Apply Python for Machine Learning

At the end of the module the learner will be able to:

1. Prepare python environment
2. Write basic python program
3. Apply object-driven in python

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Learning outcome 1: Prepare python environment

Python programming overview

✔ Definition

 What is Python
Python is a general-purpose interpreted, interactive, object-oriented and high-level scripting
programming language .
Python is interpreted, meaning the code is executed line by line, making it faster for development.
Python is a general-purpose language, meaning it can be used to create a variety of different
applications. Python has libraries for data loading, visualization, statistics, natural language
processing, image processing, and more. One of the main advantages of using Python is the ability
to interact directly with the code, using a terminal or other tools like the Jupyter Notebook. Widely
used among the data science community.
Python is a high-level, interpreted programming language known for its simplicity and
readability. It was created by Guido van Rossum and released in 1991. Python's design
philosophy emphasizes code readability, and it allows programmers to express concepts in
fewer lines of code compared to other languages.

 What does scripting language mean?

A scripting language is a programming language designed for integrating and communication with
other programming language. Some of the most widely used scripting languages are java Script,
VBScript, PHP, Perl, Python, Ruby etc
Scripting language is normally used in conjunction with another programming language like
HTML or Java, C++

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  What is a Machine Learning?
Machine learning is a field of artificial intelligence (AI) that focuses on building algorithms that
can learn from data and improve their performance on specific tasks over time. This learning
process involves extracting knowledge (patterns) from data, and using that knowledge to make
predictions or decisions. Machine learning is about extracting knowledge from data.
In other words, ML algorithms have the ability to automatically analyze and interpret data,
recognize patterns, and make informed predictions or take actions based on the patterns they
discover.
ML algorithms are designed to identify and learn patterns or relationships within data, and they
use this knowledge to make accurate predictions or decisions on new, unseen data.

✔ Benefits (Advantages) of Python Programming Language

Let's look at some prominent Python advantages that make it easy for developers to work with.

1. Easy to Read and Learn

Python is a simple language to read and learn. It doesn't have complex syntax like other high-level
languages such as C or C++. Thanks to lesser complexity, the language allows you to focus on
logic building rather than the syntax structure.

2. Reduces Maintenance Cost

Owing to its simplicity, Python makes application maintenance easier. Thus, it reduces the costs
involved, which is a massive advantage.

3. Avoid the Harm of Software Bugs

Python doesn't let a code bug initiate a segmentation fault within the application. Due to this, it is
considered to be a preferred language.

4. Wide Applicability

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Another essential feature of this language is that it is widely applicable. Engineers, scientists, and
mathematicians broadly use it.

5. Easy Memory Management

Python has a vast library with memory management capabilities, making it stand out from the
other programming languages. It includes a private heap containing all Python objects and data
structures and a built-in memory manager to maintain this private heap.

6. Large Community
The Python community provides rapid support to users. If you face any difficulty during Python
development, community members are always up to help you and solve your queries.
Some experts give Python the moniker "ready-to-run language" because it only requires simple
code to be executed. The language makes writing and testing code much more comfortable.

7. Asynchronous Coding
Asynchronous coding uses a single event loop to complete a job in small intervals. Python
simplifies writing asynchronous code. It doesn't require complex research contentions, deadlocks,
or any other complexity.

8. Integration with Other Languages

Python has libraries like Cython and Jython, which allow integration with other languages like C,
C++, and Java to enable cross-platform development. This is one of the main perks of Python. No
language is perfect, and sometimes development requires diverse functionalities that are
impossible to have in one language.

9. Portable
Being a portable language, developers do not need to tweak Python code to make it run on
platforms other than the one it is written on. The language follows the “Write Once, Run Anywhere
(WORA)” feature. The only thing to remember is not to incorporate any system-dependent
features.

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10. Enterprise Application Integration
Python is the best choice for Enterprise Application Integration (EAI). It simplifies web
application development, invoking CORBA or COM components, and direct calling to and from
Java/C++/C.

✔ Characteristics of Python

1. Easy to code
Python is a high-level programming language. Python is very easy to learn the language as
compared to other languages like C, C#, Javascript, Java, etc. It is very easy to code in python
language.

2. Free and Open Source

Since it is open-source, this means that source code is also available to the public. So you can
download it as, use it as well as share it.

3. Object-Oriented Language
One of the key features of python is Object-Oriented programming. Python supports object-
oriented language and concepts of classes, objects encapsulation, etc.

