INTRODUCTION

Create powerful Excel formulas

- [Instructor] Microsoft Excel is a powerful tool for evaluating data within your
business or organization. Creating useful calculations brings that information
to the surface and helps you make good decisions. In this course, I will use
real world examples to demonstrate how you can apply the incredible power
of Excel to your data. I'm Curt Frye. Join me at LinkedIn Learning for an
introduction to the foundations of Excel's power and versatility, formulas and
functions.

What you should know before starting

- [Instructor] Thanks again for your interest in the course. Before I get
started, I'd like to bring up some points that you can use to get the most out
of what I show you. First, I do assume that you have basic knowledge of
Microsoft Excel, and that will include running the program, and saving and
opening files, that sort of thing. Also, I hope that you'll have some goals for
calculations that you create on your own. Learning what I show on screen is
a good way to learn but the best way to learn is if you have a context and an
intention for what it is that you want to do. And finally, you should have a
willingness to experiment and explore. I'm showing you how to get started
with formulas and functions in Microsoft Excel but there's a lot out there and
I hope that you'll take advantage of it.

1- INTRODUCING EXCEL FORMULAS AND FUNCTIONS

Familiarize yourself with functions and formulas
- [Instructor] Many Excel users, myself included, tend to use the terms
function and formula as if they meant the same thing. In fact, functions and
formulas are quite distinct. In this movie, I'll describe the difference between
formulas and functions and show you how both workbook elements help you
summarize your data. Simply put, a formula always begins with an equal
sign. For example, equal 19 plus 27, which would give you 46. Formulas can
also refer to worksheet cells. They can be on the current worksheet, on
another worksheet where you get the sheet name, and then, in another
workbook where you have the name of the other workbook in square
brackets, the name of the worksheet, and then the cell address. A function is
a built-in calculation with a known syntax. And it accepts inputs, also called
arguments, to create its result. For example, you might have to formula
equal SUM, D3:D5, F3:F5. So let's break this down bit by bit. The equal signs
signifies the start of the formula, and that is, in fact, how Excel understands
that you want to create a formula. There's an equal sign as the first
character in the cell. No spaces or other characters before it. SUM is the
function name. And as you might've guessed, it calculates the sum of the
values in the ranges that are supplied. D3:D5 and F3:F5 are the arguments
for SUM. Those are the ranges that you want Excel to sum up using the
function. And finally, in Help and ToolTips, any optional arguments, which
you can add but aren't required to, are displayed in square brackets. With
that, I will switch over to Excel and show you how formulas and functions
work in practice. I have opened my sample workbook, and that is
01_01_Introducing, which you can find in the chapter one folder of the
exercise files collection. I have yearly revenue for the years 2022 and 2023.
And if I want to find the sum or total of those values, I can click in cell B6,
type an equal sign, and remember that has to be the first character when
you create a formula. And then type in my cell references. So that will be B4,
which you can see highlighted, plus B5, you can see that highlighted again,
and press Enter. And I get my total. If I want to find the average, I can create
a similar calculation. So I'll type equal, and then in parentheses, I'll type B4
plus B5, as I did before. I want to find the average, so I will type a forward
slash for division and divide by two and press Enter. And I get 2,105,000.
Now, creating an average that way is a bit difficult, because if you add a
third value, you have to change the average formula. Instead, you can use
the average function. So I'll click cell B7, type equal, and then type in
average, and I'll select that from the autocomplete list when it's highlighted
by pressing Tab. And the cells I want to use are B4 and B5. So I will select
those two cells, and you can see I get the range B4:B5 below. Right
parentheses and Enter, and I get the same average as before, but now
because I'm using the function, my formula is much less complicated and
easy to maintain. You can think of the distinction between a formula and a
function this way. A formula is a calculation you create in an Excel
worksheet, while a function is a built-in calculation that gives you an answer
based on the values you provide.

Create a formula
- [Instructor] Excel formulas let you summarize the data contained in your
worksheets which helps you discover important information about your
business. In this movie I will show you the three main ways to create a
formula in Excel. By typing, by using the controls on the Formula tab of the
ribbon, and by using the Insert Function dialog box. The sample file that I'll
start with is 01_02_Create. And you can find it in the Chapter01 folder of the
exercise files collection. I have also opened up the sample file from the
previous movie and I will introduce that when I get to it. I'm on the Summary
worksheet of this workbook and you can see that I have inquiries from
potential customers broken down by month. If I want to find the sum of those
values then I can click in cell D3, type an equal sign, and then start typing
the name of the function I want to use, which is SUM. So I'll type S-U and you
can see that I have a formula autocomplete list. And this gives me a list of
functions that start with SU. The third one down is SUM. So if I were to use
the Down Arrow key to move to that or click it with a mouse and then press
Tab, then SUM would appear. If you don't see formula autocomplete, and you
want to turn it on, and I do recommend that you do turn it on, you can turn
on that option from the File menu. So I'll press Escape to get rid of formula
autocomplete, and then Escape again to stop editing the cell. And I'll go to
File. And then Options to open the Excel options dialog box. Then go to
Formulas. And in the second section called Working With Formulas there is a
Formula Autocomplete box. If that isn't checked, go ahead and check it and
then click Okay. All right, now I'll go the whole way through creating the
formula by typing directly into the cell. So I'll type equal, then SU, and I will
use the Down Arrow key to highlight SUM and then press Tab. And then I'll
select the cells B4 through B15. Type a right parentheses to close out the
argument list, and Enter. And I get the value 11,336. Another way to enter a
formula, if you don't, for example, know the name of the function you want
to use but you think you know enough to look it up, then you can use the
Formulas tab on the ribbon. So I will click cell D3 and press the Delete key to
get rid of it. Then I'll go up to the ribbon and click Formulas. The function I
want to use is a mathematical function so I will click the Math and Trig
button, and then scroll down until I see SUM. So I'll click that. And the
Function Arguments dialog box appears. And the number that I want to use
is actually a cell range. So I'll click the collapse dialog button here and then
select cells B4 through B15 like I did before. Click the expand dialog button,
and click Okay. And you can see I get the same value that I did before
because I created the same formula, just a different way. A third way to
create a formula is to use the Insert Function dialog box. So D3 selected, I'll
press Delete again. And then I will go up to the Formula bar and click the F of
X button, which is the insert function button. So I'll click there. In the Insert
Function dialog box you can search for a function, although honestly I don't
find searching to be all that useful because you don't usually know the terms
that you want to look for. You can also select a category. So here we have
most recently used. And you'll see functions such as SUM, AVERAGE, IF, and
HYPERLINK. You can also go by category. So under most recently used, I
could, for example, click Math and Trig, short for trigonometry, and then
scroll down and find SUM. So regardless of how you do it go ahead and click
SUM and then click Okay. And we get the Function Arguments dialog box
that we had before. So I'll click the collapse dialog button. Select B14 to B15.
Click the expand dialog button and click Okay. And I get the same value. So
far everything that I've done has been contained to this single worksheet. If I
want to use a value from another worksheet then I can start creating my
formula and then click it. So I'll click in cell D6, type an equal sign, and I want
to find the cost to replace a 10% loss. So in other words, with the number of
inquiries at 11,336, if I want to replace 10% of that, what would it cost me?
So I've already typed an equal sign in D6. So I'm going to multiply the value
in D3 by .1, which is 10%, so times 0.1. And then I will multiply that by the
cost of generating a new inquiry. And this is something that the company
has determined over time. The value I want to use is on the Acquisition Cost
worksheet. So click that worksheet tab and the value is in B1. And you can
see the formula here, D3 * .1 * Acquisition Cost, which is the name of the
worksheet I'm on right now. So I'll click cell B1, and you can see that's been
added to the formula on the formula bar. And then press Enter. So that tells
me the cost to replace a 10% loss would be over $91,000. So that's very
expensive. And now we can look at projected revenue. And this will use data
in another workbook. So I'll click cell D9, type an equals sign, and then I'll
press Alt + Tab on Windows to move to the workbook from the first movie,
01_01_Introducing. And again, if you want to follow along and you haven't
opened this workbook, you can either pause right now or I'll talk for a few
more seconds and you can open it in the background. Okay, I want to use
the value in cell B5 for my projection. So I'll click that, and you can see three
things on the formula bar. The name of the workbook, the name of the
worksheet, and then also the cell address. That's all I need, so I'll press
Enter. And I get my projected revenue in my original workbook. Regardless
of how you choose to enter your formula you'll find that Excel has several
ways to make the process easier for you.

