Module – I - Introduction

Python is a simple, general purpose, high level, and object-oriented

programming language.

Python is an interpreted scripting language also. Guido Van Rossum is known as

the founder of Python programming.

What is Python?

Python is a general-purpose, dynamic, high-level, and interpreted programming

language. It supports Object Oriented programming approach to develop
applications. It is simple and easy to learn and provides lots of high-level data
structures.

Python is an easy-to-learn yet powerful and versatile scripting language, which

makes it attractive for Application Development.

With its interpreted nature, Python's syntax and dynamic typing make it an ideal
language for scripting and rapid application development.

Python supports multiple programming patterns, including object-oriented,

imperative, and functional or procedural programming styles.

Python is not intended to work in a particular area, such as web programming. It

is a multipurpose programming language because it can be used with web,
enterprise, 3D CAD, etc.

We don't need to use data types to declare variable because it is dynamically

typed, so we can write a=10 to assign an integer value in an integer variable.

Python makes development and debugging fast because no compilation step is

included in Python development, and the edit-test-debug cycle is very fast.

Python has many web-based assets, open-source projects, and a vibrant

community. Learning the language, working together on projects, and
contributing to the Python ecosystem are all made very easy for developers.

Because of its straightforward language framework, Python is easier to

understand and write code in. This makes it a fantastic programming language
for novices. Additionally, it assists seasoned programmers in writing clearer,
error-free code.
 Python is an open-source, cost-free programming language. It is utilized in
several sectors and disciplines as a result.

In Python, code readability and maintainability are important. As a result, even

if the code was developed by someone else, it is easy to understand and adapt
by some other developer.

Python has many third-party libraries that can be used to make its functionality
easier. These libraries cover many domains, for example, web development,
scientific computing, data analysis, and more.

Python Basic Syntax

There is no use of curly braces or semicolon in Python programming language.

It is English-like language. But Python uses the indentation to define a block of
code. Indentation is nothing but adding whitespace before the statement when it
is needed. For example -

1. def func():
2. statement 1
3. statement 2
4. …………………
5. …………………
6. statement N

In the above example, the statements that are the same level to the right belong
to the function. Generally, we can use four whitespaces to define indentation.

Instead of Semicolon as used in other languages, Python ends its statements

with a NewLine character.

Python is a case-sensitive language, which means that uppercase and lowercase

letters are treated differently. For example, 'name' and 'Name' are two different
variables in Python.

In Python, comments can be added using the '#' symbol. Any text written after
the '#' symbol is considered a comment and is ignored by the interpreter. This
trick is useful for adding notes to the code or temporarily disabling a code
block. It also helps in understanding the code better by some other developers.

'If', 'otherwise', 'for', 'while', 'try', 'except', and 'finally' are a few reserved
keywords in Python that cannot be used as variable names. These terms are used
in the language for particular reasons and have fixed meanings. If you use these
keywords, your code may include errors, or the interpreter may reject them as
potential new Variables.

Features of Python

Python provides many useful features which make it popular and valuable from
the other programming languages. It supports object-oriented programming,
procedural programming approaches and provides dynamic memory allocation.
We have listed below a few essential features.

1) Easy to Learn and Use

Python is easy to learn as compared to other programming languages. Its syntax

is straightforward and much the same as the English language. There is no use
of the semicolon or curly-bracket, the indentation defines the code block. It is
the recommended programming language for beginners.

2) Expressive Language

Python can perform complex tasks using a few lines of code. A simple example,
the hello world program you simply type print("Hello World"). It will take only
one line to execute, while Java or C takes multiple lines.

3) Interpreted Language

Python is an interpreted language; it means the Python program is executed one

line at a time. The advantage of being interpreted language, it makes debugging
easy and portable.

4) Cross-platform Language

Python can run equally on different platforms such as Windows, Linux, UNIX,
and Macintosh, etc. So, we can say that Python is a portable language. It enables
programmers to develop the software for several competing platforms by
writing a program only once.

5) Free and Open Source

Python is freely available for everyone. It is freely available on its official

website www.python.org. It has a large community across the world that is
dedicatedly working towards make new python modules and functions. Anyone
can contribute to the Python community. The open-source means, "Anyone can
download its source code without paying any penny."

6) Object-Oriented Language

Python supports object-oriented language and concepts of classes and objects

come into existence. It supports inheritance, polymorphism, and encapsulation,
etc. The object-oriented procedure helps to programmer to write reusable code
and develop applications in less code.

7) Extensible

It implies that other languages such as C/C++ can be used to compile the code
and thus it can be used further in our Python code. It converts the program into
byte code, and any platform can use that byte code.

8) Large Standard Library

It provides a vast range of libraries for the various fields such as machine
learning, web developer, and also for the scripting. There are various machine
learning libraries, such as Tensor flow, Pandas, Numpy, Keras, and Pytorch, etc.
Django, flask, pyramids are the popular framework for Python web
development.

9) GUI Programming Support

Graphical User Interface is used for the developing Desktop application.
PyQT5, Tkinter, Kivy are the libraries which are used for developing the web
application.

10) Integrated

It can be easily integrated with languages like C, C++, and JAVA, etc. Python
runs code line by line like C,C++ Java. It makes easy to debug the code.

11. Embeddable

The code of the other programming language can use in the Python source code.
We can use Python source code in another programming language as well. It
can embed other language into our code.

12. Dynamic Memory Allocation

In Python, we don't need to specify the data-type of the variable. When we

assign some value to the variable, it automatically allocates the memory to the
variable at run time. Suppose we are assigned integer value 15 to x, then we
don't need to write int x = 15. Just write x = 15.

Application of Python/Where is Python used?

Python is a general-purpose, popular programming language, and it is used in

almost every technical field. The various areas of Python use are given below.

o Data Science: Data Science is a vast field, and Python is an important

language for this field because of its simplicity, ease of use, and
availability of powerful data analysis and visualization libraries like
NumPy, Pandas, and Matplotlib.
o Desktop Applications: PyQt and Tkinter are useful libraries that can be
used in GUI - Graphical User Interface-based Desktop Applications.
 There are better languages for this field, but it can be used with other
languages for making Applications.
o Console-based Applications: Python is also commonly used to create
command-line or console-based applications because of its ease of use
and support for advanced features such as input/output redirection and
piping.
o Mobile Applications: While Python is not commonly used for creating
mobile applications, it can still be combined with frameworks like Kivy
or BeeWare to create cross-platform mobile applications.
o Software Development: Python is considered one of the best software-
making languages. Python is easily compatible with both from Small
Scale to Large Scale software.
o Artificial Intelligence: AI is an emerging Technology, and Python is a
perfect language for artificial intelligence and machine learning because
of the availability of powerful libraries such as TensorFlow, Keras, and
PyTorch.
o Web Applications: Python is commonly used in web development on
the backend with frameworks like Django and Flask and on the front end
with tools like JavaScript and HTML.
o Enterprise Applications: Python can be used to develop large-scale
enterprise applications with features such as distributed computing,
networking, and parallel processing.
o 3D CAD Applications: Python can be used for 3D computer-aided
design (CAD) applications through libraries such as Blender.
o Machine Learning: Python is widely used for machine learning due to
its simplicity, ease of use, and availability of powerful machine learning
libraries.
o Computer Vision or Image Processing Applications: Python can be
used for computer vision and image processing applications through
powerful libraries such as OpenCV and Scikit-image.
o Speech Recognition: Python can be used for speech recognition
applications through libraries such as SpeechRecognition and PyAudio.
o Scientific computing: Libraries like NumPy, SciPy, and Pandas provide
advanced numerical computing capabilities for tasks like data analysis,
machine learning, and more.
 o Education: Python's easy-to-learn syntax and availability of many
resources make it an ideal language for teaching programming to
beginners.
o Testing: Python is used for writing automated tests, providing
frameworks like unit tests and pytest that help write test cases and
generate reports.
o Gaming: Python has libraries like Pygame, which provide a platform for
developing games using Python.
o IoT: Python is used in IoT for developing scripts and applications for
devices like Raspberry Pi, Arduino, and others.
o Networking: Python is used in networking for developing scripts and
applications for network automation, monitoring, and management.
o DevOps: Python is widely used in DevOps for automation and scripting
of infrastructure management, configuration management, and
deployment processes.
o Finance: Python has libraries like Pandas, Scikit-learn, and Statsmodels
for financial modeling and analysis.
o Audio and Music: Python has libraries like Pyaudio, which is used for
audio processing, synthesis, and analysis, and Music21, which is used for
music analysis and generation.
o Writing scripts: Python is used for writing utility scripts to automate
tasks like file operations, web scraping, and data processing.

