : 1 (d) 1 : 1
328. If a, b, c are any three vectors and their inverse are a 1 , b 1 , c 1 and [a b c ] 0 , then [a 1 b 1 c 1 ] will be [Roorkee 1989]
(a) Zero (b) One (c) Non-zero (d) [a b c]
bc c a
329. a, b, c are three non-zero, non-coplanar vectors and p, q, r are three other vectors such that p , q ,
a.b c a .b c
a b
r . Then [p q r] equals [ Kurukshetra CEE 1993]
a .b c
1
(a) a . b c (b) (c) 0 (d) None of these
a.b c
Coplanarity of Vectors
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PRATAP BHAWAN, HAZRATGANJ LUCKNOW;
Basic Level PH.(0522)4026913,9838162263
Vector Algebra
330. If the vectors 2i j k , i 2 j 3 k and 3 i j 5 k be coplanar, then
[Roorkee 1986; Rajasthan PET 1999, 2002; Kurukshetra CEE 2002]
(a) – 1 (b) – 2 (c) – 3 (d) – 4
331. If a i j k , b i 2 j k and c 3 i p j 5 k are coplanar then the value of p will be
[Rajasthan PET 1985, 86, 88, 91]
(a) – 6 (b) – 2 (c) 2 (d) 6
332. A unit vector which is coplanar to vector i j 2 k and i 2 j k and perpendicular to i j k , is
[IIT 1992; Kurukshetra CEE 2002]
ij jk k i i jk
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
2 2 2 3
333. If the vectors 2 i 3 j 4 k , i 2 j k and x i j 2 k are coplanar, then x = [EAMCET 1994]
8 5
(a) (b) (c) 0 (d) 1
5 8
334. If the vectors i 3 j 2 k, 2 i j 4 k and 3 i 2 j x k are coplanar ,then the value of x is [Karnataka CET 2000]
(a) – 2 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 3
335. a i j k , b 2 i 4 k , c i j 3 k are coplanar, then the value of is [MP PET 2000]
5 3 7
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
2 5 3
336. A i j k , B i, C C1i C2 j C 2 k . If C 2 1 and C 3 1 , then to make three vectors coplanar [AMU 2000]
(a) C 1 0 (b) C 1 1
(c) C 1 2 (d) No value of C 1 can be found
337. The vector a lies in the plane of vectors b and c, which of the following is correct [Roorkee 1990]
(a) a . (b c ) 0 (b) a . b c 1 (c) a . b c 1 (d) a . b c 3
Advance Level
338. If the vectors r1 sec 2 A, 1, 1; r2 1, sec 2 B, 1 ; r3 1, 1, sec 2 C are coplanar, then cot 2 A cot 2 B cot 2 C is equal to
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) Not defined
a a2 1 a3
339. If b b 2 1 b 3 0 and a (1, a, a 2 ), b (1, b , b 2 ) and c (1, c, c 2 ) are non-coplanar vectors, then abc is equal to
c c2 1 c3
PRATAP BHAWAN, HAZRATGANJ LUCKNOW; PH.(0522)4026913,9838162263
[IIT 1985; AIEEE 2003]
(a) – 1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 4
340. Let a, b, c be distinct non-negative numbers. If the vectors ai aj ck , i k and ci cj b k lie in a plane, then c is [IIT 1993]
(a) The airthmetic mean of a and b (b) The geometric mean of a and b
(c) The harmonic mean of a and b (d) Equal to zero
1 1 1
341. If the vectors ai j k , i b j k and i j ck (a b c 1) are coplanar, then the value of
1a 1b 1c
[BIT Ranchi 1988; Rajasthan PET 1987; IIT 1987; DCE 2001]
1 1
(a) – 1 (b) (c) (d) 1
2 2
342. If a, b, c are position vector of vertices of a triangle ABC, then unit vector perpendicular to its plane is [Rajasthan PET 1999]
a b b c c a ab
(a) a b b c c a (b) (c) (d) None of these
| a b b c c a| | a b|
343. If a, b, c are non-coplanar vectors and d a b v c , then is equal to [Roorkee 1999]
[d b c ] [ b c d] [b d c ] [c b d]
(a) (b) (c) (d)
[b a c ] [b c a ] [a b c ] [a b c ]
344. If the points whose position vectors are 3 i 2 j k , 2 i 3 j 4 k , i j 2 k and 4 i 5 j k lie on a plane, then [IIT 1986]
146 146 17 17
(a) (b) (c) (d)