Introduce arithmetic operators

- [Instructor] Many Excel formulas include arithmetic operators, such as the
plus sign and the minus sign. But Excel doesn't just read your formula from
left to right and take the operations in order. Instead, Excel has a strict order
in which it performs those operations. In this movie, I'll explain what the
symbols mean and demonstrate how they work within formulas. The
arithmetic operators have a specific precedence. That means the order in
which they are evaluated. The first is the minus sign, which is used for
negation. So that would be minus one or minus five, that kind of thing. Next,
Excel checks if a number is expressed as a percentage. So 10%, which is
equivalent to .1, is evaluated after Excel checks for negative numbers. Next
it looks for exponents, and that uses the caret. That's the upward-pointing
triangle that you see here. In math, two caret three means two to the third,
which would give you eight. Then it looks for multiplication and division with
the asterisk and the forward slash. And finally, it looks for the plus and minus
sign, which indicate addition and subtraction. You can change the order of
operations by grouping things in parentheses. For now, I will switch over to
Excel and show you examples based on these operators. I'm on the
arithmetic or arithmetic worksheet of the sample file named
01_03_Operators. And you can find this in the exercise files collection. I've
restated the operator preference over here on the left and I'll type in a
couple of examples to show you how you can change things. So in cell H3, I'll
type equal, and I'll have 15 divided by three times seven plus four. And in
this case, Excel will evaluate these operators going left to right. That's
because division and multiplication are on the same level, so they're done
left to right. And then finally, we'll look at plus four. So I'll press Enter and we
get the value of 39. So we have 15 divided by three, which is five, times
seven, which is 35, plus four, which is 39. Now, I will press the down arrow to
move to cell H4, type an equals sign, and change the order using
parentheses. So after the equals sign, I will type 15 divided by three
multiplied by the quantity in parentheses, again indicating with a left
parenthesis, seven plus four. So in this case, Excel will look at the
parentheses first and evaluate the expression within it and then move from
left to right. So I'll press Enter and we get the value 55. That's because we
have seven plus four, which is 11, and then we go back to the left. 15 divided
by three is five, multiplied by 11, which is 55. In addition to arithmetic
operators, you can also use comparison operators. So I'll flip back to my
PowerPoint to describe the operators that are available to you in Excel.
Comparison operators, as the name implies, compare things. The greater
than sign checks if a value is greater than another. And less than checks if a
value is less than another. In English, we read from left to right. So the
greater than sign is wider to the left. That means that the value on that side
is larger than the value on the other side. And the same with less than. That
has the smaller point to the left and the larger to the right. You can also do
greater than or equal to and less than or equal to. And those follow the same
conventions as greater than and less than. You can also check if a value is
equal to another. That uses the equals sign. And you can also have a less
than sign followed by a greater than sign. And that checks if a value is not
equal to another. Less than followed by greater than is different than what
you'll see in some other programs and programming languages, so just
memorize that that's what you need to do in Excel. Now, I'll flip back to my
workbook and show you some examples of comparisons. I'm back in
01_03_Operators, and I'll click the comparison worksheet tab. And here I
have the comparison operators listed again. I can use comparison operators
to return true or false results. So for example, if I type an equals sign and
then 15 less than 10 and press Enter, I get false. That's because 15 is
greater than 10. And in cell F4, if I type equal 15 greater than 10, then I get
true. You won't often use comparison operators by themselves, as I've done
here for the example, but you will use them in conditional functions. That
could be if, some if, and similar functions that I'll show you elsewhere in this
course. Always be sure to verify that your formula operations occur in the
desired order and that your parentheses are in the right place. If you're
getting an answer you don't expect from a formula, parentheses and order of
operations are a great first place to look.

Use cell references in formulas

- [Instructor] It is possible to type values, such as interest rates or
commission percentages directly into a formula. But in almost every case,
it's a better idea to draw the value from a cell in your worksheet. Putting a
value in a cell both makes a value visible instead of hidden and enables you
to change the value without editing the formula. In this movie, I will show
you how to use cell references to identify workbook cells effectively. My
sample file is 01_04-CellRefs and you can find it in the chapter one folder of
the exercise files collection. In this workbook, I have monthly revenue broken
down for two fiscal years, 2022 and 2023. I can refer to cells within that
range in different ways. I can start simply by typing in a cell reference after
an equal sign. So in cell F2, I want to find the total sales for January of 2022.
Then I will type an equal sign and looking to the left, I see the value I want is
in cell B3. So I'll type B3 and it's highlighted. Press enter and I get the value.
Rather than look over and have to look at the row and column headers, I can
click the cell to create the reference that way. So in F3, I'll type equal and
this time I want August of 2023 and that is in cell C10. So I'll click that and
enter and I get that value. I can also select a cell range. So in cell F4, I'll type
equal and then I'll use the function SUM because I want to add the numbers
that I will use. And I'm looking for quarter number three. The header in E4
indicates that I want quarter three and I will assume it's for both years. So I'll
start my selection in B9, and that is July, the first month of quarter number
three. And then I will drag to select cells in the range B9 to C11. So I have
July, August, and September, the months in quarter number three for both
years. Then I will type a right parentheses and enter and I get my total. I can
also select ranges that are not connected. So let's say I want to do
something similar, except now I want to add up quarter one and quarter
three for both years. So in F5, I'll type equal, and again, we're doing SUM.
The first group of cells that I want are for quarter number one. So I will select
from B3 to C5, and then I'll hold down the Control key and select the cells
that I did last time, which are B9 through C11. And if we look over at the
formula that's being created, you can see that I have B3:C5, that's the first
range I selected. Then a comma, and then the second range, B9 to C11.
Excel creates that type of formula automatically. Or if you want to type it in,
you can just put a comma between the ranges. Type a right parentheses and
enter, and I get the total. Now, let's say that I want to refer to an entire
column in a workbook. You will rarely need to refer to an entire column or
row in a workbook. And in fact, it's not the best way to do what I'm about to
show you but I want you to know that the technique is available. So if I want
to add all the values for fiscal year 2022 in F6, I can type an equal sign. That
will be sum, then a left parentheses and then I'm going to click the column
header for column B. That selects the entire column and you can see it
referred to as B:B. Because there are no row references, that means it's
selecting the entire column. And you can, of course, select multiple columns
by making it B:C, but we'll stay with this for now. Type a right parentheses
and enter and we get the total for fiscal year 2022. We can do the same
thing for row. So I'll type equal, sum and for November, so we'll do both
Novembers, that would be row 13. So I'll click its row header, 13:13, right
parentheses and enter. And we get everything in row 13, which in this case
is just those two values Including cell ranges and formulas by creating
effective cell references makes your job much easier. Whether you select
cells or enter their addresses by hand, you can be sure you're summarizing
the proper data when your references are correct.
Use absolute and relative references in formulas
- [Instructor] When you want to use values from a cell in a formula, you
create references to those cells. In this movie, I'll go into detail about what
happens when you copy formulas and show you how to manage what
changes and what doesn't by using relative and absolute references. My
sample file is 01_05_AbsoluteAndRelative. You can find that in the chapter
one folder of the exercise files collection. In this workbook, I have an
investment of $180,000 and I'm assuming a growth rate of 4.75% per year.
What I'd like to do is to create a formula that I can copy down that will show
how my investment grows over time. The first thing I will do is build it
incorrectly, and then I'll show you how to fix the mistake that I made. To
start, I will click in cell B3. Type an equal sign. And I want to add the value in
B2 to the interest that will be earned over a year. So I have a growth rate of
4.75%, so it'll be B2 + B2 times B1. So again, I'm multiplying the value in B2
by the growth rate, which is the interest, and adding it to the original
investment. So I get, when I press the enter key, $188,550. So that appears
to be correct. Now, I will copy this formula down, and you'll see the error that
occurs. So I will select cell B3, and then move the mouse pointer over the
bottom right corner where you see green square. And then drag down. And I
immediately get the hashtag symbol. And what that is is an extremely large
value that will not fit in the cell. So I get looks like $34 billion, and then an
absolutely huge number in cell B5, an even larger number in B6. And you
can see the pattern continuing. Well what's happening? If I look up at the
formula bar while I have B4 selected is that I have B3 + B3 times B2. So I'm
no longer multiplying by the growth rate. Instead, I'm multiplying by the
value in B2. And if I go down a cell, you'll see that I'm now multiplying by B3
and the pattern continues. So the question is, "How do you fix that?" You can
fix that by creating an absolute reference. So I'll click cell B3, which is where
my first formula is, and I'll go up to the formula bar. And I will click within the
cell reference of B1. In Windows, I can create an absolute reference by
pressing F4. So I'll press F4. And you see that the reference has changed so
that I now have a dollar sign before the B and a dollar sign before the one.
And what that indicates is that it will be an unchanging or absolute
reference. The cells B2 that I have over here are relative references, and it's
okay for them to change. And in fact, they must for this formula to be
accurate. So I want to multiply the growth rate by the value in B2, then by
the value in B3, and so on until I reach the year 2032. So I'll press enter, and
I get the same value that I did before. But now I will click cell B3. And I'll
show you a shortcut to copying a formula down. Instead of dragging the fill
handle, instead I will double click it. And you can see that the formula has
been filled down. And if I click all the way down in cell B11, then I have B10
+ B10 times B1. And because that's an absolute reference, nothing changed.
You can, of course, type in the dollar signs by hand if you want to, but you
can also rotate between the four possible combinations of absolute rows and
columns. So I'll go back up to cell B3 and double click. This way the text is a
little larger and it's easier to see. And I have B1 with column and absolute
row selected. I'll press F4 again. And now I have an absolute row, but a
relative column, one that will change. F4 again. I get an absolute column and
a relative row. F4 again. We're back to the default, or original configuration,
which is relative columns and rows. And F4 again. Takes me back to B1 with
the rows and columns as absolute and unchanging. And I will press enter,
knowing that the formula I created will copy correctly if I continue moving
down the column.