Python Applications

Python is known for its general-purpose nature that makes it applicable in

almost every domain of software development. Python makes its presence in
every emerging field. It is the fastest-growing programming language and can
develop any application.

Here, we are specifying application areas where Python can be applied.

1) Web Applications

We can use Python to develop web applications. It provides libraries to handle

internet protocols such as HTML and XML, JSON, Email processing, request,
beautifulSoup, Feedparser, etc. One of Python web-framework named Django is
used on Instagram. Python provides many useful frameworks, and these are
given below:

OOPs Concepts in Java

o Django and Pyramid framework(Use for heavy applications)

o Flask and Bottle (Micro-framework)
o Plone and Django CMS (Advance Content management)

2) Desktop GUI Applications

The GUI stands for the Graphical User Interface, which provides a smooth
interaction to any application. Python provides a Tk GUI library to develop a
user interface. Some popular GUI libraries are given below.
 o Tkinter or Tk
o wxWidgetM
o Kivy (used for writing multitouch applications )
o PyQt or Pyside

3) Console-based Application

Console-based applications run from the command-line or shell. These

applications are computer program which are used commands to execute. This
kind of application was more popular in the old generation of computers.
Python can develop this kind of application very effectively. It is famous for
having REPL, which means the Read-Eval-Print Loop that makes it the most
suitable language for the command-line applications.

Python provides many free library or module which helps to build the
command-line apps. The necessary IO libraries are used to read and write. It
helps to parse argument and create console help text out-of-the-box. There are
also advance libraries that can develop independent console apps.

4) Software Development

Python is useful for the software development process. It works as a support

language and can be used to build control and management, testing, etc.

o SCons is used to build control.

o Buildbot and Apache Gumps are used for automated continuous
compilation and testing.
o Round or Trac for bug tracking and project management.

5) Scientific and Numeric

This is the era of Artificial intelligence where the machine can perform the task
the same as the human. Python language is the most suitable language for
Artificial intelligence or machine learning. It consists of many scientific and
mathematical libraries, which makes easy to solve complex calculations.

Implementing machine learning algorithms require complex mathematical

calculation. Python has many libraries for scientific and numeric such as
Numpy, Pandas, Scipy, Scikit-learn, etc. If you have some basic knowledge of
Python, you need to import libraries on the top of the code. Few popular
frameworks of machine libraries are given below.
 o SciPy
o Scikit-learn
o NumPy
o Pandas
o Matplotlib

6) Business Applications

Business Applications differ from standard applications. E-commerce and ERP

are an example of a business application. This kind of application requires
extensively, scalability and readability, and Python provides all these features.

Oddo is an example of the all-in-one Python-based application which offers a

range of business applications. Python provides a Tryton platform which is
used to develop the business application.

7) Audio or Video-based Applications

Python is flexible to perform multiple tasks and can be used to create

multimedia applications. Some multimedia applications which are made by
using Python are TimPlayer, cplay, etc. The few multimedia libraries are given
below.

o Gstreamer
o Pyglet
o QT Phonon

8) 3D CAD Applications

The CAD (Computer-aided design) is used to design engineering related

architecture. It is used to develop the 3D representation of a part of a system.
Python can create a 3D CAD application by using the following functionalities.

o Fandango (Popular )
o CAMVOX
o HeeksCNC
o AnyCAD
o RCAM
9) Enterprise Applications

Python can be used to create applications that can be used within an Enterprise
or an Organization. Some real-time applications are OpenERP, Tryton, Picalo,
etc.

10) Image Processing Application

Python contains many libraries that are used to work with the image. The image
can be manipulated according to our requirements. Some libraries of image
processing are given below.

o OpenCV
o Pillow
o SimpleITK

Installation on Windows

Visit the link https://www.python.org to download the latest release of Python.

In this process, we will install Python 3.11.3 on our Windows operating system.
When we click on the above link, it will bring us the following page.
Step - 1: Select the Python's version to download.

Click on the download button to download the exe file of Python.

If in case you want to download the specific version of Python. Then, you can
scroll down further below to see different versions from 2 and 3 respectively.
Click on download button right next to the version number you want to
download.
Step - 2: Click on the Install Now

Double-click the executable file, which is downloaded.

The following window will open. Click on the Add Path check box, it will set
the Python path automatically.

Now, Select Customize installation and proceed. We can also click on the
customize installation to choose desired location and features. Other important
thing is install launcher for the all user must be checked.

Here, under the advanced options, click on the checkboxes of " Install Python
3.11 for all users ", which is previously not checked in. This will checks the
other option " Precompile standard library " automatically. And the location of
the installation will also be changed. We can change it later, so we leave the
install location default. Then, click on the install button to finally install.
Step - 3 Installation in Process
The set up is in progress. All the python libraries, packages, and other python
default files will be installed in our system. Once the installation is successful,
the following page will appear saying " Setup was successful ".
Step - 4: Verifying the Python Installation

To verify whether the python is installed or not in our system, we have to do the
following.

o Go to "Start" button, and search " cmd ".

o Then type, " python - - version ".
o If python is successfully installed, then we can see the version of the
python installed.
o If not installed, then it will print the error as " 'python' is not recognized
as an internal or external command, operable program or batch
file. ".
We are ready to work with the Python.

Step - 5: Opening idle

Now, to work on our first python program, we will go the interactive interpreter
prompt(idle). To open this, go to "Start" and type idle. Then, click on open to
start working on idle.
First Python Program

In this Section, we will discuss the basic syntax of Python, we will run a simple
program to print Hello World on the console.

Python provides us the two ways to run a program:

o Using Interactive interpreter prompt

o Using a script file

Let's discuss each one of them in detail.

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Interactive interpreter prompt

Python provides us the feature to execute the Python statement one by one at the
interactive prompt. It is preferable in the case where we are concerned about the
output of each line of our Python program.

To open the interactive mode, open the terminal (or command prompt) and type
python (python3 in case if you have Python2 and Python3 both installed on
your system).

It will open the following prompt where we can execute the Python statement
and check their impact on the console.

After writing the print statement, press the Enter key.

 Here, we get the message "Hello World !" printed on the console.

Using a script file (Script Mode Programming)

The interpreter prompt is best to run the single-line statements of the code.
However, we cannot write the code every-time on the terminal. It is not suitable
to write multiple lines of code.

Using the script mode, we can write multiple lines code into a file which can be
executed later. For this purpose, we need to open an editor like notepad, create a
file named and save it with .py extension, which stands for "Python". Now, we
will implement the above example using the script mode.

1. print ("hello world"); #here, we have used print() function to print the message
on the console.

To run this file named as first.py, we need to run the following command on the
terminal.

Step - 1: Open the Python interactive shell, and click "File" then
choose "New", it will open a new blank script in which we can write our code.
Step -2: Now, write the code and press "Ctrl+S" to save the file.

Step - 3: After saving the code, we can run it by clicking "Run" or "Run
Module". It will display the output to the shell.
The output will be shown as follows.

Step - 4: Apart from that, we can also run the file using the operating system
terminal. But, we should be aware of the path of the directory where we have
saved our file.

o Open the command line prompt and navigate to the directory.

 o We need to type the python keyword, followed by the file name and hit
enter to run the Python file.

Multi-line Statements

Multi-line statements are written into the notepad like an editor and saved it
with .py extension. In the following example, we have defined the execution of
the multiple code lines using the Python script.

Code:

1. name = "Andrew Venis"

2. branch = "Computer Science"
3. age = "25"
4. print("My name is: ", name, )
5. print("My age is: ", age)

Script File:

Introduction to Python Comments

We may wish to describe the code we develop. We might wish to take notes of
why a section of script functions, for instance. We leverage the remarks to
accomplish this. Formulas, procedures, and sophisticated business logic are
typically explained with comments. The Python interpreter overlooks the
remarks and solely interprets the script when running a program. Single-line
comments, multi-line comments, and documentation strings are the 3 types of
comments in Python.

Advantages of Using Comments

Our code is more comprehensible when we use comments in it. It assists us in

recalling why specific sections of code were created by making the program
more understandable.
 2.6My Catch

Aside from that, we can leverage comments to overlook specific code while
evaluating other code sections. This simple technique stops some lines from
running or creates a fast pseudo-code for the program.