17 17 146 146
345. Vector coplanar with vectors i+j and j+k and parallel to the vector 2 i 2 j 4 k , is [Roorkee 2000]
(a) i k (b) i j 2 k (c) i j k (d) 3 i 3 j 6 k
346. Let λ a (b c ), µ b (c a ) and v c (a b ) . Then
(a) λ µ v (b) λ , µ, v are coplanar (c) λ v 2µ (d) None of these
347. Let a i 2 j 3 k, b 2 i 3 j k and c i j (2 1)k . If c is parallel to the plane of the vectors a and b then is
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) – 1 (d) 2
348. The vectors a x i (x 1)j (x 2)k , b (x 3)i ( x 4 )j (x 5 )k and c (x 6 )i (x 7 )j ( x 8 )k are coplanar for
(a) All values of x (b) x < 0 (c) x > 0 (d) None of these
349. Given a cube ABCD A1 B1 C1 D1 with lower base ABCD, upper base A1 B1 C1 D1 and the lateral edges AA 1 , BB 1 , CC 1 and DD1 ;
M and M 1 are the centres of the faces ABCD and A1 B1 C1 D1 respectively. O is a point on line MM 1 , such that
OA OB OC OD OM 1 , then OM .OM 1 , if
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 2 6 8
Vector Triple Product
Basic Level
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PRATAP BHAWAN, HAZRATGANJ LUCKNOW; PH.(0522)4026913,9838162263
Vector Algebra
350. i (j k ) is equal to [Rajasthan PET 1988; MP PET 1997]
(a) 0 (b) i (c) j (d) k
351. If a i 2 j 2 k , b 2 i j k and c i 3 j k , then a (b c ) is equal to [Rajasthan PET 1989]
(a) 20 i 3 j 7 k (b) 20 i 3 j 7 k (c) 20 i 3 j 7 k (d) None of these
352. If a i j k , b i j k , c i j k , then a (b c ) is [MP PET 2000]
(a) i j k (b) 2 i 2 j (c) 3i j k (d) 2 i 2 j k
353. If a, b, c are any three vectors then (a b ) c is a vector
(a) Perpendicular to a b (b) Coplanar with a and b (c) Parallel to c (d) Parallel to either a or b
354. If a and b are two unit vectors, then the vector (a b ) (a b ) is parallel to the vector [DCE 2001]
(a) a b (b) a b (c) 2a b (d) 2 a b
355. If a (b c ) 0 , then [Rajasthan PET 1995]
(a) | a | | b | .| c | 1 (b) b || c (c) a || b (d) b c
356. Which of the following is a true statement [Kurukshetra CEE 1996]
(a) (a b ) c is coplanar with c (b) (a b ) c is perpendicular to a
(c) (a b ) c is perpendicular to b (d) (a b ) c is perpendicular to c
357. If u i (a i ) j (a j) k (a k ) , then
[Rajasthan PET 1989, 97; MNR 1986, 93; MP PET 1987, 98, 99, 2004; UPSEAT 2000, 2002; Kerala (Engg.) 2002]
(a) u 0 (b) u i j k (c) u 2a (d) u a
358. A unit vector perpendicular to vector c and coplanar with vectors a and b is [MP PET 1999]
a (b c ) b (c a ) c (a b )
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
| a (b c ) | | b (c a ) | | c (a b ) |
359. i (j k ) j (k i ) k (i j) equals [Rajasthan PET 1999]
(a) i (b) j (c) k (d) 0
360. Given three unit vectors a, b, c such that a b and a || c , then a (b c ) is [AMU 1999]
(a) a (b) b (c) c (d) 0
361. A i 2 j 3 k , B 2 i j k , C i 3 j 2 k , then ( A B) C is [MP PET 2001]
(a) 5 ( i 3 j 4 k ) (b) 4 (i 3 j 4 k ) (c) 5 ( i 3 j 4 k ) (d) 4 (i 3 j 4 k )
362. If i, j, k are unit vectors, then [MP PET 2001]
(a) i . j 1 (b) i . i 1 (c) i j 1 (d) i (j k ) 1
363. If a, b, c are any vectors, then the true statement is [Rajasthan PET 1988]
(a) a (b c ) (a b ) c (b) a b b a (c) a . (b c ) a . b a . c (d) a . (b c ) a . b a . c
364. a (b c ) is equal to [Rajasthan PET 1995; Kurukshetra CEE 1998; MP PET 2003]
(a) (a . c )b (a . a )b (b) (a . c )a (b . c )a (c) (a . c )b (a . b )c (d) (a . b )c (a . c )b
PRATAP BHAWAN, HAZRATGANJ LUCKNOW; PH.(0522)4026913,9838162263