4. GUI Programming Support

Graphical User interfaces can be made using a module in python. PyQt5 is the most popular option
for creating graphical apps with Python.

5. High-Level programming Language

Python is a high-level language. When we write programs in python, we do not need to remember
the system architecture, nor do we need to manage the memory.

6. Extensible feature:

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Python is an Extensible language. We can write some Python code into C or C++ language and
also we can compile that code in C/C++ language.

7. Portable language
Python language is also a portable language. For example, if we have python code for windows
and if we want to run this code on other platforms such as Linux, Unix, and Mac then we do not
need to change it, we can run this code on any platform.

8. Integrated language
Python is also an Integrated language because we can easily integrate python with other languages
like C, C++, etc.

9. Interpreted Language
Python is an Interpreted Language because Python code is executed line by line at a time. Like
other languages C, C++, Java, etc., there is no need to compile python code. This makes it easier
to debug our code. The source code of python is converted into an immediate form called byte
code.
10. Large Standard Library
Python has a large standard library that provides a rich set of modules and functions, so you do not
have to write your own code for every single thing. There are many libraries present in Python,
such as regular expressions, unit testing, web browsers, etc.

Selection of Python tools

✔ Applications of python
1. Data science
Data science involves data collection, data sorting, data analysis, and data visualization. Python
provides amazing functionality to tackle statistics and complex mathematical calculations. The
presence of in-built libraries provides convenience to data science professionals. Some of the
popular libraries that provide ease in the data science process are TensorFlow, Pandas, and Socket
Learning. These libraries provide an ecosystem for fine-tuning data models, data preprocessing,
and performing complex data analysis.

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2. Software development
Python is just the perfect option for software development. Popular applications like Google,
Netflix, and Reddit all use Python. This language offers amazing features like:
 Platform independence
 Inbuilt libraries and frameworks to provide ease of development.
 Enhanced code reusability and readability
 High compatibility

3. Automation
You can use Python to automate various repetitive tasks to save time at work and at home. For
example, you can create a script to search the internet for news headlines related to a project you're
working on. Instead of manually visiting each news website to search for the articles, the program
can send you a list with links. To save even more time, you can write a script to sort the links into
categories for easy reference.

4. Data analytics
Data analysts can also use Python libraries to structure large datasets and make mathematical
operations more manageable. Pandas, a Python library, offers a data structure called a data frame
to work with large tables of data effectively.
5. Web Development
It is one of the most astonishing applications of Python. This is because Python comes up with a
wide range of frameworks like Django, Flask, Bottle, and a lot more that provide ease to
developers. Furthermore, Python has inbuilt libraries and tools which make the web development
process completely effortless. The use of Python for web development also offers:
 Amazing visualization
 Convenience in development
 Enhanced security
 Fast development process
6. Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence

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Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence are the hottest subjects right now. Python along with
its inbuilt libraries and tools facilitate the development of AI and ML algorithms. Further, it offers
simple, concise, and readable code which makes it easier for developers to write complex
algorithms and provide a versatile flow. Some of the inbuilt libraries and tools that enhance AI and
ML processes are:
 Numpy for complex data analysis
 Keras for Machine learning
 SciPy for technical computing
 Seaborn for data visualization

7. Game Development
With the rapidly growing gaming industry, Python has proved to be an exceptional option for game
development. Popular games like Pirates of the Caribbean, Bridge Commander, and Battlefield 2
use Python programming for a wide range of functionalities and add-ons. The presence of popular
2D and 3D gaming libraries like pygame, panda3D, and Cocos2D makes the game development
process completely effortless.

✔ Identifications of python tools

Different Python tools

 Python Development Tools

Development tools help us to build fast and reliable Python solutions. It includes Integrated
Development Environment (IDE), Python package manager, and productive extensions. These
tools have made it easy to test the software, debug, and deploy solutions in production.

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1. Jupyter Notebook

Jupyter Notebook is a web-based IDE for experimenting with code and displaying the results. It
is fairly popular among data scientists and machine learning practitioners. It allows them to run
and test small sets of code and view results instead of running the whole file.

2. Pip

Pip is a tool that uses Python Package Index to install and manage Python software. The Python
ecosystem works on it. Package Managers (pip) is the standard package manager for installing and
managing Python libraries.

3. Visual Studio Code

Visual Studio Code is free, lightweight, and a powerful code editor. You can build, test, deploy,
and maintain all types of applications without leaving the software window. It comes with syntax
highlighting, code auto-completing, language, Git, and in-line debug support. You can use
extensions to pre-build systems and deploy applications to the cloud.