Below are some of the most common uses for comments:

o Readability of the Code

o Restrict code execution
o Provide an overview of the program or project metadata
o To add resources to the code

Types of Comments in Python

In Python, there are 3 types of comments. They are described below:

Single-Line Comments

Single-line remarks in Python have shown to be effective for providing quick

descriptions for parameters, function definitions, and expressions. A single-line
comment of Python is the one that has a hashtag # at the beginning of it and
continues until the finish of the line. If the comment continues to the next line,
add a hashtag to the subsequent line and resume the conversation. Consider the
accompanying code snippet, which shows how to use a single line comment:

Code

1. # This code is to show an example of a single-line comment

2. print( 'This statement does not have a hashtag before it' )

Output:

This statement does not have a hashtag before it

The following is the comment:

1. # This code is to show an example of a single-line comment

The Python compiler ignores this line.

Everything following the # is omitted. As a result, we may put the program

mentioned above in one line as follows:
 Code

1. print( 'This is not a comment' ) # this code is to show an example of a single-

line comment

Output:

This is not a comment

This program's output will be identical to the example above. The computer
overlooks all content following #.

Multi-Line Comments

Python does not provide the facility for multi-line comments. However, there
are indeed many ways to create multi-line comments.

With Multiple Hashtags (#)

In Python, we may use hashtags (#) multiple times to construct multiple lines of
comments. Every line with a (#) before it will be regarded as a single-line
comment.

Code

1. # it is a
2. # comment
3. # extending to multiple lines

In this case, each line is considered a comment, and they are all omitted.

Using String Literals

Because Python overlooks string expressions that aren't allocated to a variable,

we can utilize them as comments.

Code

1. 'it is a comment extending to multiple lines'

We can observe that on running this code, there will be no output; thus, we
utilize the strings inside triple quotes(""") as multi-line comments.

Python Variables

Variable is a name that is used to refer to memory location. Python variable is

also known as an identifier and used to hold value.

In Python, we don't need to specify the type of variable because Python is a

infer language and smart enough to get variable type.

Variable names can be a group of both the letters and digits, but they have to
begin with a letter or an underscore.

It is recommended to use lowercase letters for the variable name. Rahul and
rahul both are two different variables.

Identifier Naming

Variables are the example of identifiers. An Identifier is used to identify the

literals used in the program. The rules to name an identifier are given below.

o The first character of the variable must be an alphabet or underscore ( _ ).

o All the characters except the first character may be an alphabet of lower-
case(a-z), upper-case (A-Z), underscore, or digit (0-9).
o Identifier name must not contain any white-space, or special character (!,
@, #, %, ^, &, *).
o Identifier name must not be similar to any keyword defined in the
language.
o Identifier names are case sensitive; for example, my name, and MyName
is not the same.
o Examples of valid identifiers: a123, _n, n_9, etc.
o Examples of invalid identifiers: 1a, n%4, n 9, etc.
Declaring Variable and Assigning Values

Python does not bind us to declare a variable before using it in the application.
It allows us to create a variable at the required time.

We don't need to declare explicitly variable in Python. When we assign any

value to the variable, that variable is declared automatically.

The equal (=) operator is used to assign value to a variable.

 Python Data Types

Every value has a datatype, and variables can hold values. Python is a powerfully comp
language; consequently, we don't have to characterize the sort of variable while announcing it
interpreter binds the value implicitly to its type.

1. a = 5

We did not specify the type of the variable a, which has the value five from an integer. The Py
interpreter will automatically interpret the variable as an integer.

We can verify the type of the program-used variable thanks to Python. The type() functi
Python returns the type of the passed variable.

5Mifference between JDK, JRE, and JVM

Consider the following illustration when defining and verifying the values of various data typ

1. a=10
2. b="Hi Python"
3. c = 10.5
4. print(type(a))
5. print(type(b))
6. print(type(c))

Output:

<type 'int'>
<type 'str'>
<type 'float'>
Standard data types

A variable can contain a variety of values. On the other hand, a person's id must be stored
integer, while their name must be stored as a string.

The storage method for each of the standard data types that Python provides is specifie
Python. The following is a list of the Python-defined data types.

1. Numbers
2. Sequence Type
3. Boolean
4. Set
5. Dictionary

The data types will be briefly discussed in this tutorial section. We will talk about every singl
of them exhaustively later in this instructional exercise.

Numbers

Numeric values are stored in numbers. The whole number, float, and complex qualities ha
place with a Python Numbers datatype. Python offers the type() function to determine a varia
data type. The instance () capability is utilized to check whether an item has a place with a spe
 class.

When a number is assigned to a variable, Python generates Number objects. For instance,

1. a=5
2. print("The type of a", type(a))
3.
4. b = 40.5
5. print("The type of b", type(b))
6.
7. c = 1+3j
8. print("The type of c", type(c))
9. print(" c is a complex number", isinstance(1+3j,complex))

Output:

The type of a <class 'int'>

The type of b <class 'float'>
The type of c <class 'complex'>
c is complex number: True

Python supports three kinds of numerical data.

o Int: Whole number worth can be any length, like numbers 10, 2, 29, - 20, - 150, and s
An integer can be any length you want in Python. Its worth has a place with int.
o Float: Float stores drifting point numbers like 1.9, 9.902, 15.2, etc. It can be accura
within 15 decimal places.
o Complex: An intricate number contains an arranged pair, i.e., x + iy, where x and y si
the genuine and non-existent parts separately. The complex numbers like 2.14j, 2.0 +
etc.

Sequence Type
String

The sequence of characters in the quotation marks can be used to describe the string. A string
be defined in Python using single, double, or triple quotes.

String dealing with Python is a direct undertaking since Python gives worked-in capabilitie
administrators to perform tasks in the string.
 When dealing with strings, the operation "hello"+" python" returns "hello python," and
operator + is used to combine two strings.

Because the operation "Python" *2 returns "Python," the operator * is referred to as a repe
operator.

The Python string is demonstrated in the following example.

Example - 1

1. str = "string using double quotes"

2. print(str)
3. s = '''''A multiline
4. string'''
5. print(s)

Output:

string using double quotes

A multiline
string

Look at the following illustration of string handling.

Example - 2

1. str1 = 'hello javatpoint' #string str1

2. str2 = ' how are you' #string str2
3. print (str1[0:2]) #printing first two character using slice operator
4. print (str1[4]) #printing 4th character of the string
5. print (str1*2) #printing the string twice
6. print (str1 + str2) #printing the concatenation of str1 and str2

Output:

he
o
hello javatpointhello javatpoint
hello javatpoint how are you
 List

Lists in Python are like arrays in C, but lists can contain data of different types. The thing
away in the rundown are isolated with a comma (,) and encased inside square sections [].

To gain access to the list's data, we can use slice [:] operators. Like how they worked with str
the list is handled by the concatenation operator (+) and the repetition operator (*).

Look at the following example.

Example:

1. list1 = [1, "hi", "Python", 2]

2. #Checking type of given list
3. print(type(list1))
4.
5. #Printing the list1
6. print (list1)
7.
8. # List slicing
9. print (list1[3:])
10.
11.# List slicing
12.print (list1[0:2])
13.
14.# List Concatenation using + operator
15.print (list1 + list1)
16.
17.# List repetation using * operator
18.print (list1 * 3)

Output:

[1, 'hi', 'Python', 2]

[2]
[1, 'hi']
[1, 'hi', 'Python', 2, 1, 'hi', 'Python', 2]
[1, 'hi', 'Python', 2, 1, 'hi', 'Python', 2, 1, 'hi', 'Python', 2]
Tuple
 In many ways, a tuple is like a list. Tuples, like lists, also contain a collection of items
various data types. A parenthetical space () separates the tuple's components from one another

Because we cannot alter the size or value of the items in a tuple, it is a read-only data structure

Let's look at a straightforward tuple in action.

Example:

1. tup = ("hi", "Python", 2)

2. # Checking type of tup
3. print (type(tup))
4.
5. #Printing the tuple
6. print (tup)
7.
8. # Tuple slicing
9. print (tup[1:])
10.print (tup[0:1])
11.
12.# Tuple concatenation using + operator
13.print (tup + tup)
14.
15.# Tuple repatation using * operator
16.print (tup * 3)
17.
18.# Adding value to tup. It will throw an error.
19.t[2] = "hi"

Output:

<class 'tuple'>
('hi', 'Python', 2)
('Python', 2)
('hi',)
('hi', 'Python', 2, 'hi', 'Python', 2)
('hi', 'Python', 2, 'hi', 'Python', 2, 'hi', 'Python', 2)
 Traceback (most recent call last):
File "main.py", line 14, in <module>
t[2] = "hi";
TypeError: 'tuple' object does not support item assignment
Dictionary

A dictionary is a key-value pair set arranged in any order. It stores a specific value for each
like an associative array or a hash table. Value is any Python object, while the key can hold
primitive data type.