365. a (b c ) b (c a ) c (a b ) [Rajasthan PET 2003]
(a) 0 (b) 2[a b c ] (c) a b c (d) 3[a b c ]
Advance Level
b c
366. If a, b, c are non-coplanar unit vectors such that a (b c ) , then the angle between a and b is [IIT 1995]
2
3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 2 4
367. Let a, b, c be three vectors from a (b c ) (a b ) c , if [Orissa JEE 2003]
(a) b (a c ) 0 (b) a . (b c ) 0 (c) c a a b (d) c b b a
368. If a, b, c are any three vectors such that (a b ). c (a b ) . c 0 , then (a b ) c is
(a) 0 (b) a (c) b (d) None of these
b
369. If three unit vectors a, b, c are such that a (b c ) , then the vector a makes with b and c respectively the angles [MP PET 1998]
2
(a) 40o, 80o (b) 45o, 45o (c) 30o, 60o (d) 90o, 60o
370. a (b c ), b (c a ) and c (a b ) are
(a) Linearly dependent (b) Equal vectors (c) Parallel vectors (d) None of these
371. a and b are two given vectors. On these vectors as adjacent sides a parallelogram is constructed. The vector which is the
altitude of the parallelogram and which is perpendicular to a is
(a . b ) 1 a (a b ) a (b a )
(a) a b (b)
| a|2
| a | 2 b (a . b )a (c)
| a|2
(d)
| a| 2 | b|2
Scalar and Vector Product of Four or more Vectors
Basic Level
372. If α 2 i 3 j k , β i 2 j 4 k and γ i j k , then (α β ) . (α γ ) is equal to [MNR 1984; UPSEAT 2000]
(a) 60 (b) 64 (c) 74 (d) – 74
373. (b c ) (c a ) [MP PET 1997]
(a) [b c a]a (b) [c a b]b (c) [a b c ]c (d) [a c b]b
374. If a, b, c, d are coplanar vectors, then (a b ) (c d ) [MP PET 1998]
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PRATAP BHAWAN, HAZRATGANJ LUCKNOW; PH.(0522)4026913,9838162263
Vector Algebra
(a) | a c | 2 (b) | a d | 2 (c) | b c | 2 (d) 0
375. If . and represent dot product and cross product respectively then which of the following is meaningless
(a) (a b ) . (c d ) (b) (a b ) (c d ) (c) (a . b ) (c d ) (d) (a . b ) (c d )
376. Two planes are perpendicular to one another. One of them contains vectors a and b and the other contains vectors c and d, then
(a b ) . (c d ) equals
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) [a b c ] (d) [b c d]
Advance Level
377. a, b, c, d are any four vectors then (a b ) (c d ) is a vector
(a) Perpendicular to a, b, c, d
(b) Along the line of intersection of two planes, one containing a, b and the other containing c, d
(c) Equally inclined to both a b and c d
(d) None of these
378. If a, b, c are non-coplanar non-zero vectors then (a b ) (a c ) (b c ) (b a ) (c a ) (c b ) is equal to
(a) [a b c ]2 (a b c ) (b) [a b c ] (a b c ) (c) 0 (d) None of these
379. If a, b, c are three non-coplanar non-zero vectors and r is any vector is space then
(a b ) (r c ) (b c ) (r a ) (c a ) (r b ) is equal to
(a) 2[a b c]r (b) 3[a b c]r (c) [a b c]r (d) None of these
380. If a || b c then (a b ) . (a c ) is equal to
(a) a 2 (b . c ) (b) b 2 (a . c ) (c) c 2 (a . b ) (d) None of these
381. (a b ) . (c d ) is equal to
(a) a . {b (c d )} (b) (a . c )(b . d ) (a . d )(b .c ) (c) {(a b ) c } . d (d) (d c ) . (b a )
382. (a b ) (a c ) . d equals
(a) [a b c ] (b . d ) (b) [a b c ] (a . d ) (c) [a b c ] (c . d ) (d) None of these
383. [(a b ) (b c ) (b c ) (c a ) (c a ) (a b )] is equal to
(a) [a b c]2 (b) [a b c]3 (c) [a b c]4 (d) None of these
384. If a, b, c are coplanar vectors, then [IIT 1989]
PRATAP BHAWAN, HAZRATGANJ LUCKNOW; PH.(0522)4026913,9838162263
a b c a b c a b c a b c
(a) b c a 0 (b) a .a a.b a .c 0 (c) c .a c .b c .c 0 (d) a .b a .a a .c 0