Copy and paste formulas and values

- [Instructor] When you summarize data in an Excel worksheet, you'll often
find that a formula you use in one cell can be used in others. In this movie, I
will show you how to copy worksheet formulas and have the cell references
change or not change as you wish. My sample file is 01_06_CopyFormulas
and you can find it in the chapter one folder of the exercise files collection. I
have created a workbook that calculates the growth rate and values for an
investment. So you can see in B1, I'm assuming an annual growth rate of
4.75%, the original investment is $145,000. And then in B3, I have a formula
that will calculate the investment's value at the end of that year. I will double
click cell B3, so that we can see the formula in a little bit larger type. What
this formula does is take the value in B2, which is the original investment,
and then multiplies it by one plus the growth rate, and that is in cell B1, so
it's 1.0475, assuming again a 4.75% growth rate per year. The dollar signs
before the B and the one in the growth rate reference indicates that this is
an unchanging or absolute reference. So when I copy it to another cell, that
reference to B1 will not change, but the reference to B2 will. I'll press escape
to stop editing the cell, but with it still selected, I'll press Control + C to copy
its contents, click cell B4, and then press Control + V. And my formula is
pasted in, and if I double click cell B4, you can see that the reference that
was B2 has updated to B3 but the absolute reference to B1 remains as it was
again, because the dollar signs are in place. And I'll press escape. If I want to
copy this formula down to the bottom of this column, at least as far as the
values in column A go, then I can, with B4 selected, double click the fill
handle, the green square at the bottom right corner of the selected cell and
the formula is copied down. Again, relative references changing, absolute
references not. But now let's see what happens if I want to copy the value
from cell B7, which is the total of the investment in the year 2028 to cell E1
where I have a 2028 label to the left. So I'll click cell B7, press Control + C,
click E1, press Control + V, and I get a reference error. And that's because
the cell reference in the original formula, which is here is B6. And if I go up
six rows, then I don't have any cells to point to because that formula's in row
one and there's nothing above it. So how do I fix that? Well, first thing I'll do
is I will click cell E1 and press the delete key to get rid of the formula. I'll go
over to cell B7 and double click it. That opens it for editing, and then either
within the cell or on the formula bar, whichever is easier for you, drag to
select it and then press Control + C to copy the text. Now press the escape
key, click cell E1 and press Control + V. And you can see you get the same
value as you currently have in the cell B7. And if I double click cell E1, that's
because I copied the formula text over directly. I selected it just like I would
in Microsoft Word or PowerPoint and then pasted it into the cell. So that's the
difference between those two techniques. Now I'll press escape to stop
editing. One final technique that I'll show you is how to paste values from
formulas and retain only the values and not the original formulas. So the
values that you paste will be unchanged. I'm going to select cells B3 through
B11 and press Control + C to copy. It's important that you press Control + C
because pressing Control + X to cut does not work. All right, so now I'll click
cell E3 and then rather than pressing Control + V to paste, which would copy
over the formulas and create errors, I'll press and release the Alt key. And
you can see up at the top that I now have letters that allow me to control the
ribbon using the keyboard. I want to use controls on the home tab, so I'll
press H. I want to paste from the clipboard so I'll press V and I want to paste
my values. If I look down in the second section, I can see that the leftmost
indicator is V and that allows me to paste in just the values. So I'll press
Control + V and the values have been pasted in. And you can see when I
click cell E3 and I look up at the formula bar, I have a value instead of a
formula.

Edit a formula
- [Instructor] Excel worksheets evolve over time to reflect the nature of your
business and how you analyze your data, so you will almost certainly end up
changing some of your formulas. You can edit Excel formulas in two ways,
either on the formula bar or within a cell. In this movie, I will show you how
to do both. My sample file is oh 01_07_Editing, and you can find it in the
chapter one folder of the exercise files collection. In this workbook, I have a
single worksheet and you can see that I have yearly revenue for the years
2022 and 2023. And I have $1,602,000 for 2022 and $1,945,000 for the year
2023. And I have a formula in cell D3 that finds the total but I immediately
spot an error. Both of the numbers B3 and B4 end with three zeros and my
total in D3 has a 45 at the end. If I double-click cell D3, then I see that I'm
actually finding the sum of A3 through B4, so I'm adding the years in addition
to the revenue. This is actually a very common mistake but it happens more
frequently with column and row headers. So, if you have a year such as 2022
and then a column of numbers, sometimes, especially when you create auto-
sum formulas, you will end up adding the year to the total and that can
change your results, so be very careful not to do that. In this case, I have
double-clicked the cell and I can edit from within it. So, I currently have sum
of A3 to B4, that should be B3 to B4. So, I will click between the A and the
three, hit Backspace, type B3 to B4 and Enter, and I get the correct value.
You can also edit a formula on the formula bar, so I will undo the change that
I just did by pressing Control + Z. And I see the formula on the formula bar
here, so I will click on the formula bar, and then I'll use the left arrow key to
move back, and hit Backspace to, again, delete the A, type a B and Enter. If
 you find that moving within a formula using the arrow keys ends up adding
or deleting a cell references, then you can turn off that behavior by pressing
F2. That changes you to editing mode while you're editing that particular
cell. If you find that you can't edit within a cell, you can turn on that option.
To do that, go to the File menu, click Options, and then click Advanced. And
under editing options, which is here, make sure that allow editing directly in
cells is selected. After that option is checked, go ahead and click OK, and you
should be able to edit within the cells of a workbook. If you're editing a cell
and you decide that you want to stop editing it and not save any of the
changes that you've made, you can do so by pressing the Escape key. So for
example, if I double-click cell D3 and I decide that the formula is correct and
I don't want to make any changes, I can press Escape and the cell remains
selected but I'm no longer editing its contents. And as always, if you want to
undo a change, you can press Control + Z. And if you want to redo a change,
you can press Control + Y and reapply the last action that you had pressed
undo for.

QUIZ

If you type a formula into a cell and see the text of a formula rather than the
formula's result, what might have happened?

You misspelled the name of the function.

You used a semicolon instead of a comma to separate the formula's arguments.

You entered an incorrect value into one of the formula's arguments.

You put a space before the equal sign when you created the formula.

What do you call a statement entered into the cell of an Excel sheet that
calculates a value?

worksheet

formula

function

argument
 Which built-in Excel function can be used to add the values of multiple cells?

ADD

CALCULATE

SUM

AVERAGE

If you copy the formula =C6*$B$1 to the cell directly below its current cell,
what formula will appear in the target cell?

The formula will result in an error.

=C6*$B$1


=C7*$B$2


=C7*$B$1

What is the shortcut to paste from the clipboard?


Ctrl/Cmd + P

Ctrl/Cmd + X

Ctrl/Cmd + V

Ctrl/Cmd + C

What is the keyboard shortcut to select cells in a column?


Ctrl/Cmd + Shift

 Ctrl/Cmd + down arrow

Ctrl/Cmd + C

Ctrl/Cmd + Shift + down arrow

Which value is an absolute reference to column A and row 1?


$A1


A1


$A$1


A$1

Which symbol is an Excel comparison operator?


<>


!!


&


OR

Which arithmetic operator is used to indicate an exponent?


!


^


>


*

You can stop editing a cell and restore its previous contents by pressing
_____.

F2

Tab

F5

Esc

2- CREATING BASIC SUMMARY FUNCTIONS

Create a SUM or AVERAGE formula

- [Instructor] You will use lots of different functions in your workbooks, but
two of the most useful summary functions in Excel are sum and average.
They operate as you would expect, calculating the sum and average of a
series of worksheet values. But I'd like to go over each function in detail so
you have a greater appreciation of how they work. My sample file is 02 01
Sum Average, and you can find it in the Chapter 2 folder of the Exercise Files
collection. Here I have yearly revenue for three fiscal years, and also in a
separate column, special revenue. If I have a sum formula, there are a
number of ways that I can create it. So I'll start by creating a formula that
doesn't use the values in the worksheet and move on to using them. I'll click
in cell B5, type equal and then sum followed by a left parentheses. And let's
say that I want to add the numbers 51, 52 and 53. So to the right of the left
parentheses I'll type 51, then a comma, 52 comma, then 53, right
parentheses and enter. And I get a sum of 156, in this case dollars. I can also
create a sum formula by selecting a set of cells and using them as my inputs.
So I will click cell B5, type equal. I'm now replacing the formula I had in
before. So I have sum left parentheses and then I'll select B2 through B4,
right parentheses and enter. And I get a total of $4,845,000. And just looking
at the numbers above it, that does appear to be correct. If I only wanted to
add 2022 to 2024, that is skipping fiscal year 2023, I can do that as well. So
I'll click cell B5, type equal to edit the formula and then sum, left
parentheses. I'll click cell B2. Then hold down the control key and click cell
B4. And you can see that I have B2 comma B4, so that means I have two
separate ranges. Right parentheses and enter. And I get the total that you
see in cell B5. Average works the same way. And I'll just do one quick
example. In cell D5 I'll type equal, average, then select D2 through D4, right
parentheses and enter, and I get an average of $139,000. Now, you might
wonder what happens if I include non-numerical values such as my labels in
these formulas. Well, let's see what happens. I'll go over to cell B5, and
instead of the sum from B2 and B4, I'll type equal, sum and then select cells
B2 through B4. So I have my range, right parentheses and enter, and I get
$4,845,000. If I create the formula in a different way, so click B5, equal, sum,
left parentheses and then I'll include the labels. So I've got A2 through B4,
right parentheses and enter and I get the same value. So basically Excel
ignored the non-numerical values when it was calculating the sum. Now let's
see what happens for the average. So I'll click cell D5 equal and I'll get
average and then I'll select cells D1 through D4, right parentheses and enter.
And I get the same values before. So basically Excel ignores anything that
isn't a number. The final question that you might be wondering is what
happens if you select all non-numerical values? Well, let's see what that
looks like. So I'll click cell B5, type equal, sum and then I'll select cells A2
through A4. These contain text and not numbers. Right parentheses and
enter, and I get zero. That's the way zero is indicated in this accounting
format. And if I click cell B5 you can see the formula refers to only non-
numerical values. Average is a little bit different, because when you
calculate an average you calculate the number of values that have been
used so that you can find the sum and divide by the count. So click cell D5,
type equal, average and I'll select the same cells that I did for the sum. So I
have A2 to A4, right parentheses and enter and I get the divide by zero error.
And the reason that I get divide by zero is because when Excel tries to count
the numerical values that are part of the sum used to calculate the average,
it doesn't find any. It returns zero. And so we get a divide by zero error. The
sum and average functions let you summarize your data quickly and once
you understand how they work, you can apply that knowledge to other
functions available to you in Excel.