The comma (,) and the curly braces are used to separate the items in the dictionary.

Look at the following example.

1. d = {1:'Jimmy', 2:'Alex', 3:'john', 4:'mike'}

2.
3. # Printing dictionary
4. print (d)
5.
6. # Accesing value using keys
7. print("1st name is "+d[1])
8. print("2nd name is "+ d[4])
9.
10.print (d.keys())
11.print (d.values())

Output:

1st name is Jimmy

2nd name is mike
{1: 'Jimmy', 2: 'Alex', 3: 'john', 4: 'mike'}
dict_keys([1, 2, 3, 4])
dict_values(['Jimmy', 'Alex', 'john', 'mike'])

Boolean

True and False are the two default values for the Boolean type. These qualities are utiliz
decide the given assertion valid or misleading. The class book indicates this. False ca
represented by the 0 or the letter "F," while true can be represented by any value that is not ze
 Look at the following example.

1. # Python program to check the boolean type

2. print(type(True))
3. print(type(False))
4. print(false)

Output:

<class 'bool'>
<class 'bool'>
NameError: name 'false' is not defined
Set

The data type's unordered collection is Python Set. It is iterable, mutable(can change
creation), and has remarkable components. The elements of a set have no set order; It might r
the element's altered sequence. Either a sequence of elements is passed through the curly b
and separated by a comma to create the set or the built-in function set() is used to create the s
can contain different kinds of values.

Look at the following example.

1. # Creating Empty set

2. set1 = set()
3.
4. set2 = {'James', 2, 3,'Python'}
5.
6. #Printing Set value
7. print(set2)
8.
9. # Adding element to the set
10.
11.set2.add(10)
12.print(set2)
13.
14.#Removing element from the set
15.set2.remove(2)
16.print(set2)
 Output:

{3, 'Python', 'James', 2}

{'Python', 'James', 3, 2, 10}
{'Python', 'James', 3, 10}

Python String

Till now, we have discussed numbers as the standard data-types in Python. In

this section of the tutorial, we will discuss the most popular data type in Python,
i.e., string.

Python string is the collection of the characters surrounded by single quotes,

double quotes, or triple quotes. The computer does not understand the
characters; internally, it stores manipulated character as the combination of the
0's and 1's.

Each character is encoded in the ASCII or Unicode character. So we can say

that Python strings are also called the collection of Unicode characters.

3.9M

460

Package in Java

In Python, strings can be created by enclosing the character or the sequence of

characters in the quotes. Python allows us to use single quotes, double quotes,
or triple quotes to create the string.

Consider the following example in Python to create a string.

Syntax:
1. str = "Hi Python !"

Here, if we check the type of the variable str using a Python script

1. print(type(str)), then it will print a string (str).

 In Python, strings are treated as the sequence of characters, which means that
Python doesn't support the character data-type; instead, a single character
written as 'p' is treated as the string of length 1.

Creating String in Python

We can create a string by enclosing the characters in single-quotes or double-

quotes. Python also provides triple-quotes to represent the string, but it is
generally used for multiline string or docstrings.

1. #Using single quotes

2. str1 = 'Hello Python'
3. print(str1)
4. #Using double quotes
5. str2 = "Hello Python"
6. print(str2)
7.
8. #Using triple quotes
9. str3 = '''''Triple quotes are generally used for
10. represent the multiline or
11. docstring'''
12.print(str3)

Output:

Hello Python
Hello Python
Triple quotes are generally used for
represent the multiline or
docstring

Strings indexing and splitting

Like other languages, the indexing of the Python strings starts from 0. For
example, The string "HELLO" is indexed as given in the below figure.
 Consider the following example:

1. str = "HELLO"
2. print(str[0])
3. print(str[1])
4. print(str[2])
5. print(str[3])
6. print(str[4])
7. # It returns the IndexError because 6th index doesn't exist
8. print(str[6])

Output:

H
E
L
L
O
IndexError: string index out of range

As shown in Python, the slice operator [] is used to access the individual

characters of the string. However, we can use the : (colon) operator in Python to
access the substring from the given string. Consider the following example.
 Here, we must notice that the upper range given in the slice operator is always
exclusive i.e., if str = 'HELLO' is given, then str[1:3] will always include str[1]
= 'E', str[2] = 'L' and nothing else.

Consider the following example:

1. # Given String
2. str = "JAVATPOINT"
3. # Start Oth index to end
4. print(str[0:])
5. # Starts 1th index to 4th index
6. print(str[1:5])
7. # Starts 2nd index to 3rd index
8. print(str[2:4])
9. # Starts 0th to 2nd index
10.print(str[:3])
11.#Starts 4th to 6th index
12.print(str[4:7])

Output:

JAVATPOINT
AVAT
VA
JAV
TPO

We can do the negative slicing in the string; it starts from the rightmost
character, which is indicated as -1. The second rightmost index indicates -2, and
so on. Consider the following image.

Consider the following example

1. str = 'JAVATPOINT'
2. print(str[-1])
3. print(str[-3])
4. print(str[-2:])
5. print(str[-4:-1])
6. print(str[-7:-2])
7. # Reversing the given string
8. print(str[::-1])
9. print(str[-12])

Output:

T
I
NT
OIN
ATPOI
TNIOPTAVAJ
IndexError: string index out of range

Reassigning Strings

Updating the content of the strings is as easy as assigning it to a new string. The
string object doesn't support item assignment i.e., A string can only be replaced
with new string since its content cannot be partially replaced. Strings are
immutable in Python.

Consider the following example.

Example 1
1. str = "HELLO"
2. str[0] = "h"
3. print(str)

Output:

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "12.py", line 2, in <module>
str[0] = "h";
TypeError: 'str' object does not support item assignment

However, in example 1, the string str can be assigned completely to a new

content as specified in the following example.

Example 2
1. str = "HELLO"
2. print(str)
3. str = "hello"
4. print(str)

Output:

HELLO
hello

Deleting the String

As we know that strings are immutable. We cannot delete or remove the

characters from the string. But we can delete the entire string using
the del keyword.

1. str = "JAVATPOINT"
2. del str[1]

Output:

TypeError: 'str' object doesn't support item deletion

Now we are deleting entire string.

1. str1 = "JAVATPOINT"
2. del str1
3. print(str1)

Output:

NameError: name 'str1' is not defined

String Operators

Operato Description
r

+ It is known as concatenation operator used to join the strings given either sid
the operator.

* It is known as repetition operator. It concatenates the multiple copies of the s

 string.

[] It is known as slice operator. It is used to access the sub-strings of a partic

string.

[:] It is known as range slice operator. It is used to access the characters from
specified range.

in It is known as membership operator. It returns if a particular sub-string is presen

the specified string.

not in It is also a membership operator and does the exact reverse of in. It returns true
particular substring is not present in the specified string.

r/R It is used to specify the raw string. Raw strings are used in the cases where we n
to print the actual meaning of escape characters such as "C://python". To de
any string as a raw string, the character r or R is followed by the string.

% It is used to perform string formatting. It makes use of the format specifiers use
C programming like %d or %f to map their values in python. We will discuss h
formatting is done in python.

Example

Consider the following example to understand the real use of Python operators.

1. str = "Hello"
2. str1 = " world"
3. print(str*3) # prints HelloHelloHello
4. print(str+str1)# prints Hello world
5. print(str[4]) # prints o
6. print(str[2:4]); # prints ll
7. print('w' in str) # prints false as w is not present in str
8. print('wo' not in str1) # prints false as wo is present in str1.
9. print(r'C://python37') # prints C://python37 as it is written
10.print("The string str : %s"%(str)) # prints The string str : Hello
 Output:

HelloHelloHello
Hello world
o
ll
False
False
C://python37
The string str : Hello

Python String Formatting

Escape Sequence

Let's suppose we need to write the text as - They said, "Hello what's going on?"-
the given statement can be written in single quotes or double quotes but it will
raise the SyntaxError as it contains both single and double-quotes.

Example

Consider the following example to understand the real use of Python operators.

1. str = "They said, "Hello what's going on?""

2. print(str)

Output:

SyntaxError: invalid syntax

We can use the triple quotes to accomplish this problem but Python provides the
escape sequence.