VSCode is the most popular IDE in the world, and its popularity is mainly due to free extensions
that improve user experience. The extensions allow data scientists to run experiments on the
Jupyter notebook, edit markdown files, integrate SQL server, collaborate on projects, auto
complete code, and in-line code help. Instead of using multiple software, you can use extensions
and run everything from VSCode software like bash terminal.

4. PyCharm

PyCharm is one of the most popular integrated development environments (IDEs) for Python
programming. It is developed by JetBrains and is designed to provide a comprehensive
environment for Python development, offering a wide range of features that help in writing, testing,
and debugging code.

IDE/Code Editors: Popular choices include PyCharm, VS Code, and Jupyter Notebook.

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 Python Data Analysis Tools

Data analysis tools allow users to ingest, clean, and manipulate data for statistical analysis. Every
data professional must understand the core functionality of these tools to perform data analysis,
machine learning, data engineering, and business intelligence tasks.

1. pandas

pandas is a gateway into the world of data science. The first thing you learn as a beginner is to
load a CSV file using read_csv(). pandas is an essential tool for all data professionals.

You can load a dataset, clean it, manipulate it, calculate statistics, create visualizations, and save
the data into various file formats. The pandas API is simple and intuitive. You can load and save
CSV and text files, Microsoft Excel, SQL databases, and the fast HDF5 file format.

2. Numpy

NumPy is a fundamental Python package for scientific computations, and most modern tools are
built upon it. As a data scientist, you will use the Numpy array for mathematical calculations and
data wrangling. It provides multidimensional array objects to perform fast operations such as
logical, shape manipulation, sorting, selection, basic statics operation, and random simulation.

Numpy will help you understand the fundamentals of mathematics in data science and how to
convert complex equations into Python code. You can use it to create machine learning models,
customized statical formulas, scientific simulations, and perform advanced data analytics tasks.

3. SQLAlchemy

SQLAlchemy is a Python SQL toolkit for you to access and manage relational databases. It uses
Object Relational Mapper to provide powerful features and flexibility of SQL.

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This tool is necessary for data scientists and analytics who are used to perform data processing and
analytics in Python. You can either use SQL scripts to perform data analysis or use an object-based
approach where you can use an intuitive Python API to perform similar tasks in effective ways.

4. Dask

Dask is an essential tool for processing big data or files. It uses parallel computing to perform
similar tasks by libraries like NumPy, pandas, and scikit-learn.

Running a simple logical function on a large dataset of 4GB will take at least 10 minutes. Even
with better machines, you cannot improve processing times to a few seconds. Dask uses dynamic
task scheduling and parallel data collection to achieve fast results with the same machine.

 Python Data Visualization Tools

Data visualization gives life to data analysis. If you want to explain things to non-technical
executives, you need to tell a data story by displaying a bar chart, line plot, scatter plot, heat maps,
and histograms. The visualization tools help data analytics create interactive, colorful, and clean
visualization with few lines of code.

1. Matplotlib

Matplotlib is a gateway to the world of data visualization. You will learn about it in many data
visualization introductions. With Matplotlib, you can create fully customizable static, animated,
and interactive visualizations. It’s intuitive, and you can use it to plot 3D, multilevel, and detailed
visualization.

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2. Seaborn

Seaborn is a high-level interface based on Matplotlib for creating attractive statistical graphics.
Similar to Matplotlib, you can produce interactive visualization by typing a single line of code.

It is highly adaptable and works wonders when you are new to data visualization. For customizing,
you can always use matplotlib to create multiple graphs, edit axis, title, or even colors.

3. Plotly

Plotly is the best tool to create data analytics Jupyter-based reports. Instead of creating multiple
static plots, you can make one and add custom controls to explore and explain data insights. It
comes with custom controls and allows you to animate your visualizations and work on data
transformation. Plotly also contains Jupyter widgets, 3D charts, AI charts, financial charts, and
scientific charts.

4. Pandas-profiling

Pandas-profiling is an AutoEDA tool for creating exploratory data analytics reports with a single
line of code. The report includes column types, missing values, unique values, quantile statistics,
descriptive statistics, histogram, correlation, text analysis, and file and image analysis.

It is quite a helpful tool when you have less time to explore. For example, during technical tests,
preparation for team meetings, and participating in the competition.