Create an AutoSum formula

- [Instructor] One of the most common types of formulas that you will create
in Excel is one that finds the sum of a column or row of numbers. Excel
enables you to create auto sum formulas, which are sum or other formulas
you create quickly with just a few keystrokes or clicks of the mouse. In this
movie I will show you how to create auto sum formulas and also how to avoid
mistakes that can easily happen in your workbooks. My sample file is 02 02
Auto Sum and you can find it in the chapter two folder of the Exercise Files
collection. This workbook contains quarterly sales data for three years, 2021,
2022 and 2023 and my goal is to find the total for each of these years. So I
clicked in cell B9. If I want to create an auto sum formula I can hold down the
alt key and press the equal sign. So alt equal and I get my auto sum formula.
Press enter and I get the total, and I will delete that formula. If I want to
create an auto sum formula at the same time in multiple cells, I can do that
by selecting the cells and then press alt equal again, and I get my sums.
Now, if you're watching closely you might've noticed that there was
definitely a mistake when I created my auto sum formulas. And to show you
what that is I'll press Ctrl Z to undo the formulas, then click back in cell B9
and then press alt equal again. And what you can see is that the auto sum
formula included the header that is in cell B4, so it added 2021 in addition to
the other numbers, which means that the total is wrong and I'll press escape.
So the question is how do you fix that? Well, you can fix it by making sure
that your headers are not numbers. So I will edit cell B4 so that it says FY
2021 for fiscal year instead of just the number. Then I will do the same for
2022 and for 2023. Now when I select cells B9 through D9, press alt equal, I
have all of the numbers adding up correctly. And as a check for myself, when
I created this dataset I made sure that the last digits in each of the columns
added up to zero. So two plus eight is 10, plus one is 9, plus 9 is 20. And that
means that I'll always get a zero at the end of the number. You won't be as
lucky with your own data sets, but I could do it here just to make sure that I
could illustrate the point. You're also able to create other functions than sum
using auto sum. So what I'll do to demonstrate is select cells B9 through D9.
Then I'll press delete to get rid of the existing formulas but leave the cells
selected. And then on the home tab of the ribbon I'll go to the editing group
and click the auto sum buttons down arrow, and I'll go ahead and click
average. And I get an average auto sum formula for each of the columns that
I have selected. Creating auto formulas quickly helps you summarize your
data efficiently and get on with the more demanding tasks facing you in your
workbook. Don't forget, you are not limited to just using the sum function.

Create formulas to count cells

- [Instructor] Sometimes, rather than finding the sum or average of values in
a range of cells, you'll just want to know how many cells are in that range,
how many contain a number, how many contain any value at all, and also
how many are blank. Excel has a number of functions to count the number of
cells in a range that contain a particular type of data. I'll demonstrate how to
perform each of these counts, using the available functions. My sample file is
0203 counting. And you can find it in the chapter two folder, of the exercise
files collection. In this workbook I have a worksheet that tracks complaint
rates for a hotel company with properties in the 10 cities that you see in
column A. However, when we look at column B, we'll see that I have two text
values for Nashville and Los Angeles, which show that there is no data
available. And then, there is nothing for Phoenix. That cell is just blank. If I
want to count the number of cells that contain the number in a particular
range then I will use the count function. I'll go over to cell E2 and click there,
type an equal sign. And the function I will use is COUNT, and the cells that I
want to count are from B2 through B11, so I'm selecting 10 cells. Then I'll
type right parentheses and enter. And I get seven. And I can tell from this
example that that's correct, because I have 10 cells total and then B5, B6,
and B7 do not contain numbers. If I want to count all the cells that contain
any value, then I can use count A. I'll click in E3, type an equal sign, and the
function is count A. Left parentheses, B2 through B11 again. Right
parentheses and enter. And I get nine. So the only cell that's being skipped is
cell B7, where there's no value at all. If you want to count the number of
blank cells then you can use the count blank function. So in E4, type equal,
count blank. And I'll select cells B2 through B11 again. Right parentheses
and enter. And I get one. And one interesting phenomenon is that you can
count the total of number of cells in a range by adding the count A, cells can
contain any value, and the result of the count blank formula, which indicates
the number of cells that are completely blank and don't contain any value.
(bright upbeat music plays) One thing to think about when you are looking at
your own data is whether you suspect that there might be some missing
values. If you think there might be, then you can use count blank to indicate
that cells contain no values at all. And you can also use count, to show the
number of cells that contain a number. If you find blank cells, or the counted
cells don't add up to what you think it should be, then you should definitely
look into your data and see why the results differ from what you expect.

Create formulas to summarize cells conditionally

- [Instructor] Most of the formulas you create in Excel will always perform the
same calculation. There will be times however when you only want to
perform calculations if the inputs meet one or more criteria. In this movie, I
will show you how to use conditional functions to perform specific
calculations when those criteria are met. My sample file is 02_04_Conditional
and you can find it in the chapter two folder of the exercise files collection. In
this workbook, I have sales goals and actual sales performance for a number
of representatives My goal is to calculate bonuses. So if a sales
representative meets their goal or exceeds it, then I want to give them a 5%
bonus. Otherwise, the bonus value is zero. I can do that by going to cell D2
and creating a formula for the first representative which I will copy down. So
in D2, I'll type equal and I will use the IF function. This checks whether a
condition is met and if so, applies one rule. If not, it applies another. So left
parenthesis and the logical test is whether their actual sales is greater than
or equal to the sales goal. So this representative's actual sales are in C2 and
I'm checking if that value is greater than or equal to their goal which is in B2.
Then a comma. If true, then I want that individual to receive a 5% bonus. So
that will be their actual sales, C2 multiplied by 0.05 then a comma. If not,
they will get a bonus of zero. So I'll type right parentheses and Enter and I
see the first salesperson in fact did not earn a bonus. Now I will click cell D2,
move my mouse pointer over the bottom right corner where there's a green
square. And when my mouse pointer changes to a black crosshair, I'll drag
down and I see the bonuses that have been achieved by those three
employees. If I want to apply multiple conditions, then I can use a different
function and that is the I-F-S or IFS function. So I'll leave D2 selected, type an
equal sign and I'm going to edit the formula. So it says, IFS, I-F-S, followed by
a left parentheses. IFS is configured slightly differently than IF so it's a good
idea to remember that the two are distinct. First, I'll create a logical test and
for this rule, if a salesperson achieves sales of 110% or more of their goal,
then I want to give them an 8% bonus. So I'm going to check if C2 is greater
than or equal to B2 multiplied by 1.1 or 110% then a comma. If it is, then I
will multiply their actual sales from C2 by 0.08, so that's 8% then a comma.
Now I want to do the same thing if they weren't over 110% but they did meet
or exceed their goal. So that will be if C2 is greater than or equal to B2 and
just the value itself then a comma. If so, it'll be C2 times 0.05 then a comma.
And finally, we tell Excel what to do if the condition was not met at all. And
because I'm using IFS rather than IF, I do have to put in the rule that Excel
will follow. So that will be if C2, the actual sales, is less than B2, their bonus
will be zero. So I'll type of zero and a right parentheses. Before I press Enter,
I want to go over this formula briefly so that we can understand fully what's
going on. I have created conditions that don't overlap and that take into
account every possible case. In business school, we call this being
collectively extensive, meaning it covers all possible cases and mutually
exclusive, meaning that there's no overlap. So with that in mind, I will press
Enter. And again, the first person did not receive a bonus. Now the one case
where a salesperson did achieve more than 10% or 110% of their sales goal
is here in row five. At a 5% bonus level, they received $12,250. Now, if I click
sell D2 and then double click the fill handle at the bottom right, I see that
that bonus goes up to $19,600. I also see that the sales representative in
row three also achieved more than 110%. So that would be about 181,000
and they had actual sales of 190,000, so they received an extra bonus as
well. You can perform other types of conditional calculations such as
counting the number of values that meet a specific criteria. So in cell C9,
let's say that I want to count the number of bonuses. For that I'll type equal
and then I will use COUNT IF. This counts the number of cells within a range
that meets a given condition. So I'll press Tab and the range is D2 through
D7, then a comma. And I want to count any values that are greater than or
equal to zero. Now for this function, I need to put the logical test or criteria in
double quotes. So I've started that and that will be greater than zero. Then a
double quote and a right parenthesis and enter and I see that I paid out
three bonuses. If I want to find the total of the bonuses, then I could do it the
easy way and just add up the bonuses from column D or for teaching
purposes, I can show you how to use SUM IF and that finds the sum of values
that meet a specific criteria. So in sell C10, I'll type equal and then SUM IF,
and the range that I'm calculating over is D2 through D7 then a comma.
Their criteria, which again will be in double quotes, is if the value's greater
than zero, so greater than zero double quote, and the sum range will be the
bonuses again. If I wanted to calculate the actual sales, then I would use
column C, but in this case I'm going to select D2 to D7 again, right
parenthesis and enter and I get total bonuses of $43,800. This movie has
provided an overview of the conditional functions that are available to you. I
encourage you to look in the Excel Help to find other conditional functions
that you can use to create rules to summarize data that meets specific
criteria.
Summarize data on the status bar
- [Instructor] Creating a formula in Excel takes just a few seconds, but there
might be times when you want to find the sum or average of a set of
numbers without saving the results in your worksheet. If that's the case, you
can select the cells to have Excel displays and summary operations on the
status bar at the bottom right of the workbook window. In this movie, I will
show you how to do that and also how to control which summaries appear.
My sample file is 02_05 StatusBar, and you can find it in the chapter two
folder of the exercise files collection. In this workbook, I have a worksheet
that has revenue data for some cities where a company has hotels. If I click a
single cell such as a C2 or C5, then I won't get a summary on the status bar.
However, if I select multiple cells such as C2 and C3, and I look down at the
status bar at the bottom right, then I see that I have three summaries that
appear as part of Excel's built-in configuration. So first I have the average, in
this case of the two values and then I have the count and then the sum. If I
want to select different cells then the summary will change. So instead of C2
to C3, I'll select C2 to C6. And you see the average calculation is still there.
The count has gone up to five, and the sum has increased as well. You can
also select cells that aren't connected. So if I select C2 and C3, and then hold
down the Control key and then select cells C6 and C7, so I have my results
for Chicago and Los Angeles for 2022 and 2023, then I can look back down at
the status bar and see that I have my average, my count, and my sum for
the four selected sales. If you want to change which summaries appear on
the status bar you can right click the status bar, and you get the customized
status bar popup menu that appears. If you look down toward the bottom,
you can see that I have the average count and sum that I'll have check
marks next to them, and that means that they appear on the status bar. If I
want to add something else, such as the maximum, I can click it and I'll also
click minimum, and then click away. And you can see that I've added
minimum, maximum to the values that I had there before. If I want to
remove something from the status bar, I can right click any place on the
status bar and then click to clear what I have displayed. So click to get rid of
minimum and click to get rid of maximum and then click back in the
workbook. Summarizing the contents of a few cells on the status bar helps
you answer your questions on your data without going to the trouble of
creating a worksheet formula. It's a great way to perform quick summaries
without altering your workbook or disrupting your workflow too much.