c a b b.a b .b b .c b .a b .c b .b c .a c .c c .b
r1 .r1 r1 .r2 r1 .r3
385. For any three non-zero vectors r1, r 2 and r3, r2 .r1 r2 .r2 r2 .r3 0 . Then which of the following is false [AMU 2000]
r3 .r1 r3 .r2 r3 .r3
(a) All the three vectors are parallel to one and the same plane (b) All the three vectors are linearly dependent
(c) This system of equation has a non-trivial solution (d) All the three vectors are perpendicular to each other
386. [b c b c ] (b . c ) 2 is equal to
(a) | b | 2 | c | 2 (b) (b c ) 2 (c) | b | 2 | c | 2 (d) None of these
387. If a, b, c are vectors such that [a b c] = 4, then [a b b c c a ] [AIEEE 2002]
(a) 16 (b) 64 (c) 4 (d) 8
Vector Equations
Basic Level
388. If position vector of points A, B, C are respectively i, j, k and AB = CX, then position vector of point X is [MP PET 1994]
(a) i j k (b) i j k (c) i j k (d) i j k
389. If a . i a . (i j) a . (i j k ) , then a = [EAMCET 2002]
(a) i (b) k (c) j (d) i j k
r
390. If a i j, b 2 j k and r a b a , r b a b , then is equal to
| r|
1 1 1
(a) (i 3 j k) (b) (i 3 j k) (c) (i j k) (d) None of these
11 11 3
391. Given that the vectors a and b are non-collinear, the values of x and y for which the vector equality 2 u v w holds true if
u x a 2 y b , v 2 y a 3 x b , w 4 a 2 b are
4 6 10 4 8 2
(a) x ,y (b) x ,y (c) x ,y (d) x 2, y 3
7 7 7 7 7 7
392. If a b c d and a c b d , then
(a) (a d ) (b c ) (b) a d (b c ) (c) (a b ) (c d ) (d) None of these
393. If r . a r . b r . c 0 where a, b, c are non-coplanar, then
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PRATAP BHAWAN, HAZRATGANJ LUCKNOW; PH.(0522)4026913,9838162263
Vector Algebra
(a) r c a (b) r a b (c) rb c (d) r 0
394. If i, j, k are unit orthonormal vectors and a is a vector, if a r j , then a . r is [EAMCET 1990]
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) – 1 (d) Arbitrary scalar
395. a b a c where (a 0 ) implies that [Kurukshetra CEE 1996]
(a) b = c (b) a and b are parallel
(c) a, b, c are mutually perpendicular (d) a, b, c are coplanar
396. The scalars l and m such that la m b c , where a, b and c are given vectors, are equal to
(c b ) . (a b ) (c a ) . (b a ) (c b ) . (a b ) (c a ) . (b a )
(a) l 2
,m 2
(b) l ,m
(a b ) (b a ) (a b ) (b a )
(c b ) (a b ) (c a ) (b a )
(c) l 2
,m (d) None of these
(a b ) (b a )
397. If a is a vector perpendicular to the vectors b i 2 j 3 k and c 2i 4 j k and satisfies the condition a . (i 2 j k ) 6 , then
a=
7 7
(a) 5 i j 4k (b) 10 i 7 j 8 k (c) 5 i j 4k (d) None of these
2 2
398. If a = (1, – 1, 1) and c = (– 1, – 1, 0), then the vector b satisfying a b c and a . b 1 is [MP PET 1989]
(a) (1, 0, 0) (b) (0, 0, 1) (c) (0, – 1, 0) (d) None of these
399. If a = (1, 1, 1), c = (0, 1, – 1) are two vectors and b is a vector such that a b c and a . b 3 , then b is equal to
[IIT 1985, 1991]
2 2 5 2 5 2 5 2 2
(a) , , (b) , , (c) (5, 2, 2) (d) , ,
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
400. If a 2 i k, b i j k and c 4 i 3 j 7 k . If d b c b and d . a 0 , then d will be [IIT 1990]
(a) i 8 j 2 k (b) i 8 j 2 k (c) i 8 j k (d) i 8 j 2 k
401. If a .b a . c , a b a c and a 0 , then [Rajasthan PET 1990]
(a) b = 0 (b) b c (c) bc (d) None of these
402. If x . a 0 , x . b 0 and x . c 0 for some non-zero vector x, then the true statement is [IIT 1983; Karnataka CET 2002]
(a) [a b c] = 0 (b) [a b c ] 0 (c) [a b c] = 1 (d) None of these