 Python Machine Learning Tools

Machine learning tools are used for data processing, data augmentation, and building, training, and
validation of machine learning models. These tools provide a complete ecosystem to perform any
task from image classification to times series forecasting.

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1. Scikit-learn

Scikit-learn is an open-source tool for performing predictive analysis. It is built on Numpy, Scipy,
and matplotlib. Scikit-learn has made machine learning accessible to everyone. It is beginner
friendly, and the interface is designed to match the needs of professionals.

Scikit-learn allows you to perform classification, regression, clustering, dimensionality reduction,

data preprocessing, and feature extractions. It is mostly used for tabular data and executing data
augmentation for deep learning models. It also allows you to streamline multiple processes with
the help of machine learning pipelines.

2. Keras

Keras is a deep learning framework for processing unstructured data and training it on neural
networks. It is built on top of TensorFlow 2 to provide GPU and TPU acceleration. With Keras,
you can deploy your models on the server, browser, android, and embedded systems.

Keras API offers you a model interface, neural network layers, callbacks API, optimizers, metrics,
data loaders, pre-trained models, model tuning, and API for computer vision and natural language
processing. The interface is simple, fast, and powerful. It is beginner friendly and a gateway to the
world of deep neural networks.

3. PyTorch

PyTorch is an open-source deep learning framework for researchers and machine learning
practitioners. It provides a more direct debugging experience than Keras, while allowing you to
create your custom trainer, loss function, and metrics. The key features of PyTorch are model
serving and production support, distributed training, a robust ecosystem, and cloud support.

PyTorch provides dedicated support for NLP, computer vision, audio, and tabular data. With a few
lines of code, you can load pre-trained models and finetune them on a new but similar dataset. It
is the future of deep learning applications, and modern machine learning research is driven by the
Torch ecosystem.

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4. OpenCV

OpenCV is a computer vision framework for developing real-time applications. You can use it to
process images, visualize them with labels and segmentation, augment images and videos for
improving machine learning performance, and view real-time results with labels. It is an essential
tool for performing image processing and training deep learning models for computer vision tasks.

Summary:

 Python Distribution (CPython, Anaconda)

 Python IDEs (Jupyter Notebook, PyCharm, Visual Studio Code, or Spyder)
 Python Libraries for Machine Learning (NumPy, Pandas, Scikit-Learn, TensorFlow
or PyTorch, Matplotlib, Seaborn, Keras, SciPy)

Installation of Python tools

✔ Identification of computer system requirements
1. Hardware requirements
Hardware requirements define the physical components needed to run the software. These
typically include:
 Architecture - The type of processor architecture (e.g., x86, x64) that the software
supports. Different software might require specific architectures to leverage certain
features or optimizations.

 Processing Power - The minimum and recommended CPU specifications, such as the
number of cores and clock speed. High-performance applications, such as video editing
tools, require powerful processors to handle complex computations efficiently.
 Memory - The amount of RAM required for the software to run efficiently, with
specifications for both minimum and recommended memory. More RAM allows the
software to handle larger datasets and multitask more effectively.

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  Storage - The amount of disk space needed for installation and operation, often including
both minimum and recommended storage capacities. Storage requirements also consider
the type of storage, such as SSDs for faster read/write speeds compared to traditional
HDDs.

 Display Adapter - Specifications for the graphics card, including GPU model, VRAM,
and supported features like DirectX or OpenGL versions. For gaming and graphic design
software, a robust GPU is essential to render graphics smoothly.

 Peripherals - Additional hardware components required, such as keyboards, mice, or

VR headsets. Specialized peripherals might be necessary for certain types of software,
like gaming controllers or drawing tablets for digital art applications.

Minimum Hardware Requirements:

o Processor: Minimum 1 GHz processor, but higher is recommended for performance.

o RAM: At least 4 GB RAM, 8 GB or more is recommended for data-intensive tasks.
o Disk Space: Minimum 100 MB for Python installation, additional space for libraries and
data.

2. Software Requirements
Software requirements define the necessary software environment for the application to
function properly. These include:
 Operating System - The compatible operating systems (e.g., Windows, macOS, Linux)
and specific versions required. Different operating systems have different capabilities
and limitations, affecting software performance and compatibility.

 APIs - Required application programming interfaces (APIs) such as DirectX, Vulkan, or

OpenGL. APIs enable software to interface with hardware and other software
components effectively.

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  Drivers - Necessary drivers for hardware components, particularly for graphics cards
and other peripherals. Updated drivers ensure that hardware components function
correctly and efficiently with the software.