QUIZ

If you select a range of cells, where do summary calculations appear in the Excel program window?
Status bar

Nowhere. You must create a formula.

Formula bar

Name box

Which function counts the number of cells that contain numbers?

COUNT

COUNTN

COUNTIF

COUNTA

When using the COUNTIF function, what must be done to the criteria argument?

Make sure it is a number.

Use colons instead of commas.

Remove the first argument from the function.

Enclose it in double quotes.

Which function is available in the AutoSum drop-down menu?

DIVIDE

COUNT

TRANSPOSE

MULTIPLY

Why should you use column labels such as Y2019 rather than a number such as 2019 when creating an
AutoSum formula?

Y2019 is a cell reference that can be used in a formula

Excel expects text labels in AutoSum ranges, so using 2019 will result in a #REF! error

AutoSum will include number labels in its formula and lead to an incorrect result

Both labels will lead to the same result

When using the SUM function, how will cells be treated that do not contain numbers?

They will generate an error.

They will have a value of 1.

They will be treated as zero or null value.

They will cause the SUM function to automatically convert into a COUNT function.

3- MANAGING NAMED RANGES AND EXCEL TABLES

Summarize data using named ranges

- [Instructor] So far, all of the formulas I've shown you use cell references,
such as A3 or the range A2 to A5 to designate the cells that should be
summarized in the formula. Those references work just fine but it can make
it hard to understand exactly what data your formula is working with. You
can make your formulas easier to comprehend by assigning names to groups
of cells and using those names in your formulas. In this movie, I will show
you how to create these named ranges. My sample file is
03_01_NamedRanges and you can find it in the chapter three folder of the
Exercise Files collection. A named range is as the name implies, a shortcut
for referring to a group of cells. For example, here on the Cities worksheet,
let's say that I want to create a named range for all of my revenue cells, and
those go from C2 to C13. So I'll go ahead and select them. And I actually
have a number of options for defining a named range. After you've selected
the cells, the quickest is to go up to the name box at the top left corner,
that's just above the worksheet itself and below the ribbon, and then type
the name of the range. In this case, I will just call it Revenue and Enter. And
you can see that the name has been entered into the name box. Now I will
click away to release the selection and I'll go back up to the name box and
click its down arrow. And I see revenue is available as a name so I'll click it
and I have selected all the cells in the revenue named range. If I want to use
that named range in a formula, I can do that. So I'll go to E2, type equal and
that will be sum followed by left parentheses and then the name of the
range. So that will be revenue. And you can see our formula'll auto complete,
the named range is appearing as something that I can use in the formula. So
with revenue highlighted in blue, I'll press tab. I get the cells highlighted,
right parentheses and enter. And there I have it. I can also create a smaller
named range that only refers to the 2023 revenue. To do that, I will select
cells C10 through C13 and those are all the values for 2023. And then, like I
said, I have multiple options, so I will go to the formulas tab and then click in
the defined names group. Define name. The New Name dialog box appears
and I'll type in the name, I'll call it 2023 revenue. And then I'll leave the
scope as the workbook. That way I can refer to it on any worksheet. I could
also click the name of a specific worksheet, in which case Excel would only
allow me to use this named range on that workbook. I could still use the cells
but the name would not be available. However, I almost always leave things
at workbook scope, so I'll click away. I won't bother adding a comment
'cause I think the name is enough and the reference appears to be correct.
I'll click OK and I see that I've made an error. The syntax of the name is not
correct and you can see the rules here. The name has to start with a letter or
underscore. It can't include a space or character that isn't allowed and there
are a number of them and it doesn't conflict with an existing name in the
workbook. And that name could be another named range. It could be a
formula name, function name or it could also be the address of a cell. So I'll
go ahead and click OK and I will change the name to Revenue_2023. And
okay, great, that time it worked. So I'll click sell E5, type an equal sign and
that will be sum of rev. And I see that I have two options, Revenue and
Revenue_2023. So I'll highlight Revenue_2023, press tab, right parentheses,
and enter. And there I get that total. You can also create multiple named
ranges at one time if your worksheet is set up correctly. To demonstrate
that, I'll go to the multiple names worksheet. And you can see that I have a
set of property cities, Atlanta, Chicago, Portland and New York, and also
three years. And I can see that those cell values would not be usable as
range names because they don't start with a letter. However, Atlanta,
Chicago, Portland, and New York do start with letters and they don't conflict
with anything that's part of an Excel workbook. So I can use them. To create
multiple named ranges at one time, I will select cells A3 through D6. And
yes, I did select the text cells because those will provide the names of my
named ranges. Now on the formulas tab in the defined names group, I'll click
Create from Selection. The Create Names From dialog box appears and it has
correctly identified that the values I want to use are in the left column. So I'll
click OK. And now if I want to find, say the total for Atlanta, then I could type
equal, sum, left parentheses, then Atl, and Atlanta is available as a named
range that I can use in the formula. So I'll press tab, right parentheses, and
enter. And I get that total. I could do the same thing for Chicago, Portland
and New York. But you might've noticed that New York here in A6 contains a
space. So did Excel actually create a named range based on it? Well, let's
see. I'll go up to the defined names group and click Name Manager. And here
I see all of the names available to me and I see that for New York, Excel
added an underscore where the space was. So it's New_York instead of New,
space, York. So in fact, Excel did create the named range and it made the
adjustment needed too. I'll click close and continue working in my workbook.

Edit and delete named ranges

- [Instructor] Just like every other workbook element, you can edit and delete
named ranges after you create them. In Excel, you can work with your
named ranges using the Name Manager. I'll demonstrate using the sample
file named 03_02_EditNames, which you can find in the Chapter03 folder of
the Exercise Files collection. In this workbook, I have a worksheet that has
Revenue and Sales Count four months within a year. I calculate the average
sale, and we can see the formula when I click on cell E2, so I'll go ahead and
double-click. And I have the sum of Revenue, which is a named range, and
also the sum of Sales Count, which is another named range. However, when I
look over at the highlights, I can see that I forgot to add cell A9 to the
Revenue named range. Sales Count appears to be okay, but Revenue is not,
and that means that I should go in and edit the named range for Revenue so
that my formula will be correct. I'll press Escape to stop editing, and then on
the Formulas tab, I'll go to the Defined Names group and click Name
Manager. The top named range is Revenue, that's the one I want to work
with, so I will click Edit. The Edit Name dialogue box appears, and I can
change its name. In this case, I will leave it the same, but I could edit it. I can
also edit the Refers To area, and in this case, I have A2 to A8, and I want to
change that to A9 because that's the value that I had left out. The only thing
that I can't change here is the scope, so it is such a workbook and it will
remain that way. If you want to change the scope of a named range, you
need to delete it and recreate it. If you do that, I highly recommend copying
the value or text from the Refers To box. Just select it and press Ctrl + C, and
then when you delete this named range and create the new one, you can
just paste in the reference as before. In this case, I haven't copied, but I have
made the change that I want so I'll click Okay. And I'll click Close, and when I
do, I can see that A2 through A9 is Revenue, and B2 through B9 is Sales
Count. I'll press Escape to stop editing. If you want to delete a named range,
then you can go back to Name Manager. Again, it's on the Formulas tab of
the ribbon, and then click the named range that you want to get rid of and
click Delete. Excel will ask, "Are you sure?" So I'll click Okay. Then I'll click
Close, and I get a NAME? error in my average cell formula. And the reason is
that Sales Count is no longer a named range, so it's not usable as an
argument in the formula. I'll press Escape to stop editing and then press Ctrl
+ Z. The named range for Sales Count has been restored and my formula
once again works.