403. A unit vector a makes an angle with z-axis. If a i j is a unit vector, then a is equal to [IIT 1988]
4
i j k i j k i j k
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
PRATAP BHAWAN, HAZRATGANJ LUCKNOW; PH.(0522)4026913,9838162263
404. If [3 a 5 b c d ] p[a c d ] q[b c d ] , then p q 0
(a) 8 (b) – 8 (c) 2 (d) 0
Advance Level
405. Given the following simultaneous equations for vectors x and y
x y a ............(i) x y b ............(ii) x . a 1 ............(iii). Then x =............., y = ............. [Roorkee 1994]
(a) a, a – x (b) a – b, b (c) b, a – b (d) None of these
406. r a b a ; r b a b ; a 0 ; b 0 ; a b , a is not perpendicular to b, then r = [EAMCET 1993]
(a) a – b (b) a +b (c) a b a (d) a b b
407. Let a 2 i j 2 k and b i j . If c is a vector such that a . c | c |, | c a | 2 2 and the angle between (a b ) and c is 30o ,
then | (a b ) c | [IIT 1999]
2 3
(a) (b) (c) 2 (d) 3
3 2
408. Let a 2 i j k , b i 2 j k and a unit vector c be coplanar. If c is perpendicular to a, then c = [IIT 1999]
1 1 1 1
(a) ( j k) (b) (i j k) (c) (i 2 j) (d) (i j k)
2 3 5 3
409. Let a and b be two non-collinear unit vectors. If u a (a . b )b and v a b , then | v | is [IIT 1999]
(a) | u | (b) | u | | u . a | (c) | u | | u . b | (d) | u | u . (a b )
410. Let a, b, c be three vectors such that a 0 and a b 2a c , | a | | c | 1, | b | 4 and | b c | 15 . If b 2 c a , then
equal to [Orissa JEE 2004]
(a) 1 (b) – 4 (c) 4 (d) – 2
1 1 1
411. Unit vectors a, b and c are coplanar. A unit vector d is perpendicular to them. If (a b ) (c d ) i j k and the angle
6 3 3
between a and b is 30o, then c is [Roorkee Qualifying 1998]
(i 2 j 2 k ) (2 i j k ) ( i 2 j 2 k ) (i 2 j k )
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 3 3 3
a b
412. If vectors a, b, c satisfy the condition | a c | | b c | , then (b a ) . c is equal to [AMU 1999]
2
(a) 0 (b) – 1 (c) 1 (d) 2
413. Let r be a vector perpendicular to a b c , where [a b c ] 2 . If r l(b c ) m (c a ) n(a b ) , then l m n is
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) None of these
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PRATAP BHAWAN, HAZRATGANJ LUCKNOW; PH.(0522)4026913,9838162263
Vector Algebra
414. Let a, b and c be three vectors having magnitudes 1, 1 and 2 respectively. If a (a c ) b 0 , the acute angle between a and c
is
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
3 4 6
415. If a i j k , b i j k and c is a unit vector perpendicular to the vector a and coplanar with a and b, then a unit vector d
perpendicular to both a and c is
1 1 1 1
(a) (2 i j k) (b) (j k ) (c) (i j) (d) (i k)
6 2 2 2
416. If a is perpendicular to b and r is a non-zero vector such that p r (r . b )a c , then r =
c (b . c ) a a (c . a ) b b (a . b ) c c (b . c ) a
(a) (b) (c) (d)
p p2 p p2 p p2 p 2
p
1
417. Given three vectors a, b, c such that b . c 3, a . c . The vector r which satisfies r a b a and r . c 0 is
3
(a) b 9 a (b) a 9 b (c) b 9a (d) None of these
418. If a i j and b 2 i k are two vectors ,then the point of intersection of two lines r a b a and r b a b is
(a) i j k (b) i j k (c) 3 i j k (d) 3 i j k
419. A line passes through the points whose position vectors are i j 2 k and i 3 j k . The position vector of a point on it at a unit
distance from the first point is
1 1
(a) (5 i j 7 k ) (b) (5 i 9 j 13 k ) (c) i 4 j 3 k (d) None of these
5 5
