Advanced Fluid Dynamics and Content

Heat Transfer: Convection and • Convection

– Overview of convection
Radiation – Governing equations
– Solutions of the equations: flat plate
• Boundary layer analysis
• Integral method
• Dimensionless form and analytical solutions
(DEN 338 / 409) • Reynolds analogy
– Convection in different conditions
• Pipe flow
• Free flow
– Introduction of the turbulent flow and heat transfer
Dr. Dongsheng Wen – Boiling heat transfer
• Radiation
– Radiation basics
Room Eng. 225, Email: d.wen@qmul.ac.uk – Two-body, three-body radiative heat transfer
– Gaseous radiation
– Solar energy
Queen Mary University of London

Teaching methods Reference books

• A free online textbook from MIT:
• Lectures ( slides, powerpoint files and http://web.mit.edu/lienhard/www/ahtt.html
blackboard writing) • Kays,W. M and Crawford, M.E. Convective
heat and mass transfer. McGraw-Hill
• Self-reading (books + other reading International Editions
materials given) • Bejan, A. Convection heat transfer. Wiley-
• Tutorials (examples and previous exam interscience publication
questions) • Holman, J P. Heat Transfer , McGraw-Hill
International Editions
 Examples of convections
What is convection?
• Background
– Thermodynamics: Equilibrium vs non-equilibrium
– Dynamics of fluids:
– Heat transfer
• Conduction
– Random molecular motion, vibration of atoms: gas/solid/liquid
– Governing equations q′x′ = − kdT / dx
• Fourier’s law: 1d 2d steady transient
• Convection
– Macroscopic motions, molecular velocity / macroscopic velocity
– Governing equations
• Nervier –stokes (NS) equation
q′′ = h(Ts − Tref )
• Newton’s law of cooling
• Radiation
– Electromagnetic wave:
– Governing equations q′′ = εσT 4
• Stephan Boltzmann equation: black body, grey body

Affecting factors of the convective Convective tree In circular tube

Internal flow
flow and heat transfer Forced
In other shapes

convection Over flat surfaces

• Fluids property External flow
– Thermal conductivity, viscosity, heat capacity, density Over tubes
… Without phase Confined
Natural Impingement
• Flow conditions change
convection
convection
– Forced convection, natural convection Big space
heat transfer
Convective

– Laminar flow, turbulent flow Mixed convection

– Single phase flow, multiphase flow / phase change convection
Pool boiling
• Geometry constraints Boiling heat
– External flow With phase
transfer
Flow boiling
– Internal flow change
External condensation
Condensation
heat transfer
In-tube condensation
 Order of magnitudes of h How to get h
• Mathematical method
– Derivation of partial differential equations (PDEs)
• Solve the PDEs
– Analytical solutions
– Integration method
– Numerical solutions
– Similarity between flow and heat transfer
• Reynolds analogy
• Experimental method
– Dimensional analysis
– Experiments and correlations of flow and heat transfer

Mass conservation
Convection transfer equations M: mass flow rate [kg/s] M x = ρ udy
• Key points: At each point in the fluid, conservation of mass, ∂M x
At position x+dx M x + dx = M x + dx
energy and momentum must be satisfied. ∂x
Mass gain in x direction at unit time: ∂Mx
Mx + dx
∂x
∂M x ∂ ( ρu )
M x −M x + dx =− dx = − dxdy
∂x ∂x
Mass gain in y direction at unit time:
∂M y ∂ ( ρv) My =ρvdx
• Consider steady, 2-D flow of a viscous, incompressible Newtonian M y − M y + dy = − dy = − dxdy
∂y ∂y
fluid τ = η ∂u with constant properties (ρ、cp、λ、η).
∂y ∂ ( ρ dxdy ) ∂ρ
Mass change rate = dxdy
∂t ∂t
• Four unknowns: u、v, T, p
∂ ( ρu ) ∂ ( ρv ) ∂ρ
• Four equations are needed: mass, momentum (x, y) and energy Mass conservation − ∂ x dxdy − ∂ y dxdy = ∂ t dxdy
∂ρ ∂ ( ρu ) ∂ ( ρv ) ∂u ∂v
+ + =0 For incompressible flow + =0
∂t ∂x ∂ y ∂x ∂y
 Momentum conservation Energy conservation (1)
Newton’s second law: F=ma • First law of thermodynamics
Volumetric force: gravity, centrifugal, electr-
magnetic force Q = ∆E + W