Summarize data using an Excel table

- [Instructor] A lot of the data that you keep in Excel can be stored in the list.
In this movie, I will show you how to enhance that structure by creating an
Excel table. My sample file is 03_03_ExcelTables and you can find it in the
chapter three folder of the exercise files collection. In this workbook, I have a
list of data that is broken down by quarter for the years of 2022 and 2023
and this structure is perfectly fine. I can use it to find totals of sales and I can
do other things to break it down by quarter or by year. However, that
becomes easier if I create an Excel table based on the values that I have
here. Before I show you the steps that you'll go through to do that, let me
describe why the data can be stored as a table. The first is that we have
columns of data, so we have year, quarter and sales. Also, we have no extra
data above or below the table so there are no values in column D and no
values in row 10. There could be, it's just that they would be included in the
table when we create it and we don't want that. Also, note that there are no
blank rows anywhere within the data. There can be blank cells, but if an
entire row is blank, then Excel will not include everything that you want in
the table. So with all that in mind, let's go ahead and create the table. Click
any cell in the range you want to define as a table and then on the home tab
in the styles group, click format as table, and from, here you can select a
format to apply when you create the table. I'll click the first one at the top
left, white, table style, light 1. So I'll click that and then the Create Table
dialog box appears. It asks where's the data for your table? And it has
correctly identified the range and also, the my table has headers checkbox is
checked, so everything's good. I'll click OK. And there I have my table and
it's currently highlighted, so I'll click away and I can see that I have the
formatting that I had before for my headers. And then also, I have rows that
alternate between dark and light fill. It makes it easier to read that data.
Also, we're on the table design contextual tab of the ribbon. If you don't see
it, then it's probably the case that you have a cell outside of the table
selected. For example, if I click in cell E3, then I don't see it. If I click
anywhere back in the table, then the table design contextual tab of the
ribbon appears. One of the first things that I do after I create a table is to
change the name of the table. On the table design contextual tab, you can
see that there's a table name box and we have Table1, which is the way that
Excel refers to this table internally. If you want, you can change the table
name and in fact, you should because looking at Table1 doesn't tell you
anything about the data. So I will highlight the value in the table name box
and I'll call it SalesTotal. And I'm calling it SalesTotal rather than just sales
because I already have a column named Sales and that is in cell C1, right?
So I'll go ahead and press enter and there is the name of the table. Other
things that you can do with your table are available in the table style options
group. I always leave the header row in place and you can turn off banded
rows if you want. And in fact, if you expect to see banding, that is alternating
light and dark colors, then this option might be unchecked. So I'll uncheck
that. You see that it's gone and when I click it again to check it, banded rows
come back. I don't typically do banded columns, although if your data calls
for it, you certainly can. Another thing that I'll often turn on if I have data of
this type, such as sales data, is to add a total row. So again, in table styles
options, I will check the total row box and here I have my total and that is
the sum. If I click that total row cell, which is C10, then I can see the formula,
which is a subtotal formula and then if I click the down arrow, I'm able to
select other functions. The top one is none, indicating that you do not want a
summary in the total row but you also have your count, count numbers, your
maximum and your minimum, and so on. In this case, I'll just leave it on sum.
You can also create a summary for values in other columns, not just
numbers. In this case, I have quarter, and even though yes, these are
numbers, it's not something you would add. So let's say that I want to count
the number of entries that I have. So I've clicked cell B10, which is in the
total row for quarter. Click this down arrow, and then I will click count
numbers and I get eight, and I have four quarters for two years. So that
checks out. If you want to hide your total row, you can uncheck the total row
box. If you bring it back by checking it again, then you get the calculation
that was last applied. Excel doesn't remember what you've done if you close
the workbook and then reopen it. But as long as you haven't done too much
work, it should come back just fine.

Refer to Excel table cells in formulas

- [Instructor] Excel tables provide a structure within your workbooks, that
you can use when you summarize your data. One major benefit of Excel
tables is that you can refer to table columns in your formulas, using the table
and column names, which make your formulas easier to interpret. In this
movie, I will show you how to include table references in your formulas. My
sample file is 0304 table references, and you can find it in the chapter three
folder of your exercise files collection. In this workbook, I have a single
worksheet and it contains a table of sales listed by quarter. And my goal is to
create a formula for total sales. Because I'm using an Excel table, the first
thing I'd like to know is what the name of the table is. So I'll click any cell in
the table. In this case, it happened to be B4, it could be any of them. And
then I will go to the table design contextual tab on the ribbon. And if I look all
the way to the left, I can see that in the table name box, the name of the
table is sales data. So that's what I will use in my formula. I'll click sell F2,
type equal, and I want you to take the sum. So I will type SUM, followed by a
left parentheses. And then I want to find the total of sales from this table. So
first I need the table name. So I'll start typing sales, and that is sales data.
It's highlighted, so I'll press tab. Then, I want to identify the sales column
within the table. To do that, I will type a left square bracket and I get a list of
the options that are available to me. In this case, I want to use the sales
column. So I'll type S, sales is highlighted, press tab. Now I can close out the
formula. So I will type a right square bracket to close out the column name,
and then a right parentheses to end up with a workable sum function or
formula. Press enter. And I get the sum of total sales. Now one great thing
about Excel tables is that if you add a row to them, then the total or other
formulas that you use will update to include the new data. To demonstrate
how that works, I'll click cell C9, which is the last cell at the bottom right of
the table. And press tab, so I get a new row. And then we'll start with data
from 2024. Press tab. Quarter number one, press tab again. And, I'll just say
that sales were 500,000, so it'll be easier to determine how the total sales
formula changed. So I've got 500,000, I'll press enter. And I see total sales
went up by 500,000, which is the value that I just added. Referring to Excel
tables in your formulas makes your formulas easier for you and your
colleagues to understand. I rarely store tabular data, like I have here in this
list, in any other format than an Excel table.

QUIZ

Where is the Name Manager located in Excel?

Excel options menu

Formulas tab

Home tab

Data tab

How do you create a new row at the bottom of an Excel table?

Click in the last table cell, then press Tab.

Click create row on the Table Tools Design tab.

Press Ctrl + N.

Click any cell in the last row, then press Enter.

Which choice is a valid way to name a range in Excel?

sales

1month

D1

this year

Which formula calculates the sum of the Sales column in the SalesData table?

=SUM(Sales.SalesData)

=SUM(Sales)

=SUM(SalesData[Sales])

=SUM([Sales].[SalesData])
When you add a Total row to an Excel table, what function is used to summarize numerical values in the
right-most column?

None. You must select a function.

AVERAGE

SUM

COUNT

4- MANAGING DATA IN EXCEL

Manage data using text functions

- [Instructor] When you work with text data in Excel, you can never be sure
what you're going to get. Happily, there are text functions you can use to
return the values you need from difficult data. In this movie, I will show you
how to use several built-in text functions to get the values you need from
logger strings. My sample file is 04_01_Text and you can find it in the
chapter four folder of your exercise files collection. In this workbook, I have a
list of part IDs that you can see here in column A and they're broken down
into category, model and variant. However, if we go back to the data, we can
see that the lengths are inconsistent. So we have the letter C for category
but we have a two-digit category in A2, a one-digit category in A3 and a
three-digit category in A4. So that means that our data is inconsistent.
Fortunately, we can return individual parts of the string to get the category,
model and variant. So I'll start by clicking in B2, type an equal sign. And now
I want the category. I will use the TEXTBEFORE function, which returns text
that is before delimiting character or characters. And a delimiter character
tells you either where to start or stop looking. So I have TEXTBEFORE. The
text we're going to work with is in cell A2 and the delimiter will be the letter
M. If we look back at A2, I have C35 as my category and everything before
the M represents that category. So double quotes and an M, and I'm using
double quotes because I'm treating text as text. Then a right parentheses
and tab and I have my category of C35. I'm going to leave model alone for a
minute and I'll go look at variant. We just used the TEXTBEFORE function.
Now we can use TEXTAFTER. So in D2 for the variant, I'll type equal
TEXTAFTER. We're in A2 again and we're looking for everything after the V,
and it is a capital V. So I'll double quotes, capital V, double quotes again,
close out parentheses and enter, and I get one. Now, note that this is
inconsistent with the category. What I want instead is to have the variant
start with V, so it'll be V1 instead of just one. So I will double click cell D2.
Then I'll click just to the right of the equal sign and then I will type again in
double quotes the letter V, capital V, double quotes, and then an ampersand
or & symbol. The & symbol in this context will concatenate or combine two
text strings together. So I have V and then everything after the V. So I'll
press enter and I get V1, which is exactly what I wanted. Now we turn to the
model and this is a little bit more difficult because it is in the middle of the
PartID. If we look at the PartID, we can see that we want the number, in this
case, 147. That is between the M and the V. And to remain consistent, we
also want it to start with an M when we get our formula result. So here's how
we do that. In cell C2, I'll type an equal sign and we're going to look for
TEXTBEFORE and this will be the TEXTBEFORE the V. So I have TEXTBEFORE
but now I want to return all the text after the M. So what I'm doing is I am
identifying all the text after the M and then all the text from that string that
occurs before the V. So I have TEXTBEFORE and then I want to do
TEXTAFTER. And the text this time is in cell A2, then a comma and I want
everything after the M, so the M's in double quotes. So I've closed out those
parentheses, then a comma and now I want everything from that string that
occurs before the V. So in double quotes, I'll type a capital V, right
parentheses and enter and I get the model of 147. If I want to include the
letter M, then I need to edit the formula and just to the right of the equal
sign, I'll type in double quotes an M, then the & symbol or ampersand and
enter, and I get model 147. Then I will select B2 through D2 and use the fill
handle at the bottom right corner of the selection to copy down and I get all
the values that I want for my category model and variant for each of my five
products.