The backslash(/) symbol denotes the escape sequence. The backslash can be
followed by a special character and it interpreted differently. The single quotes
inside the string must be escaped. We can apply the same as in the double
quotes.

Example -
1. # using triple quotes
2. print('''''They said, "What's there?"''')
3.
4. # escaping single quotes
5. print('They said, "What\'s going on?"')
6.
7. # escaping double quotes
8. print("They said, \"What's going on?\"")

Output:

They said, "What's there?"

They said, "What's going on?"
They said, "What's going on?"

The list of an escape sequence is given below:

Sr. Escape Sequence Description Example

1. \newline It ignores the new line. print("Python1 \

Python2 \
Python3")
Output:

Python1 Python2 Python3

2. \\ Backslash print("\\")
Output:

3. \' Single Quotes print('\'')

Output:

'

4. \\'' Double Quotes print("\"")

Output:

"

5. \a ASCII Bell print("\a")

6. \b ASCII Backspace(BS) print("Hello \b World")

 Output:

Hello World

7. \f ASCII Formfeed print("Hello \f World!")

Hello World!

8. \n ASCII Linefeed print("Hello \n World!")

Output:

Hello
World!

9. \r ASCII Carriege Return(CR) print("Hello \r World!")

Output:

World!

10. \t ASCII Horizontal Tab print("Hello \t World!")

Output:

Hello World!

11. \v ASCII Vertical Tab print("Hello \v World!")

Output:

Hello
World!

12. \ooo Character with octal value print("\110\145\154\154\157"

Output:
Hello

13 \xHH Character with hex value. print("\x48\x65\x6c\x6c\x6f")

Output:

Hello

Here is the simple example of escape sequence.

1. print("C:\\Users\\DEVANSH SHARMA\\Python32\\Lib")
2. print("This is the \n multiline quotes")
3. print("This is \x48\x45\x58 representation")

Output:
 C:\Users\DEVANSH SHARMA\Python32\Lib
This is the
multiline quotes
This is HEX representation

We can ignore the escape sequence from the given string by using the raw
string. We can do this by writing r or R in front of the string. Consider the
following example.

1. print(r"C:\\Users\\DEVANSH SHARMA\\Python32")

Output:

C:\\Users\\DEVANSH SHARMA\\Python32

The format() method

The format() method is the most flexible and useful method in formatting
strings. The curly braces {} are used as the placeholder in the string and
replaced by the format() method argument. Let's have a look at the given an
example:

1. # Using Curly braces

2. print("{} and {} both are the best friend".format("Devansh","Abhishek"))
3.
4. #Positional Argument
5. print("{1} and {0} best players ".format("Virat","Rohit"))
6.
7. #Keyword Argument
8. print("{a},{b},{c}".format(a = "James", b = "Peter", c = "Ricky"))

Output:

Devansh and Abhishek both are the best friend

Rohit and Virat best players
James,Peter,Ricky

Python String Formatting Using % Operator

Python allows us to use the format specifiers used in C's printf statement. The
format specifiers in Python are treated in the same way as they are treated in C.
 However, Python provides an additional operator %, which is used as an
interface between the format specifiers and their values. In other words, we can
say that it binds the format specifiers to the values.

Consider the following example.

1. Integer = 10;
2. Float = 1.290
3. String = "Devansh"
4. print("Hi I am Integer ... My value is %d\nHi I am float ... My value is %f\nHi
I am string ... My value is %s"%(Integer,Float,String))

Output:

Hi I am Integer ... My value is 10

Hi I am float ... My value is 1.290000
Hi I am string ... My value is Devansh

Python String functions

Python provides various in-built functions that are used for string handling.
Many String fun

Method Description

capitalize() It capitalizes the first character of the String. This func

is deprecated in python3

casefold() It returns a version of s suitable for case-less compariso

center(width ,fillchar) It returns a space padded string with the original st

centred with equal number of left and right spaces.

count(string,begin,end) It counts the number of occurrences of a substring

String between begin and end index.
decode(encoding = 'UTF8', errors = Decodes the string using codec registered for encoding
'strict')

encode() Encode S using the codec registered for encoding. Def

encoding is 'utf-8'.

endswith(suffix ,begin=0,end=len(s It returns a Boolean value if the string terminates w

tring)) given suffix between begin and end.

expandtabs(tabsize = 8) It defines tabs in string to multiple spaces. The def

space value is 8.

find(substring ,beginIndex, It returns the index value of the string where substrin
endIndex) found between begin index and end index.

format(value) It returns a formatted version of S, using the passed val

index(subsring, beginIndex, It throws an exception if string is not found. It works s

endIndex) as find() method.

isalnum() It returns true if the characters in the string

alphanumeric i.e., alphabets or numbers and there i
least 1 character. Otherwise, it returns false.

isalpha() It returns true if all the characters are alphabets and t

is at least one character, otherwise False.

isdecimal() It returns true if all the characters of the string

decimals.

isdigit() It returns true if all the characters are digits and there
least one character, otherwise False.

isidentifier() It returns true if the string is the valid identifier.

islower() It returns true if the characters of a string are in lo
case, otherwise false.

isnumeric() It returns true if the string contains only num

characters.

isprintable() It returns true if all the characters of s are printable or

empty, false otherwise.

isupper() It returns false if characters of a string are in Upper c

otherwise False.

isspace() It returns true if the characters of a string are white-sp

otherwise false.

istitle() It returns true if the string is titled properly and f

otherwise. A title string is the one in which the
character is upper-case whereas the other characters
lower-case.

isupper() It returns true if all the characters of the string(if exist

true otherwise it returns false.

join(seq) It merges the strings representation of the given sequen

len(string) It returns the length of a string.

ljust(width[,fillchar]) It returns the space padded strings with the original st

left justified to the given width.

lower() It converts all the characters of a string to Lower case.

lstrip() It removes all leading whitespaces of a string and can

be used to remove particular character from leading.
partition() It searches for the separator sep in S, and returns the
before it, the separator itself, and the part after it. If
separator is not found, return S and two empty strings.

maketrans() It returns a translation table to be used in trans

function.

replace(old,new[,count]) It replaces the old sequence of characters with the

sequence. The max characters are replaced if max is gi

rfind(str,beg=0,end=len(str)) It is similar to find but it traverses the string in backw

direction.

rindex(str,beg=0,end=len(str)) It is same as index but it traverses the string in backw

direction.

rjust(width,[,fillchar]) Returns a space padded string having original string r

justified to the number of characters specified.

rstrip() It removes all trailing whitespace of a string and can

be used to remove particular character from trailing.

rsplit(sep=None, maxsplit = -1) It is same as split() but it processes the string from
backward direction. It returns the list of words in
string. If Separator is not specified then the string s
according to the white-space.

split(str,num=string.count(str)) Splits the string according to the delimiter str. The st

splits according to the space if the delimiter is
provided. It returns the list of substring concatenated w
the delimiter.

splitlines(num=string.count('\n')) It returns the list of strings at each line with new

removed.
startswith(str,beg=0,end=len(str)) It returns a Boolean value if the string starts with given
between begin and end.

strip([chars]) It is used to perform lstrip() and rstrip() on the string.

swapcase() It inverts case of all characters in a string.

title() It is used to convert the string into the title-case i.e.,

string meEruT will be converted to Meerut.

translate(table,deletechars = '') It translates the string according to the translation t

passed in the function .

upper() It converts all the characters of a string to Upper Case.

How to Take Input from User in Python

Sometimes a developer might want to take user input at some point in the
program. To do this Python provides an input() function.
Syntax:
input('prompt')
where prompt is an optional string that is displayed on the string at the time of
taking input.
Example 1: Python get user input with a message
Python3

# Taking input from the user

 name = input("Enter your name: ")

# Output

print("Hello, " + name)

print(type(name))

Output:
Enter your name: GFG
Hello, GFG
<class 'str'>
Note: Python takes all the input as a string input by default. To convert it to
any other data type we have to convert the input explicitly. For example, to
convert the input to int or float we have to use the int() and float() method
respectively.
Example 2: Integer input in Python
Python3

# Taking input from the user as integer

num = int(input("Enter a number: "))

add = num + 1

# Output

print(add)
 Output:
Enter a number: 25
26

Python input() Function Example 1

Here, we are using this function get user input and display to the user as well.