Q — Q cnd + Q cov + Q int

Viscosity force: Newtonian shear force
∆ E — ∆ U th + ∆ U K
∂u ∂u ∂u ∂p ∂ 2u ∂ 2u W — Work through gravity, surface
ρ（ + u + v ) = Fx − + µ ( 2 + 2 ) tension etc
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂x ∂y
∂v ∂v ∂v ∂p ∂ 2v ∂ 2v (1)— inertial force（ma） Assumptions:
ρ（ + u + v ) = Fy − + µ ( 2 + 2 ) (2) —volumetric force
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x ∂y 1) There is no work output by the fluids W＝0
(3) — pressure gradient
(1) (2) (3) (4) (4) — viscosity force 2) Non-compressible flow
3) No chemical reaction, internal heat source is zero
Qint=0
Fx = ρg x ; Fy = ρg y
volumetric force is gravity only 4) Velocity is relatively slow, the kinetic energy is negligible ∆UK=0

Four equations of convective heat transfer

Energy conservation (2) ∂u ∂v
+ =0
• Heat by conduction ∂ 2T ∂ 2T ∂x ∂y
Q cnd = k dxdy ＋k dxdy ∂u ∂u ∂u ∂p ∂ 2u ∂ 2u
∂x 2 ∂y 2 ρ（ + u + v ) = Fx − + µ ( 2 + 2 )
• Heat by convection, x ∂t ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂x ∂y
direction
⎛ ∂Q" ⎞ ∂Q" ∂(uT ) ∂v ∂v ∂v ∂p ∂ 2v ∂ 2v
Qx" − Qx"+dx = Qx" − ⎜⎜ Qx" + x dx ⎟⎟ = − x dx = − ρc p dxdy ρ（ + u + v ) = Fy − + µ ( 2 + 2 )
⎝ ∂x ⎠ ∂x ∂x ∂t ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x ∂y
• Heat by convection, y ⎛ ∂T ∂T ∂T ⎞ ⎛ ∂ 2T ∂ 2T ⎞
ρ c p ⎜⎜ +u +v ⎟⎟ = k ⎜⎜ 2 + ⎟
direction ⎛
Q"y − Q"y + dy = Q"y − ⎜ Q"y +
∂Q"y ⎞
dy ⎟ = −
∂Q"y
dy = − ρc p
∂(vT )
dydx ⎝ ∂t ∂x ∂y ⎠ ⎝ ∂x ∂ y 2 ⎟⎠
⎜ ∂y ⎟ ∂y ∂y
⎝ ⎠ Note: 1) assumptions: 2D, constant property, non-compressible, no internal
∂T heat source, Newtonian fluids
• Internal energy change ∆U = ρc p dxdy
∂t 2) Applicable to both laminar and turbulent flow
3) Four equations with four unknowns, the heat transfer coefficient can
• Energy conservation k ⎡ ∂ 2T ∂ 2T ⎤ ∂T ∂T ∂T
⎢ 2＋ 2⎥=u +v + be calculated once the temperature field is got.
ρ c p ⎣ ∂x ∂y ⎦ ∂x ∂y ∂t 4) The flow and temperature fields are coupled.
 Simplication and extension of Velocity Boundary Layers: external flow
PDEs
• Boundary layer equations
• 3-D equations
For fluid flow over a flat plate:
• Cylindrical coordinate – As y→∞: where u is velocity in u = u ∞
x-direction
• Spherical coordinate – As y→0: (non-slip condition)
u = 0

– The boundary layer thickness is defined as the value at which:

– The boundary layer thickness δ varies with x u ( y ) = 0 . 99 u ∞
• Shear Stress ∂u
Dynamic viscosity τ s = µ
∂y y=0

τs
C =
• Local friction coefficient f
⎛u2 ⎞
ρ ⎜⎜ ∞ ⎟⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠

