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Unix_Linux_Shell_Notes_Complete

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Hemant kairam
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2 views

Unix_Linux_Shell_Notes_Complete

Uploaded by

Hemant kairam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Unix/Linux and Shell Scripting - Extended Full Notes

Generated on: 2025-04-20

Unix/Linux and Shell Scripting - Full Notes

1. Introduction to Unix and Linux

- Unix: Multiuser, multitasking OS developed at Bell Labs.

- Linux: Open-source Unix-like OS created by Linus Torvalds.

- Differences: Linux is open-source and widely used in modern systems.

- Kernel, Shell, Utilities, Application Programs.

2. File System and Directory Management

- Filesystem is hierarchical, starting from root (/)

- Directories: /bin, /home, /etc, /usr, /var, etc.

- Commands:

cd, pwd, ls, mkdir, rmdir, touch, rm, cp, mv

- File Permissions:

- rwxr-xr--

- chmod, chown, chgrp

3. Basic Shell Scripting Concepts

- Shell: Interface between user and kernel (bash, sh)

- Script: File with commands

#!/bin/bash

echo "Hello, World!"


- Variables:

name="Hemanth"

echo $name

4. Advanced Shell Commands and Utilities

- grep: Search text

grep "word" file.txt

- sed: Stream editor

sed 's/old/new/g' file.txt

- awk: Text processing

awk '{print $1}' file.txt

- sort, uniq, head, tail, cut, tr

5. Pipes and Redirection

- >, >>, <, |

- ls > list.txt

- cat file.txt | grep "text"

6. vi/vim Editor

- Modes: Command, Insert, Visual

- i to insert, Esc to return, :wq to save and quit

- Basic commands: dd, yy, p, u

7. Process and Job Management

- ps, top, kill, bg, fg, jobs

- nohup, nice, renice


- kill -9 PID

8. Network Commands

- ping, netstat, ssh, scp, ftp, curl, wget

9. Conditional Statements

if [ $num -gt 0 ]; then

echo "Positive"

elif [ $num -lt 0 ]; then

echo "Negative"

else

echo "Zero"

fi

10. Looping Constructs

- for i in 1 2 3; do echo $i; done

- while [ $x -le 5 ]; do echo $x; ((x++)); done

- until [ $x -gt 5 ]; do echo $x; ((x++)); done

11. Practical Script Example

#!/bin/bash

echo "Backup starting..."

tar -czf backup_$(date +%F).tar.gz /home/user/

echo "Done!"

12. Useful Built-in Variables


$0, $1, $#, $*, $?, $$

13. Functions in Shell

function say_hello() {

echo "Hello $1"

say_hello Hemanth

14. Debugging Scripts

- Use `set -x` and `set +x` to enable/disable debugging

- Use `bash -x script.sh` to trace

15. Scheduling with cron

- Edit with `crontab -e`

- Format: * * * * * /path/to/script.sh

- List: crontab -l

16. Best Practices

- Comment your scripts

- Use quotes to prevent globbing

- Use functions for modularity

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