1. # Python input() function example

2. # Calling function
3. val = input("Enter a value: ")
4. # Displaying result
5. print("You entered:",val)

Output:

Enter a value: 45
You entered: 45

Python input() Function Example 2

The input() method returns string value. So, if we want to perform arithmetic
operations, we need to cast the value first. See the example below.

1. # Python input() function example

2. # Calling function
3. val = input("Enter an integer: ")
4. # Displaying result
5. val = int(val) # casting into string
6. sqr = (val*val) # getting square
7. print("Square of the value:",sqr)

Output:
Enter an integer: 12
Square of the value: 144

Python Operators

Introduction:

In this article, we are discussing Python Operators. The operator is a symbol

that performs a specific operation between two operands, according to one
definition. Operators serve as the foundation upon which logic is constructed in
a program in a particular programming language. In every programming
language, some operators perform several tasks. Same as other languages,
Python also has some operators, and these are given below -

o Arithmetic operators
o Comparison operators
o Assignment Operators
o Logical Operators
o Bitwise Operators
o Membership Operators
o Identity Operators
o Arithmetic Operators

Arithmetic Operators

Arithmetic operators used between two operands for a particular operation.

There are many arithmetic operators. It includes the exponent (**) operator as
well as the + (addition), - (subtraction), * (multiplication), / (divide), %
(reminder), and // (floor division) operators.

Consider the following table for a detailed explanation of arithmetic operators.

Operator Description

+ (Addition) It is used to add two operands. For example, if a = 10, b = 10 => a+b = 20
 - (Subtraction) It is used to subtract the second operand from the first operand. If the
operand is less than the second operand, the value results negative.
example, if a = 20, b = 5 => a - b = 15

/ (divide) It returns the quotient after dividing the first operand by the second oper
For example, if a = 20, b = 10 => a/b = 2.0

* It is used to multiply one operand with the other. For example, if a = 20,
(Multiplication) 4 => a * b = 80

% (reminder) It returns the reminder after dividing the first operand by the sec
operand. For example, if a = 20, b = 10 => a%b = 0

** (Exponent) As it calculates the first operand's power to the second operand, it is

exponent operator.

// (Floor It provides the quotient's floor value, which is obtained by dividing the
division) operands.

Program Code:

Now we give code examples of arithmetic operators in Python. The code is

given below -

1. a = 32 # Initialize the value of a

2. b=6 # Initialize the value of b
3. print('Addition of two numbers:',a+b)
4. print('Subtraction of two numbers:',a-b)
5. print('Multiplication of two numbers:',a*b)
6. print('Division of two numbers:',a/b)
7. print('Reminder of two numbers:',a%b)
8. print('Exponent of two numbers:',a**b)
9. print('Floor division of two numbers:',a//b)

Output:
Now we compile the above code in Python, and after successful compilation,
we run it. Then the output is given below -

Addition of two numbers: 38

Subtraction of two numbers: 26
Multiplication of two numbers: 192
Division of two numbers: 5.333333333333333
Reminder of two numbers: 2
Exponent of two numbers: 1073741824
Floor division of two numbers: 5

Comparison operator

Comparison operators mainly use for comparison purposes. Comparison

operators compare the values of the two operands and return a true or false
Boolean value in accordance. The example of comparison operators are ==, !=,
<=, >=, >, <. In the below table, we explain the works of the operators.

Operato Description
r

== If the value of two operands is equal, then the condition becomes true.

!= If the value of two operands is not equal, then the condition becomes true.

<= The condition is met if the first operand is smaller than or equal to the sec
operand.

>= The condition is met if the first operand is greater than or equal to the sec
operand.

> If the first operand is greater than the second operand, then the condition beco
true.

< If the first operand is less than the second operand, then the condition beco
true.

Program Code:
 Now we give code examples of Comparison operators in Python. The code is
given below -

1. a = 32 # Initialize the value of a

2. b=6 # Initialize the value of b
3. print('Two numbers are equal or not:',a==b)
4. print('Two numbers are not equal or not:',a!=b)
5. print('a is less than or equal to b:',a<=b)
6. print('a is greater than or equal to b:',a>=b)
7. print('a is greater b:',a>b)
8. print('a is less than b:',a<b)

Output:

Now we compile the above code in Python, and after successful compilation,
we run it. Then the output is given below -

Two numbers are equal or not: False

Two numbers are not equal or not: True
a is less than or equal to b: False
a is greater than or equal to b: True
a is greater b: True
a is less than b: False

Assignment Operators

Using the assignment operators, the right expression's value is assigned to the
left operand. There are some examples of assignment operators like =, +=, -=,
*=, %=, **=, //=. In the below table, we explain the works of the operators.

Operato Description
r

= It assigns the value of the right expression to the left operand.

+= By multiplying the value of the right operand by the value of the left operand,
left operand receives a changed value. For example, if a = 10, b = 20 => a+ = b
be equal to a = a+ b and therefore, a = 30.
 -= It decreases the value of the left operand by the value of the right operand
assigns the modified value back to left operand. For example, if a = 20, b = 10
a- = b will be equal to a = a- b and therefore, a = 10.

*= It multiplies the value of the left operand by the value of the right operand
assigns the modified value back to then the left operand. For example, if a = 1
= 20 => a* = b will be equal to a = a* b and therefore, a = 200.

%= It divides the value of the left operand by the value of the right operand and ass
the reminder back to the left operand. For example, if a = 20, b = 10 => a %
will be equal to a = a % b and therefore, a = 0.

**= a**=b will be equal to a=a**b, for example, if a = 4, b =2, a**=b will assign 4
= 16 to a.

//= A//=b will be equal to a = a// b, for example, if a = 4, b = 3, a//=b will assign 4/
1 to a.

Program Code:

Now we give code examples of Assignment operators in Python. The code is

given below -

1. a = 32 # Initialize the value of a

2. b=6 # Initialize the value of b
3. print('a=b:', a==b)
4. print('a+=b:', a+b)
5. print('a-=b:', a-b)
6. print('a*=b:', a*b)
7. print('a%=b:', a%b)
8. print('a**=b:', a**b)
9. print('a//=b:', a//b)

Output:

Now we compile the above code in Python, and after successful compilation,
we run it. Then the output is given below -
 a=b: False
a+=b: 38
a-=b: 26
a*=b: 192
a%=b: 2
a**=b: 1073741824
a//=b: 5

Bitwise Operators

The two operands' values are processed bit by bit by the bitwise operators. The
examples of Bitwise operators are bitwise OR (|), bitwise AND (&), bitwise
XOR (^), negation (~), Left shift (<<), and Right shift (>>). Consider the case
below.

For example,

1. if a = 7
2. b = 6
3. then, binary (a) = 0111
4. binary (b) = 0110
5.
6. hence, a & b = 0011
7. a | b = 0111
8. a ^ b = 0100
9. ~ a = 1000
10.Let, Binary of x = 0101
11. Binary of y = 1000
12.Bitwise OR = 1101
13.8 4 2 1
14.1 1 0 1 = 8 + 4 + 1 = 13
15.
16.Bitwise AND = 0000
17.0000 = 0
18.
19.Bitwise XOR = 1101
20.8 4 2 1
21.1 1 0 1 = 8 + 4 + 1 = 13
22.Negation of x = ~x = (-x) - 1 = (-5) - 1 = -6
23.~x = -6
 In the below table, we are explaining the works of the bitwise operators.

Operator Description

& (binary A 1 is copied to the result if both bits in two operands at the same location ar
and) If not, 0 is copied.

| (binary or) The resulting bit will be 0 if both the bits are zero; otherwise, the resulting
will be 1.

^ (binary xor) If the two bits are different, the outcome bit will be 1, else it will be 0.

~ (negation) The operand's bits are calculated as their negations, so if one bit is 0, the nex
will be 1, and vice versa.

<< (left shift) The number of bits in the right operand is multiplied by the leftward shift of
value of the left operand.

>> (right The left operand is moved right by the number of bits present in the r
shift) operand.

Program Code:

Now we give code examples of Bitwise operators in Python. The code is given
below -

1. a=5 # initialize the value of a

2. b=6 # initialize the value of b
3. print('a&b:', a&b)
4. print('a|b:', a|b)
5. print('a^b:', a^b)
6. print('~a:', ~a)
7. print('a<<b:', a<<b)
8. print('a>>b:', a>>b)

Output:
 Now we compile the above code in Python, and after successful compilation,
we run it. Then the output is given below -

a&b: 4
a|b: 7
a^b: 3
~a: -6
a<>b: 0

Logical Operators

The assessment of expressions to make decisions typically uses logical

operators. The examples of logical operators are and, or, and not. In the case of
logical AND, if the first one is 0, it does not depend upon the second one. In the
case of logical OR, if the first one is 1, it does not depend on the second one.
Python supports the following logical operators. In the below table, we explain
the works of the logical operators.