Separate data using Flash Fill

- [Instructor] Sometimes the data you bring into Excel will all be put into one
cell or column and you want to separate individual values out. In this movie, I
will show you how to use a capability called flash fill to separate your data
and have Excel do most of the work for you. My sample file is
04_02_FlashFill, and you can find it in the chapter four folder of your exercise
files collection. In this workbook, I have a set of values in column A and their
names for five individuals. And let's say that I want to separate them into
columns so that I have first name and last name. I can start by clicking in cell
B2 and type in "Curtis," which is the first name for the first person. And then
I'll press enter. Now in cell B3, I'll start typing "Arthur." And you can see that
Excel recognized the pattern, or what it thinks is a pattern, and offered to
flash fill in the other values that correspond to Curtis from the first cell. In
this case, everything is correct, so I'll press enter and accept the values. You
can do the same thing for last name. So I'll click in cell C2, and then type
"Frye," which is the last name from the first column. And here I'll click cell
C2, and then go up to the "Home" tab's editing group. Click "fill," and then
click "Flash Fill." And Excel fills in the values that it identifies as the last
name based on the pattern that I supplied. So those are two different ways
to do flash fill. If you find that flash fill is not turned on, then it's possible that
it was turned off in the options dialogue box. To go there, click "File," and
then at the bottom left click "Options." Then on the "Advanced" page, make
sure that "Automatically Flash Fill" is checked. If it isn't, go ahead and check
it and click "Okay." In this case, it's already selected, so I'll just click "Cancel"
and go back to the workbook. Flash fill is a terrific way to manage data in
Excel. If your data is consistently structured, you can use flash fill to
separate values from one column into multiple columns.

Create data validation rules

- [Instructor] Your calculations are only as good as the data in your
worksheets. You can't do a lot to control the data you receive from outside
sources, but you can help your staff enter data correctly by creating data
validation rules. In this movie, I will show you how to create a data validation
role and apply it in Excel. My sample file is 0403 Validation, and you can find
it in the chapter four folder of the exercise files collection. I have the start of
a list of customers and their credit limits, and you can see that in cell C2, the
first customer has a credit limit of 3,200, and the second customer a credit
limit of 6,000. Let's say that I want to create a rule so that no customer can
have a credit limit, at least in this workbook, of more than $5,000. So, let's
see how to create that. I'll start by selecting cells C2 and C3, and then I'll go
to the data tab, and then over in the data tools group, I will click the data
validation button, I'll click the main part of it, and that opens the data
validation dialogue box. I'm starting out on the settings tab, and I have the
ability to create my validation criteria. Any value turns off validation and you
can put anything you want in the cell. In this case, I want to have values that
are less than or equal to 5,000. So I'll click the allow controls down arrow,
and I'll stay with whole numbers, and I could do data between and set a
minimum and a maximum, but in this case, I'll click the data controls down
arrow, and then select the bottom option, less than or equal to, and for the
maximum, I'll put in 5,000. I can go farther and set an input message and
also the type of error alert that the user sees if they input a value that
violates the validation rule. So I'll click the input message, and this shows the
message when the cell is selected, and it's a way to give guidance to your
user. So for the title, I'll say credit limit, and for the input message, I will say
limit may not exceed $5,000. Okay. Now I will set the alert type by going to
the error alert tab and the show error alert after invalid data check box is
selected. That's good, and now I can select the type of error box that I want
to display. So I have three styles that I can choose from, and those are stop,
warning, and information. Stop prevents a user from entering in a value that
violates the rule, warning lets them know that they violated the rule and
gives them a chance to correct it, and information just says, hey, this goes
against the rule but we're not going to do anything to try to make you
change it. So I will stay with stop in this case. That's the most commonly
used. Then for the title, I'll say Credit Limit Exceeded, and for the error
message, I'll type credit limit may not be more than $5,000. Now with
everything in place, I can click okay, and I have the information box where
the credit limit may not exceed $5,000. You'll also notice to the left that I
have an error indicator showing that the value of the cell is invalid or
missing. However, if I click away, then all I get is this green flag, which does
indicate an error, but not what type of error. If you want to visually indicate
that there is a data validation rule being broken, you can go back to the data
tab, and then this time click the data validation button's down arrow, and
click the second option which is circle invalid data, and here you get a much
more clear indication that the value violates the rule, and if you see that, you
can click the cell, and you'll see the credit limit may not exceed $5,000. If
you want to get rid of the circle, you can go back up to the data validation
button, click this down arrow, and click the final option, clear validation
circles. One of the reasons that I used an Excel table to store this data is so I
can show you what happens when you create a new table row. So I'm
currently in cell C3 which is the last cell in the table. I'll press tab, and I will
click sell C4, and you can see that because I'm in a table, the data validation
rule was copied down. So I'll click in cell A4, and I'll have C22843 which
would be the next customer, then a tab, and then I'll just call it Blue Inc.,
then a tab, and I get my information message again, and this time I'll say the
credit limit is $7,500, and press enter, and when I do, I see a stop dialogue
box indicating the credit limit has been exceeded. I can either click retry to
continue editing the cell, or click cancel to stop. In this case, I will click
cancel, and I did not enter in a value. If I want to edit or delete existing data
validation rules, then I can click any cell that contains an example of the rule
that I want to get rid of or edit. Then, again, on the data tab under data tools,
I'll click the body of the data validation button. Then in the data validation
dialogue box, if necessary, click settings, and the tab that you see depends
upon the last tab that you were working with, and here I can check the apply
these changes to all other cells with the same settings, and you can see that
those are selected in the background, and then rather than just go up and
click allow and any value, which would only change the validation, it wouldn't
change the input message or the error alert, I'll click clear all. So I click clear
all, and we now no longer have an input message or an error alert. I'll click
okay, and the data validation rule has been removed.

Restrict data entry using lists

- [Instructor] Data validation rules help limit the data your users can enter
into a cell but they can be frustrating if the rules aren't clear. One of the best
ways to ensure that users enter one of a set number of options is to define a
list of acceptable values for a cell. In this movie, I will show you how to
create a data validation rule that requires a user to select from a list. My
sample file is 04_04_ValidList, and you can find it in the chapter four folder of
the Exercise Files collection. Over on the left, I have the start of an Excel
table that has individuals putting in order IDs and then the category and the
total. Now, the order ID and the total I'm not worried about. Those we can fix
afterwards. However, categories can require close and careful spelling and
the possibility for errors is very high. So what I've done over in column E is to
create a list of acceptable categories. So I want these to be the only ones
that my users can enter in. So I will start in cell B2. So I'll click there and I
want to create a data validation rule. So I'll go to the data tab of the ribbon
and then I'll click the body of the data validation button. So I'll click there and
the data validation dialog box appears and I'll drag it to the left so that I can
see my category list. On the settings tab, I will click the allow controls down
arrow. And from the items that are available, I'll click list. Notice that I have a
new checkbox here that says in the cell dropdown and that will be a down
arrow that appears at the right of a cell. You can also have the data
validation rule ignore blank values. In this case, I do not want that to happen.
I want everything to have a category or not be entered. So I will clear the
ignore blank checkbox. Now I need to identify the source of my values. To do
that, I will click the contract dialog button at the right of the source control,
and then I will select sales E2 through E6. Click the expand dialog control.
And I don't want to make any other changes. I won't have an input message
or an error alert, so I'll just go ahead and click OK. And you can see that
when cell B2 is selected that I have a down arrow that appears. And I also
get an error indicator because the cell is currently blank and that is not
allowed under the rule. So I'll click the down arrow and I'll select from the list
that appears, Landscape Lighting and the total will be 100. And then I'll press
tab to create a new row in my table. And one nice thing about using an Excel
table is that the data validation rule is copied down to the next cell in column
B. So I'll type P002, then tab. And you can see that I have again, a blank
value but also my down arrow. So I'll click that and this will be solar panels.
And let's say that the total is $2,500. Now for the third row, let's assume that
I want to add another category. First, I will show you a way that it doesn't
work and then a way that it does. So in cell A4, I'll type P003, then a tab. But
now let's say that I have a new category of products, wind harvesters. So I'll
go over to cell E7 and then type wind harvester and enter. Now when I go
back to cell B4, hopefully I'll see wind harvester at the bottom of the
categories. But when I click the down arrow, it doesn't appear and that's
because I have not updated the definition for this particular data validation
list. So with cell B4 selected, and actually it could be any of the cells in
column B except for the header I'll go back up to the data validation button
and click it. And here I can change the source. So what I will do is edit from
E6 to E7. So I'll press backspace and type a seven. And I do want to apply
these changes to all other cells with the same settings. So I'll check that box,
everything's selected and click OK. Now when I click cell B4 and click its
down arrow, I get Wind Harvester at the bottom. And let's say that the price
is $2,000 and I don't want to add another row to the table. So I'll just press
enter. Data validation lists are powerful tools that help prevent spelling
errors and limit your users' data entry to a list of approved values so you can
get the data that you expect.

QUIZ

Which data validation option will create a drop-down menu within a cell that contains a group of values
from which to choose?

Any value

Whole number

List

Text length

Which tab in the Data Validation dialog box contains the validation criteria?