 Web Browser - Specific web browser versions needed if the application relies on web-
based technologies or components. Web-based applications might require modern
browsers that support the latest web standards.

 Runtime Environments - Any additional runtime environments or frameworks

required, such as Java, .NET, or Python. These environments provide the necessary
runtime support for executing software applications.

Minimum Software Requirements:

o Operating System: Python runs on Windows, MacOS, and Linux.

o Required Software: Python interpreter, a code editor or IDE, and a package manager
(pip).

✔ Install python software tools

 Install python from: https://www.python.org/downloads/
 Create a file with the .py extension
 Open a terminal and run python filename .py
 Launch Jupyter notebook from anaconda.
 Or we can simple use google colaboratory notebook:
https://colab.research.google.com/notebook

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Instructions to install Python 3

System requirements for Python Installation:

1. Operating system: Linux- Ubuntu 16.04 to 17.10, or Windows 7 to 10, with 2GB RAM
(4GB preferable)
2. You have to install Python 3.12 and related packages, please follow the installation
instructions given below as per your operating system.

The procedure to install Python 3 on Windows OS:

Install Python 3.12:

1. To follow the installation procedure, you need to be connected to the Internet.

2. Visit https://www.python.org/downloads/release/python-368/
3. At the bottom locate Windows x86-64 executable installer for 64 bits OS and Windows
x86 executable installer for 32 bits OS

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 4. Click on the located installer file to download.
5. After download completes, double click on the installer file to start the installation
procedure.
6. Follow the instructions as per the installer
Important Note: After double clicking the installer, check mark the option “Add Python 3.12
to PATH”

Install Numpy, Matplotlib and Ipython:

1. Open the cmd window ( Click here to see how to open cmd window)
2. Type in the following commands followed by the Enter key:
a) python -m pip install numpy
b) python -m pip install ipython
c) python -m pip install matplotlib

✔ Configure python virtual environment

1. Create a Virtual Environment:

o Use python -m venv env_name to create a new virtual environment.
2. Activate the Virtual Environment:
o Windows: env_name\Scripts\activate
o MacOS/Linux: source env_name/bin/activate
3. Install Required Packages:
o Use pip install package_name within the virtual environment to install
necessary libraries.

Testing python installation

1. Run python version command

 Open the cmd window
 Run the command “ python --version” or “python3 --version” in the cmd
window and press Enter to check the installed Python version.
 You should get an Output Python 3.12 (or an output resembling this)

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3. Check python interpreter
 Launch the Python interpreter by typing python or python3 in the terminal. If the
interpreter starts, the installation is successful.

4. Test package manager

 Use pip --version to check the installation of the package manager.
 Try installing a package, e.g., pip install numpy, to verify that pip is working
correctly.

Learning outcome 2: Write basic python program

Applying python basic concepts

1. Data Types

Data types in Python define the kind of data that can be stored and manipulated within a program.
Python supports several built-in data types, including:

 Numeric Types:

 int: Represents whole numbers (e.g., 5, -20).

 float: Represents floating-point numbers, i.e., numbers with a decimal point (e.g., 3.14, -
0.001).

 complex: Represents complex numbers with a real and imaginary part (e.g., 3+4j).

 Text Type:

 str: Represents a sequence of characters, or strings (e.g., "Hello, World!", 'Python').

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 Sequence Types:

 list: Ordered, mutable collection of items (e.g., [1, 2, 3], ["apple", "banana",
"cherry"]).

 tuple: Ordered, immutable collection of items (e.g., (1, 2, 3), ("apple", "banana",
"cherry")).

 range: Represents a sequence of numbers, typically used in loops (e.g., range(5) which
produces 0, 1, 2, 3, 4).

 Mapping Type:
 dict: Unordered, mutable collection of key-value pairs (e.g., {"name": "Alice", "age":
25}).

 Set Types:
 set: Unordered collection of unique items (e.g., {1, 2, 3}, {"apple", "banana",
"cherry"}).

 frozenset: Immutable version of a set.

 Boolean Type:
 bool: Represents True or False.
 None Type:
 None: Represents the absence of a value or a null value.

2. Variables

Variables in Python are used to store data that can be used and manipulated later in the program.
Python is dynamically typed, meaning you don't need to declare a variable's type explicitly.

 Assignment: Variables are assigned using the = operator.