Operato Description
r

and The condition will also be true if the expression is true. If the two expressio
and b are the same, then a and b must both be true.

or The condition will be true if one of the phrases is true. If a and b are the
expressions, then an or b must be true if and is true and b is false.

not If an expression a is true, then not (a) will be false and vice versa.

Program Code:

Now we give code examples of arithmetic operators in Python. The code is

given below -

1. a=5 # initialize the value of a

2. print(Is this statement true?:',a > 3 and a < 5)
3. print('Any one statement is true?:',a > 3 or a < 5)
4. print('Each statement is true then return False and vice-versa:',(not(a > 3 and a
< 5)))
 Output:

Now we give code examples of Bitwise operators in Python. The code is given
below -

Is this statement true?: False

Any one statement is true?: True
Each statement is true then return False and vice-versa: True

Membership Operators

The membership of a value inside a Python data structure can be verified using
Python membership operators. The result is true if the value is in the data
structure; otherwise, it returns false.

Operato Description
r

In If the first operand cannot be found in the second operand, it is evaluated to be

(list, tuple, or dictionary).

not in If the first operand is not present in the second operand, the evaluation is true (
tuple, or dictionary).

Program Code:

Now we give code examples of Membership operators in Python. The code is

given below -

1. x = ["Rose", "Lotus"]
2. print(' Is value Present?', "Rose" in x)
3. print(' Is value not Present?', "Riya" not in x)

Output:

Now we compile the above code in Python, and after successful compilation,
we run it. Then the output is given below -

Is value Present? True

Is value not Present? True
 Identity Operators

Operato Description
r

Is If the references on both sides point to the same object, it is determined to be tru

is not If the references on both sides do not point at the same object, it is determined t
true.

Program Code:

Now we give code examples of Identity operators in Python. The code is given
below -

1. a = ["Rose", "Lotus"]
2. b = ["Rose", "Lotus"]
3. c=a
4. print(a is c)
5. print(a is not c)
6. print(a is b)
7. print(a is not b)
8. print(a == b)
9. print(a != b)

Output:

Now we compile the above code in python, and after successful compilation, we
run it. Then the output is given below -

True
False
False
True
True
False
Python Indentation

Indentation refers to the spaces at the beginning of a code line.

Where in other programming languages the indentation in code is for readability

only, the indentation in Python is very important.

Python uses indentation to indicate a block of code.

Example
if 5 > 2:
print("Five is greater than two!")

Python will give you an error if you skip the indentation:

Example

Syntax Error:

if 5 > 2:
print("Five is greater than two!")

The number of spaces is up to you as a programmer, but it has to be at least one.

Example
if 5 > 2:
print("Five is greater than two!")
if 5 > 2:
print("Five is greater than two!")

Python Conditions and If statements

Python supports the usual logical conditions from mathematics:

 Equals: a == b
  Not Equals: a != b
 Less than: a < b
 Less than or equal to: a <= b
 Greater than: a > b
 Greater than or equal to: a >= b

These conditions can be used in several ways, most commonly in "if

statements" and loops.

An "if statement" is written by using the if keyword.

Example

If statement:

a = 33
b = 200
if b > a:
print("b is greater than a")

In this example we use two variables, a and b, which are used as part of the if
statement to test whether b is greater than a. As a is 33, and b is 200, we know
that 200 is greater than 33, and so we print to screen that "b is greater than a".

Indentation

Python relies on indentation (whitespace at the beginning of a line) to define

scope in the code. Other programming languages often use curly-brackets for
this purpose.

Example

If statement, without indentation (will raise an error):

a = 33
b = 200
if b > a:
print("b is greater than a") # you will get an error
Elif

The elif keyword is Python's way of saying "if the previous conditions were not
true, then try this condition".

Example
a = 33
b = 33
if b > a:
print("b is greater than a")
elif a == b:
print("a and b are equal")

In this example a is equal to b, so the first condition is not true, but

the elif condition is true, so we print to screen that "a and b are equal".

Else

The else keyword catches anything which isn't caught by the preceding
conditions.

Example
a = 200
b = 33
if b > a:
print("b is greater than a")
elif a == b:
print("a and b are equal")
else:
print("a is greater than b")

In this example a is greater than b, so the first condition is not true, also
the elif condition is not true, so we go to the else condition and print to screen
that "a is greater than b".
You can also have an else without the elif:

Example
a = 200
b = 33
if b > a:
print("b is greater than a")
else:
print("b is not greater than a")

Short Hand If

If you have only one statement to execute, you can put it on the same line as the
if statement.

Example

One line if statement:

if a > b: print("a is greater than b")

Short Hand If ... Else

If you have only one statement to execute, one for if, and one for else, you can
put it all on the same line:

Example

One line if else statement:

a=2
b = 330
print("A") if a > b else print("B")
This technique is known as Ternary Operators, or Conditional Expressions.

You can also have multiple else statements on the same line:

Example

One line if else statement, with 3 conditions:

a = 330
b = 330
print("A") if a > b else print("=") if a == b else print("B")

And

The and keyword is a logical operator, and is used to combine conditional

statements:

Example

Test if a is greater than b, AND if c is greater than a:

a = 200
b = 33
c = 500
if a > b and c > a:
print("Both conditions are True")

Or

The or keyword is a logical operator, and is used to combine conditional

statements:
Example

Test if a is greater than b, OR if a is greater than c:

a = 200
b = 33
c = 500
if a > b or a > c:
print("At least one of the conditions is True")

Not

The not keyword is a logical operator, and is used to reverse the result of the
conditional statement:

Example

Test if a is NOT greater than b:

a = 33
b = 200
if not a > b:
print("a is NOT greater than b")

Nested If

You can have if statements inside if statements, this is

called nested if statements.

Example
x = 41
if x > 10:
print("Above ten,")
if x > 20:
print("and also above 20!")
else:
print("but not above 20.")

Python Loops

Python has two primitive loop commands:

 while loops
 for loops

The while Loop

With the while loop we can execute a set of statements as long as a condition is
true.

Example

Print i as long as i is less than 6:

i=1
while i < 6:
print(i)
i += 1

Output-

1
2

Note: remember to increment i, or else the loop will continue forever.

The while loop requires relevant variables to be ready, in this example we need
to define an indexing variable, i, which we set to 1.

Print table using while Loop

Code-

i=1

num = 5

while i <= 10:

print(i*num)

i += 1

Output:

10

15
20

25

30

35

40

45

50

The break Statement

With the break statement we can stop the loop even if the while condition is
true:

Example

Exit the loop when i is 3:

i=1
while i < 6:
print(i)
if i == 3:
break
i += 1

Output-

3
The continue Statement

With the continue statement we can stop the current iteration, and continue with
the next:

Example

Continue to the next iteration if i is 3:

i=0
while i < 6:
i += 1
if i == 3:
continue
print(i)

Output-

The else Statement

With the else statement we can run a block of code once when the condition no
longer is true:

Example

Print a message once the condition is false:

i=1
while i < 6:
print(i)
i += 1
else:
print("i is no longer less than 6")

Output-

i is no longer less than 6

Python For Loops

A for loop is used for iterating over a sequence (that is either a list, a tuple, a
dictionary, a set, or a string).

This is less like the for keyword in other programming languages, and works
more like an iterator method as found in other object-orientated programming
languages.

With the for loop we can execute a set of statements, once for each item in a
list, tuple, set etc.

Example

Print each fruit in a fruit list:

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

for x in fruits:
print(x)

Output
apple
banana
cherry

The for loop does not require an indexing variable to set beforehand.

Looping Through a String

Even strings are iterable objects, they contain a sequence of characters:

Example

Loop through the letters in the word "banana":

for x in "banana":
print(x)

Output

b
a
n
a
n
a

The break Statement

With the break statement we can stop the loop before it has looped through all
the items:

Example

Exit the loop when x is "banana":

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
for x in fruits:
print(x)
if x == "banana":
break

Output

apple
banana

Example

Exit the loop when x is "banana", but this time the break comes before the print:

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

for x in fruits:
if x == "banana":
break
print(x)

Output

apple

The continue Statement

With the continue statement we can stop the current iteration of the loop, and
continue with the next:

Example

Do not print banana:

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

for x in fruits:
if x == "banana":
 continue
print(x)

Output

Apple

cherry

The range() Function

To loop through a set of code a specified number of times, we can use
the range() function,

The range() function returns a sequence of numbers, starting from 0 by default,

and increments by 1 (by default), and ends at a specified number.