420. The projection of the vector i j k on the line whose vector equation is r (3 t )i (2 t 1)j 3 tk , t being the scalar
parameter, is
1 6
(a) (b) 6 (c) (d) None of these
14 14
421. If a (a b ) b (b c ) and a . b 0 , then [a b c] is equal to
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) None of these
422. If c a b and b c a then
(a) a . b c 2 (b) c . a b 2 (c) a b (d) a || b c
423. If r satisfies the equation r (i 2 j k ) i k , then for any scalar m, r is equal to
(a) i m (i 2 j k ) (b) j m (i 2 j k )
(c) k m (i 2 j k ) (d) i k m(i 2 j k )
424. If a (–1, 1, 1) and b (2, 0 , 1) , then the vector X satisfying the conditions
PRATAP BHAWAN, HAZRATGANJ LUCKNOW; PH.(0522)4026913,9838162263
(i) That it is coplanar with a and b (ii) That it is perpendicular to b (iii) That a . X 7 is
3 5
(a) 3 i 4 j 6 k (b) i j 3k (c) 3 i 16 j 6 k (d) None of these
2 2
425. If the non-zero vectors a and b are perpendicular to each other, then the solution of the equation, r a b is given by
ab ab
(a) r x a 2
(b) r x b
| a| | b| 2
(c) r x (a b ) (d) r x (b a )
Vector Algebra Answer Key Assignment (Basic and Advance level)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
a b a d d a d d c c b a a b c a b b c d
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
d b d a c b d b d b b b c c b d c d c b
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
d c c c a c c d a c c a c c b a a c c a,c
61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
a,d a d a c a b c a b c b a b b b b b a b
81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
c b a a d b a a b c c a c b c c d d c d
101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120
a,b,c,d
c c a a a a d b d c b d a a c b a b c
121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140
a b a c a d d b c d c a a d c c c c d c
141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160
a c d d d a a a b c c c c a a c d c b b
161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180
b c c c d d a c a,c,d b a a b b b d a d b c
181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200
c d c b d a c b d c b b b c a a b b a b
201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220
d c a a a c c c b a b a c c c b a c c d
221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240
c a d a d c b a c a c c a c b b b b a d
241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260
PRATAP BHAWAN, HAZRATGANJ LUCKNOW; PH.(0522)4026913,9838162263
d c a c b a b b c c b c a,b,c b c b b c b c
261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280
d a a d c c c a d d b c a c d c b a b b
281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300
d a b c a b d d c c c b b c d a c d c c
301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320
a c d c d b d a a c d a d a c b c b a a
321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340
c a b,c a d b,d c c b d a b a b d d a d a b
341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360
d b b a b b b b a a a b a,b b b d c c d b
361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380
a b d c a c a a d a a,b,c d c d d b b,c b a a
381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400
a,b,c,d
b c b a a a a a a b b d d a a a b d d
401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420
c a c a d b b a a,c b,c a,c a c c a a c c a,b c
421 422 423 424 425
a c,d b b a
PRATAP BHAWAN, HAZRATGANJ LUCKNOW; PH.(0522)4026913,9838162263
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