Example
x = 5 # int
y = 3.14 # float
name = "Alice" # str

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  Naming Rules: Variable names should start with a letter or an underscore, followed by
letters, digits, or underscores. They are case-sensitive (e.g., Name and name are different).

3. Comments

Comments are lines in the code that are ignored by the Python interpreter. They are used to explain
the code, making it easier to understand.

 Single-line Comment: Use the # symbol.

Example
# This is a comment
x = 5 # Assigning 5 to variable x

 Multi-line Comment: Use triple quotes (''' or """), although these are technically multi-
line strings not assigned to any variable.

Example

"""
This is a multi-line comment that spans several lines.
"""

4. Operators

Operators in Python are symbols that perform operations on variables and values. The main types
include:

 Arithmetic Operators:

 + : Addition
 - : Subtraction
 * : Multiplication
 / : Division
 % : Modulus (remainder)
 ** : Exponentiation (power)

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  // : Floor division

Example

a = 10
b = 3
print(a + b) # Output: 13
print(a % b) # Output: 1

 Comparison Operators: Used to compare two values.

 = = : Equal to
 != : Not equal to
 > : Greater than
 < : Less than
 > = : Greater than or equal to
 < = : Less than or equal to

Example
x = 5
y = 10
print(x == y) # Output: False
print(x < y) # Output: True

 Logical Operators: Used to combine conditional statements.

 and: True if both statements are true

 or: True if at least one statement is true
 not: Inverts the truth value

Example
x = True
y = False
print(x and y) # Output: False
print(x or y) # Output: True

 Assignment Operators: Used to assign values to variables.

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  = : Basic assignment
 += : Add and assign
 -= : Subtract and assign
 *= : Multiply and assign
 /= : Divide and assign
 %= : Modulus
 **= : Exponentiation
 //= Floor division

Example
x = 5
x += 3 # Equivalent to x = x + 3
print(x) # Output: 8

 Bitwise Operators: Work on bits and perform bit-by-bit operations.

 & : AND
 | : OR
 ^ : XOR
 ~ : NOT
 << : Left shift
 >> : Right shift

Example
a = 10 # Binary: 1010
b = 4 # Binary: 0100
print(a & b) # Output: 0 (Binary: 0000)
print(a | b) # Output: 14 (Binary: 1110)

Examples on Python basic concepts: Data Types, Variables, Comments, and Operators.
Ex1

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  Examples on how to use Data Types
Python has several built-in data types such as integers, floats, strings, lists, tuples, dictionaries

Ex1
# Integer num = 5
print(type(num)) # Output: <class 'int'>

# Float
pi = 3.14
print(type(pi)) # Output: <class 'float'>

# String
name = "Alice"
print(type(name)) #Output: <class 'str'>

# List numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

print(type(numbers)) #Output: <class 'list'>

# Boolean
is_sunny = True
print(type(is_sunny)) #Output: <class 'bool'>

Ex2
# Integer
age = 25
print(type(age)) #Output: <class 'int'>

# Float price = 19.99

print(type(price)) #Output: <class 'float'>

# String name = "John"

print(type(name)) #Output: <class 'str'>

# List (a collection of items)

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
print(type(fruits)) #Output: <class 'list'>

# Tuple (an immutable collection of items) # (immutable means cannot be changed

once created).
coordinates = (10, 20) # Tuples are often used to represent fixed data like
coordinates
print(type(coordinates)) #Output: <class 'tuple'>

# Dictionary (a collection of key-value pairs)

person = {"name": "Alice", "age": 30}
print(type(person)) # Output: <class 'dict'>
Difference between list and tuple

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In Python, lists and tuples are both used to store collections of items, but they differ in several
important ways:

1. Mutability

 List: A list is mutable, meaning that its elements can be modified after the list has been
created. You can add, remove, or change items in a list.
 Tuple: A tuple is immutable, meaning that once a tuple is created, you cannot change,
add, or remove items from it.

Example:

# List
my_list = [1, 2, 3]
my_list[0] = 10 # You can change elements in a list
print(my_list) # Output: [10, 2, 3]

# Tuple
my_tuple = (1, 2, 3)
my_tuple[0] = 10 # This will raise an error because tuples cannot be
changed

2. Syntax

 List: Lists are created using square brackets [].

 Tuple: Tuples are created using parentheses ().

Example:

# List
my_list = [1, 2, 3]

# Tuple
my_tuple = (1, 2, 3)

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3. Performance

 List: Because lists are mutable, they take slightly more memory and operations like
appending or modifying items are slower compared to tuples.
 Tuple: Tuples are generally faster and more memory-efficient than lists because they are
immutable.