Input Message

Error Alert

Create Validation Rule

Settings

5- AUDITING WORKSHEET FORMULAS

Trace formula precedents and dependents

- [Instructor] Excel includes a number of very useful tools that you can use to
ensure your formulas include the proper values. One of those tools gives you
the ability to determine which cells are used in which worksheet formulas. In
this movie, I will show you how to use tracer arrows to identify how cells are
used in your formulas. My sample file is 05_01_Tracing, and you can find it in
the chapter five folder of the exercise files collection. I'm on the summary
worksheet, and here I have a status or number of inquiries broken down by
month. And then over on the right, I have formulas that give me information
using those values. What I want to do is determine which cells are used in
which formulas and also in which direction, whether it's providing a value or
taking a value. I'll start by clicking cell D3 and if I read the formula, it shows
me that I'm taking the sum of cells from B4 to B15. So, the sum of inquiries
as the label indicates. If it's not that obvious what's happening, you can click
the cell with the formula that you want to identify. Go to the Formulas tab of
the ribbon, and then in the formula auditing group, click Trace Precedence. A
precedent is something that provides a value to something else. And you can
see here that I have a bright outline around the cells B14 to B15, and an
arrow that starts with a dot in the range, and then the arrowhead is in the
cell where the values are used. So, I have that arrow here. If I'd like to
identify if some of inquiries is used in any other formulas on this worksheet,
then I can click cell D3, which for me was already selected, then go back up
to the ribbon, and in the same group, click Trace Dependence. And this tells
me which other cells use the value that I've identified. So, the value in D3 is
used in two other places on this worksheet, Projected Revenue, and then
Cost to Replace. You can do the same thing if a value is brought in from
another worksheet or even another workbook. In this case, I happen to know
that the formula in D9 brings in a value from the acquisition cost worksheet.
So here, I want to trace dependence, so I'll click that. And when I do, I get an
icon here that indicates that a value is being brought in from another
worksheet. If I double-click that dotted line, and you can see that my mouse
pointer changes to an upward pointing arrow when it does, I get the Go To
dialogue box and I have go to. I have selected to highlight the link I want to
identify, click OK, and it takes me to the cell that is used in my formula. And
when I go back to summary, I see that everything is still in place. When
you're done with your arrows, you can go back up to the ribbon, and then
either click remove arrows to remove all of them at one time, or click the
down arrow where you get the options to remove all arrows, just your
precedents or just your dependents. In this case, I will remove them all, so I
click Remove Arrows and I'm back to my original worksheet.

Evaluate Excel formulas step by step

- [Instructor] Sometimes when you look at a worksheet, you'll realize that a
formula is returning an incorrect value. Much of the time, you will be able to
find the solution yourself, but if you can't, you can use the evaluate formula
capability within Excel to step through the calculation one step at a time, and
to identify the problem that way. I will demonstrate that process using the
0502 evaluating workbook. You can find that in the chapter five folder of the
Exercise Files collection. In this workbook, I have sales revenue for a month.
Then, I have sales count below that in B4 and then monthly profit. And the
formula in B7 is supposed to calculate average profit per sale. So, here, I
have $705 and 88 cents, which if I compare it to monthly profit, I can see
that this is almost certainly an incorrect value. If I multiply a four and a
seven, then I'll get a 28 at the start of the number and my monthly profit is
nothing like 28. So, that tells me visually that I definitely have done
something wrong. And if we go up to the formula bar, we can see in fact that
I am dividing the sales revenue by sales count instead of monthly profit, but
let's say that it's a more complicated formula and I can't identify my error.
What I can do is make sure that I have selected cell B7, in this case with the
formula that I want to evaluate. Then, go to the formulas tab on the ribbon
and in the formula auditing group, click evaluate formula. The evaluate
formula dialogue box will appear. Now, one thing to note, if you are on a
Macintosh, you would not see evaluate formula. Unfortunately, this capability
is only available in the Windows version of Excel, but continuing on, in the
evaluate formula dialogue box I have the formula as it appears in the cell,
and now, I can click evaluate, and that does the first step of my calculation.
So, that is a value of 300,000, and if I drag the dialogue to the right, I can
see that is the value in B3. Then evaluate again to move in one more, and
that's 425. So, I have sales count and I can see that I am in fact dividing the
wrong value. So, I'll click evaluate again. It takes me to the end and I can
either restart, or in this case, I will close. So, now, that I know what the
problem is I can edit cell B7, so I'll type equal, and I want to divide B5 by B4,
press enter, and I get an average profit for sale of $160. Evaluating Excel
formulas step-by-step is a powerful technique that you can use to verify a
formula produces the correct result. You can also use formula evaluation to
understand how a formula's logic works. If you encounter a formula that uses
a function you haven't used before, take the time to look it up in the Excel
help files and then step through the formula, so you'll have a better idea of
what's going on.

Identify and trace errors

- [Instructor] Excel does its best to help you avoid and fix formula errors. One
of the ways it does that is to display indicators and messages that flag and
describe what it thinks might be a problem. In this movie, I will show you
how to interact and manage formula error indicators. My sample file is 05 03
indicators and you can find it in the chapter five folder of the exercise files
collection. In this workbook I have a revenue summary worksheet and you
can see in cell B7 that I have a divide by zero error. It's also indicated by a
green flag or indicator at the top left corner, and if I click the cell I see that
the formula is B3 divided by B4 so average per sale, and I notice that I have
no value in cell B4 and that is interpreted as zero so that's why I have the
error. So that would be easy enough to fix. I can just put my sales count into
B4 and the error will go away. However, if you can't see an obvious fix you
can move your mouse pointer over the indicator here and you get more of an
explanation. The text says the formula or function used is dividing by zero or
empty cells, so that's a good explanation. You can also click the indicator
and from the shortcut menu you can select a number of options including
getting help, showing calculation steps, ignoring it, editing in the formula bar
or using error checking options. What you do next, it depends on your
worksheet and the type of error. However, what I'd like to focus on now is
how to change your error checking options. And rather than do it from here, I
will show you how to do it from the program interface. So I will press the
Escape key to get rid of the shortcut menu. Then I will go to the File tab and
click Options. Then in the Excel options dialogue box, I'll click Formulas and
then here at the bottom you'll see we have error checking and error
checking rules. In the error checking section, you have enable background
error checking and you can either check or uncheck that box. The only time I
turn off background error checking and the flags is if I'm giving a
presentation and I know that some of my formulas contain errors or at least
what Excel thinks are errors, but are actually correct. In that case, I will turn
them off just to avoid any questions about what's going on in the worksheet.
You can also change the color of an error indicator by clicking this control
here and you can select any of the colors that are displayed there. However,
I prefer to leave it as green because if I do display the error indicators then
everyone will know what they are and also I don't run the risk of having
similar colors to other indicators such as red or yellow. In the section below,
we have error checking rules and you see that there are several different
type of errors that Excel will indicate. The only one of these rules that I turn
off on occasion is inconsistent calculated column formula in tables. This error
will often happen if you have no formula in the first cell or first row of a table
column and then you have formulas below that. So I will often turn off
inconsistent calculated column formula but you can leave it on and just
understand that that's what's happening. Of the rules that are checked by
default the only one that I will occasionally turn off is inconsistent calculated
column formula in tables and what will happen there is that the first row in a
column might have a value and below that there will be formulas. So that
would be an inconsistent calculated column formula and would display an
error. So I will often turn that one off by unchecking it. The two error
checking rules that are turned off that is are unchecked are formulas which
omit cells in a region and formulas referring to empty cells. I will often turn
on formulas referring to empty cells even though I get another type of an
error such as a divide by zero. When you're done with your error checking
rules you can click OK. In this case, I don't want to go through with any of my
changes, so I'll click Cancel and that takes me back to my worksheet and
now I can go to B4, type in my sales count. Let's say there were 450 sales
and I get my average value per sale for the year of the data that I have in my
workbook.

Manage Excel formula error indicators

- [Instructor] Elsewhere in this course I described how you can use tracer
errors to indicate cells that either provide a value or use value from other
cells. In this movie, I'll show you how to use similar errors to help with your
error checking in a worksheet. My sample file is "05_04_identifying" and you
can find it in the chapter five folder of the "Exercise Files" collection. In this
workbook, I have a single worksheet and I can see that in cell "B7" I have an
error. If I look at the formula, I see that I'm trying to divide sales revenue by
a blank cell, which would be interpreted as zero, and that's why I get my
divide by zero error. However, let's say that it's actually a more complicated
formula and I need to use a tool to identify what's going wrong. To do that, I
can click the cell that contains the error, in this case "B7", go up to the
formulas tab, and then in the "formula auditing" group, I'll click the "error
checking" buttons down arrow. And I have two options, either "error
checking" or "trace error". I'd like to focus on "trace error", so I'll click that,
and I can see that I have divide by zero and I have the first cell use in the
formula and the second cell, which of course is blank. So what that means is
that I can click cell "B4", since that is obviously where the error occurs, type
in a value such as 450 and "enter", and I get my result. One thing to note is
that the arrows are still there, so what I will do is go up to the "formula
auditing" group again and click "remove arrows", and the arrows are
removed and I can continue working in my workbook.

QUIZ

Which option in the Formula Auditing group allows you to step through a formula, one calculation at a
time?
Evaluate Formula

Show Formula

Error Checking

Watch Window

In formula auditing, a _____ cell provides values while a dependent cell receives values.

previous

requirement

precedent

dominant

How does Excel indicate that a cell contains a potential formula error?

The contents of the cell disappear.

A red exclamation point appears in the upper right corner of the cell.

A green triangle appears in the upper left corner of the cell.

The cell contains a red border.

CONCLUSION

Further resources
- [Instructor] Thanks again for your interest in the course. Before I go, I would
like to point out three resources that you can use to learn more about
formulas and functions in Excel. The first is the official Microsoft Support site,
which is support.office.com. You can find information about Excel and the
other office programs there. The first book I'd like to recommend is Microsoft
Excel step-by-step for Office 2021 and Microsoft 365. I co-authored this book
with Joan Lambert. It is a comprehensive introduction that gives you
information about formulas, and functions, and more. And a second book I'd
like to recommend is Microsoft Excel Pivot Table Data Crunching, again, for
Office 2021 and Microsoft 365. This was written by Bill Gellan. It is a terrific
book that will help you take the next step in analyzing your data in Excel.
Thanks again and good luck.