Example

Using the range() function:

for x in range(6):
print(x)

output

6
Note that range(6) is not the values of 0 to 6, but the values 0 to 5.

The range() function defaults to 0 as a starting value, however it is possible to

specify the starting value by adding a parameter: range(2, 6), which means
values from 2 to 6 (but not including 6):

Example

Using the start parameter:

for x in range(2, 6):

print(x)

The range() function defaults to increment the sequence by 1, however it is

possible to specify the increment value by adding a third parameter: range(2,
30, 3):

Example

Increment the sequence with 3 (default is 1):

for x in range(2, 30, 3):

print(x)

Nested Loops

A nested loop is a loop inside a loop.

The "inner loop" will be executed one time for each iteration of the "outer
loop":

Example

Print each adjective for every fruit:

adj = ["red", "big", "tasty"]

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
for x in adj:
for y in fruits:
print(x, y)

Output

red apple
red banana
red cherry
big apple
big banana
big cherry
tasty apple
tasty banana
tasty cherry

Python Functions
A function is a block of code which only runs when it is called.

You can pass data, known as parameters, into a function.

A function can return data as a result.

Creating a Function

In Python a function is defined using the def keyword:

Example
def my_function():
print("Hello from a function")

Calling a Function

To call a function, use the function name followed by parenthesis:

Example
def my_function():
print("Hello from a function")
my_function()

Output:

Hello from a function

Arguments

Information can be passed into functions as arguments.

Arguments are specified after the function name, inside the parentheses. You
can add as many arguments as you want, just separate them with a comma.

The following example has a function with one argument (fname). When the
function is called, we pass along a first name, which is used inside the function
to print the full name:

Example
def my_function(fname):
print(fname + " Refsnes")

my_function("Emil")
my_function("Tobias")
my_function("Linus")

Output:

Emil Refsnes
Tobias Refsnes
Linus Refsnes

Parameters or Arguments?

The terms parameter and argument can be used for the same thing: information
that are passed into a function.

From a function's perspective:

A parameter is the variable listed inside the parentheses in the function

definition.

An argument is the value that is sent to the function when it is called.

Number of Arguments

By default, a function must be called with the correct number of arguments.

Meaning that if your function expects 2 arguments, you have to call the function
with 2 arguments, not more, and not less.

Example

This function expects 2 arguments, and gets 2 arguments:

def my_function(fname, lname):

print(fname + " " + lname)

my_function("Emil", "Refsnes")

Output:

Emil Refsnes
Default Parameter Value

The following example shows how to use a default parameter value.

If we call the function without argument, it uses the default value:

Example
def my_function(country = "Norway"):
print("I am from " + country)

my_function("Sweden")
my_function("India")
my_function()
my_function("Brazil")

Output:

I am from Sweden
I am from India
I am from Norway
I am from Brazil

Python Lambda Functions

This tutorial will study anonymous, commonly called lambda functions in

Python. A lambda function can take n number of arguments at a time. But it
returns only one argument at a time. We will understand what they are, how to
execute them, and their syntax.

What are Lambda Functions in Python?

Lambda Functions in Python are anonymous functions, implying they don't

have a name. The def keyword is needed to create a typical function in Python,
 as we already know. We can also use the lambda keyword in Python to define
an unnamed function.

Syntax

The syntax of the Lambda Function is given below -

1. lambda arguments: expression

This function accepts any count of inputs but only evaluates and returns one
expression. That means it takes many inputs but returns only one output.

Lambda functions can be used whenever function arguments are necessary. In

addition to other forms of formulations in functions, it has a variety of
applications in certain coding domains. It's important to remember that
according to syntax, lambda functions are limited to a single statement.

Example

Here we share some examples of lambda functions in Python for learning

purposes. Program Code 1:

Now we gave an example of a lambda function that adds 4 to the input number
is shown below.

1. # Code to demonstrate how we can use a lambda function for adding 4 numbers
2. add = lambda num: num + 4
3. print( add(6) )

Output:

Now we compile the above code in Python, and after successful compilation,
we run it. Then the output is given below -

10

Here we explain the above code. The lambda function is "lambda num: num+4"
in the given programme. The parameter is num, and the computed and returned
equation is num * 4.

There is no label for this function. It generates a function object associated with
the "add" identifier. We can now refer to it as a standard function. The lambda
statement, "lambda num: num+4", is written using the add function, and the
code is given below: Program Code 2:
 Now we gave an example of a lambda function that adds 4 to the input number
using the add function. The code is shown below -

1. def add( num ):

2. return num + 4
3. print( add(6) )

Output:

Now we compile the above code in Python, and after successful compilation,
we run it. Then the output is given below -

10

Program Code 3:

Now we gave an example of a lambda function that multiply 2 numbers and

return one result. The code is shown below -

1. a = lambda x, y : (x * y)
2. print(a(4, 5))

Output:

Now we compile the above code in python, and after successful compilation, we
run it. Then the output is given below -

20

Program Code 4:

Now we gave another example of a lambda function that adds 2 numbers and
return one result. The code is shown below -

1. a = lambda x, y, z : (x + y + z)
2. print(a(4, 5, 5))

Output:

Now we compile the above code in python, and after successful compilation, we
run it. Then the output is given below -

14
Map():

The map() function executes a specified function for each item in an iterable.
The item is sent to the function as a parameter.

Syntax
map(function, iterables)

def myfunc(n):
return len(n)

x = map(myfunc, ('apple', 'banana', 'cherry'))

Parameter Values

Parameter Description

Function Required. The function to execute for each item

Iterable Required. A sequence, collection or an iterator object. You can send a

you like, just make sure the function has one parameter for each iterab

More Examples
Example

Make new fruits by sending two iterable objects into the function:

def myfunc(a, b):

return a + b

x = map(myfunc, ('apple', 'banana', 'cherry'), ('orange', 'lemon', 'pineapple'))

What are Modules in Python?

A document with definitions of functions and various statements written in

Python is called a Python module.

In Python, we can define a module in one of 3 ways:

o Python itself allows for the creation of modules.

o Similar to the re (regular expression) module, a module can be primarily
written in C programming language and then dynamically inserted at run-
time.
o A built-in module, such as the itertools module, is inherently included in
the interpreter.

A module is a file containing Python code, definitions of functions, statements,

or classes. An example_module.py file is a module we will create and whose
name is example_module.

We employ modules to divide complicated programs into smaller, more

understandable pieces. Modules also allow for the reuse of code.

Rather than duplicating their definitions into several applications, we may

define our most frequently used functions in a separate module and then import
the complete module.

Let's construct a module. Save the file as example_module.py after entering the
following.

Example:
1. # Here, we are creating a simple Python program to show how to create a modul
e.
2. # defining a function in the module to reuse it
3. def square( number ):
4. # here, the above function will square the number passed as the input
5. result = number ** 2
6. return result # here, we are returning the result of the function

Here, a module called example_module contains the definition of the function

square(). The function returns the square of a given number.

How to Import Modules in Python?

In Python, we may import functions from one module into our program, or as
we say into, another module.

For this, we make use of the import Python keyword. In the Python window, we
add the next to import keyword, the name of the module we need to import. We
will import the module we defined earlier example_module.

Syntax:

1. import example_module

The functions that we defined in the example_module are not immediately

imported into the present program. Only the name of the module, i.e., example_
module, is imported here.

We may use the dot operator to use the functions using the module name. For
instance:

Example:

1. # here, we are calling the module square method and passing the value 4
2. result = example_module.square( 4 )
3. print("By using the module square of number is: ", result )

Output:

By using the module square of number is: 16

There are several standard modules for Python. The complete list of Python
standard modules is available. The list can be seen using the help command.
 Similar to how we imported our module, a user-defined module, we can use an
import statement to import other standard modules.

Importing a module can be done in a variety of ways. Below is a list of them.

Python import Statement

Using the import Python keyword and the dot operator, we may import a
standard module and can access the defined functions within it. Here's an
illustration.

Code

1. # Here, we are creating a simple Python program to show how to import a stand
ard module
2. # Here, we are import the math module which is a standard module
3. import math
4. print( "The value of euler's number is", math.e )
5. # here, we are printing the euler's number from the math module

Output:

The value of euler's number is 2.718281828459045