4. Use Case

 List: Use lists when you need a dynamic collection that can change over time. Lists are
useful for scenarios where you need to append, delete, or update elements.
 Tuple: Use tuples when you want to ensure that the data remains constant and should not
be changed. Tuples are often used for fixed data structures like coordinates, dates, etc.

Example:

# List for dynamic data

shopping_list = ["apples", "bananas", "carrots"]
shopping_list.append("oranges") # Lists allow adding more items

# Tuple for fixed data

coordinates = (10, 20) # Tuples are often used to represent fixed data
like coordinates

5. Methods

 List: Lists have many built-in methods for manipulation, such as append(), remove(),
sort(), and reverse().
 Tuple: Tuples have very few methods since they are immutable. The most common
methods are count() and index().

Example:

# List methods
my_list = [1, 2, 3]
my_list.append(4) # Adds 4 to the list
print(my_list) # Output: [1, 2, 3, 4]

# Tuple methods
my_tuple = (1, 2, 3, 1)
print(my_tuple.count(1)) # Output: 2, counts the occurrences of 1
print(my_tuple.index(2)) # Output: 1, returns the index of the element
2

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6. Memory Usage

 List: Lists consume more memory because of their dynamic nature.

 Tuple: Tuples are more memory-efficient than lists because they are immutable.

7. Packing and Unpacking

Both lists and tuples support packing (creating collections) and unpacking (assigning values to
variables).

Example:

# List packing and unpacking

my_list = [1, 2, 3]
a, b, c = my_list # Unpacking list into variables

# Tuple packing and unpacking

my_tuple = (1, 2, 3)
x, y, z = my_tuple # Unpacking tuple into variables

Summary:
Feature List Tuple
Mutability Mutable (can be changed) Immutable (cannot be changed)
Syntax [] (square brackets) () (parentheses)
Performance Slower, more memory usage Faster, less memory usage
Methods Many methods for manipulation Fewer methods, mostly for access
Use Cases Dynamic collections Static or fixed data

 Examples on how to use Variables

Variables are used to store data values. You can assign a value to a variable and change it later.

EX1
# Assigning variables
age = 25
city = "Kigali"

# Printing variables
print("Age:", age) # Output: Age: 25
print("City:", city) # Output: City: Kigali

# Updating a variable
age = 26
print("Updated Age:", age) # Output: Updated Age: 26

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EX2
# Assigning values to variables
x = 10 # integer variable
y = 20.5 # float variable
name = "Python" # string variable

# Using variables
sum_xy = x + y
print(sum_xy) # Output: 30.5

greeting = "Hello, " + name

print(greeting) # Output: Hello, Python

 Examples on how to use Comments

Comments are used to explain the code and make it easier to understand. Python ignores comments
during execution.

EX1

# This is a single-line comment

height = 180 # Height in centimeters

"""
This is a multi-line comment
explaining the following code.
"""
weight = 70 # Weight in kilograms

EX2

# This is a single-line comment

'''
This is a
multi-line comment
'''

x = 5 # Assigning value 5 to the variable x

y = 10

# Calculating sum of x and y

sum_xy = x + y
print(sum_xy) # Output: 15

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  Examples on how to use Operators

Operators are used to perform operations on variables and values. Python supports arithmetic,
comparison, logical, and assignment operators.

a) Arithmetic Operators

x = 10
y = 3

print(x + y) # Addition: Output: 13

print(x - y) # Subtraction: Output: 7
print(x * y) # Multiplication: Output: 30
print(x / y) # Division: Output: 3.333...
print(x % y) # Modulus (remainder): Output: 1
print(x ** y) # Exponentiation: Output: 1000

b) Comparison Operators
a = 5
b = 8

print(a == b) # Equal to: Output: False

print(a != b) # Not equal to: Output: True
print(a > b) # Greater than: Output: False
print(a < b) # Less than: Output: True
print(a >= b) # Greater than or equal to: Output: False
print(a <= b) # Less than or equal to: Output: True

c) Logical Operators
m = True
n = False

print(m and n) # Logical AND: Output: False

print(m or n) # Logical OR: Output: True
print(not m) # Logical NOT: Output: False

d) Assignment Operators
z = 10
z += 5 # Same as z = z + 5
print(z) # Output: 15

z *= 2 # Same as z = z * 2
print(z) # Output: 30

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 Python Control Structures

Control structures in Python allow developers to manage the flow of the program, deciding what
sections of code are executed and how often. The main control structures include conditional
statements, looping statements, and jump statements.