Thermal boundary layer: external flow Thermal boundary layer: external flow

Heat Flux
• Heat flux analogous to shear stress in velocity
boundary layer
Ts ≠ T∞ • Heat flux proportional to the temperature gradient at
the surface, ∂T
AND q′s′ = −k f
since u(y=0) =0, energy transfer to/from fluid occurs ∂y y =0
by conduction only!
• A hot or cold plate alters the temperature distribution in
the air • Using Newton’s law of cooling:
T ( y ) = Ts q′′ = h(Ts − T∞ )
– As y→∞:
– As y→0: T ( y ) = T∞
– The thermal boundary layer thickness is defined as the value at • While δ increases with increasing x, temperature
which: gradients in the boundary layer must decrease with − k f ∂T / ∂y y =0
Ts − T ( y )
= 0.99 increasing x. h=
Ts − T∞ Ts − T∞
• Accordingly, q′s′ and h decrease with increasing x.
– The thermal boundary layer thickness, δt also varies (increases)
with x
 Boundary Layer Approximations (1) Boundary Layer Approximations (2)
Conservation of mass ∂ (ρ u ) ∂ (ρ v ) ∂u ∂v
Velocity boundary layer + = 0 ⇒ ρ + ρ = 0
∂u ∂u ∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
u >> v ; and >> , >> , >> (continuity):
∂y ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂u ∂v
⇒ + = 0
∂x ∂y
Thermal boundary layer ⎡ ∂u ∂u ⎤
x-momentum equation: 0 ⎢ >>
∂T
>>
∂T ⎣ ∂ y ∂ x ⎥⎦ 0
∂y ∂x ⎛ ∂u ∂u ⎞ ∂P ⎛∂ u ∂ u⎞
2 2
ρ⎜u +v ⎟=− + µ ⎜⎜ 2 + ⎟ + " Body forces"
⎝ ∂x ∂y ⎠ ∂x ⎝ ∂x ∂ y 2 ⎟⎠
The magnitude of variables in the thermal µ
⇒ ∂u ∂u 1 ∂P ∂ 2u where : ν =
u + v = − + ν ρ
boundary layer ∂x ∂y ρ ∂x ∂y 2

variables x y u v t y-momentum equation:

0 0 0 0 0
(main flow direction) ⎛ ∂v ∂v ⎞ ∂P ⎛ ∂ 2v ∂ 2v ⎞
ρ⎜u +v ⎟ = − + µ ⎜⎜ + ⎟ + " Body forces"
⎟
magnitude 1 1 1 ⎝ ∂x ∂y ⎠ ∂y ⎝ ∂x
2
∂y 2 ⎠
δ δ
∂P
So: = 0
∂y

Boundary Layer Approximations (3)

⎛ ∂ 2T ∂ 2T
0
⎞
Simplified boundary layer equation
⎛ ∂T ∂T ⎞
Energy equation: ρc p ⎜ u +v ⎟ = k ⎜⎜ 2 + ⎟+
⎟
⎝ ∂x ∂y ⎠ ⎝ ∂x ∂y 2 ⎠
∂u ∂v 0 0 0 0
Why? >>
∂y ∂x ⎧⎪ ⎛ ∂ u ∂ v ⎞ 2
µ ⎨⎜
⎡ ⎛ ∂ u ⎞ 2 ⎛ ∂ v ⎞ 2 ⎤ ⎫⎪
∂u ∂v
Why?
∂T
>>
∂T + ⎟ + 2 ⎢⎜
⎪⎩ ⎝ ∂ y ∂ x ⎠ ⎣⎢ ⎝
⎟ + ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ ⎬ + q&
∂x ⎠ ⎝ ∂ y ⎠ ⎦⎥ ⎪⎭ + =0
∂y ∂x
2
∂x ∂y
⇒ ∂T ∂T ∂ 2T ν ⎛ ∂u ⎞ µ
u +v =α + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ν =
ρ
∂x ∂y ∂y 2 cp ⎝ ∂y ⎠ ∂u ∂u ∂ 2u
NOTE: ν ⎛ ∂u ⎞
2
u +v =ν 2
c p
⎜ ⎟
⎝ ∂y ⎠
is usually small unless u is high
∂x ∂y ∂y
(as in sonic flows) or ν is high (such as flow of oils).
Result is 4 equations and 4 unknowns: ∂T ∂T ∂ 2T
Unknowns are: u, v, P, and T u +v =α 2
∂x ∂y ∂y
Since: ∂P ∂P dP
= 0 then P = f (x) only, and =
∂y ∂x dx
P(x) can be obtained from free stream flow.
Extension of PDEs in Cartesian co-ordinates Extension of PDEs in cylindrical co-ordinates