 Conditional Statements

Conditional statements control the flow of the program based on conditions. The primary
conditional statements in Python include if, else, and elif.

Syntax:

if condition:
# Code to execute if the condition is true

elif another_condition:
# Code to execute if the previous condition is false and this condition
is true

else:
# Code to execute if none of the conditions are true

Example1:
x = 10
if x > 5:
print("x is greater than 5")
elif x == 5:
print("x is equal to 5")
else:
print("x is less than 5")

Example2:

You can also nest conditional statements within each other:

age = 20
if age > 18:
if age < 21:
print("You are an adult but not old enough to drink in some
countries.")
else:
print("You are old enough to drink.")
else:
print("You are a minor.")

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Example3:

Python provides a one-line conditional expression, known as the ternary operator.

x = 10
message = "x is positive" if x > 0 else "x is negative or zero"
print(message)

 Looping Statements

Looping statements are used to repeat a block of code multiple times until a certain condition is
met.

a) For Loop

A for loop iterates over a sequence (like a list, tuple, dictionary, set, or string) and executes a block
of code for each element in the sequence.

 For Loop Iterating Over a List

A list is a collection of items that is ordered and changeable. Here’s how a for loop can iterate
over a list.

Example:
# List of fruits
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

# Iterating through the list

for fruit in fruits:
print(fruit)

Output:

apple
banana
cherry

 For Loop Iterating Over a Tuple

A tuple is similar to a list, but it is immutable (you cannot modify its elements). A for loop works
the same way as with a list.

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Example:
# Tuple of numbers
numbers = (1, 2, 3, 4)

# Iterating through the tuple

for num in numbers:
print(num)

Output:

1
2
3
4

 For Loop Iterating Over a Dictionary

In a dictionary, each item is a key-value pair. You can iterate over keys, values, or both.

 Iterating over keys:

Example:
# Dictionary of student grades
grades = {"John": 85, "Jane": 90, "Doe": 78}

# Iterating over the dictionary keys

for student in grades:
print(student)

Output:

John
Jane
Doe

 Iterating over values:

Example:
# Iterating over the dictionary values
for grade in grades.values():
print(grade)

Output:

85
90
78

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  Iterating over both keys and values:

Example:
# Iterating over keys and values
for student, grade in grades.items():
print(f"{student}: {grade}")

Output:

John: 85
Jane: 90
Doe: 78

 For Loop Iterating Over a Set

A set is an unordered collection of unique items. Even though sets do not preserve order, a for loop
can iterate over the elements.

Example:
# Set of colors
colors = {"red", "green", "blue"}

# Iterating through the set

for color in colors:
print(color)

Output (Order may vary since sets are unordered):

red
green
blue

 For Loop Iterating Over a String

A string is a sequence of characters. You can loop through each character in a string.

Example:

# String
word = "Python"

# Iterating through the string

for letter in word:
print(letter)

Output:

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P
y
t
h
o
n

b) While Loop

A while loop repeatedly executes a block of code as long as a condition is true.

Syntax:
while condition:
# Code to execute as long as the condition is true

Example:
i = 1
while i < 5:
print(i)
i += 1

 Use of Jump Statements

Jump statements allow you to control the flow of loops or conditional statements. Python
provides three jump statements: break, continue, and pass.

a) Break Statement

The break statement is used to exit a loop before it has looped through all the items.

Syntax:
for item in sequence:
if condition:
break

Example:
for i in range(10):
if i == 5:
break
print(i)
Output:

0
1
2
3
4

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 b) Continue Statement

The continue statement skips the current iteration of a loop and proceeds to the next iteration.

Syntax:
for item in sequence:
if condition:
continue

Example:
for i in range(5):
if i == 2:
continue
print(i)

Output:

0
1
3
4

C) Pass Statement

The pass statement is used as a placeholder. It doesn’t execute any code but allows you to write
empty code blocks that don’t cause errors.

Syntax:
if condition:
pass # Nothing happens here

Example:
python
Copy code
for i in range(5):
if i == 2:
pass
else:
print(i)

Output:

0
1
3
4

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Summary:

 Conditional Statements (if, else, elif): Control flow based on conditions.

 Looping Statements (for, while): Execute a block of code multiple times.
 Jump Statements (break, continue, pass): Modify the behavior of loops or code blocks.

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