Python-Module-1-Important-Topics

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Python-Module-1-Important-Topics
1. Data types
2. Operator's
3. Expressions
4. Int, float
5. Strings
6. Control statements
What are control statements
Iteration Structure
For loop
While loop
Selection statements
7. Switch
Python-Module-1-University-Questions-Part-A
1. What is the output of the following print statement in Python? (a) print (9//2) (b)
print (9/2)
2. Write a Python program to count number of even numbers and odd numbers in a
given set of n numbers.
3. What is the output of the following Python code. Justify your answer.
4. Jack says that he will not bother with analysis and design but proceed directly to
coding his programs. Why is that not a good idea?
5. Write the output of the following python statements :
6. Explain type conversion with example.
7. Write a program that accepts the lengths of three sides of a triangle as inputs and
outputs whether or not the triangle is a right triangle
 8. Write a Python program to reverse a number and also find the sum of digits of the
number.Prompt the user for input
9. Explain the concept of scope and lifetime of variables in Python programming
language, with a suitable example.
Example

Python-Module-1-University-Questions-Part-B
1. Write a python program to generate the following type of pattern for the given N
rows .
2. Write the python program to print all prime numbers less than 1000.
3. Write a Python program to find distance between two points (x1,y1) and (x2,y2).
4. Write a Python program to find the roots of a quadratic equation, ax2+ bx + c =0 .
5. Write a Python program to check whether a number is Armstrong number or not.
6. Write a Python program to display the sum of odd numbers between a programmer
specified upper and lower limit.
7. Given the value of x, write a Python program to evaluate the following series upto n
terms:
8. Write a python program to find X^Y or pow(X,Y) without using standard function.
9. Write a python program to generate the following type of pattern for the given N
rows where N <= 26.
10. Discuss the steps involved in the waterfall model of software development
process with the help of a neat diagram.
11. Write a Python program to print all numbers between 100 and 1000 whose sum of
digits is divisible by 9.
12. Illustrate the use of range() in Python.
What is range?
Example
13. Write a Python program to print all prime factors of a given number.
14. Write a Python code to check whether a given year is a leap year or not
15. What are the possible errors in a Python program.
16. Write a Python program to print the value of 2^(2n)+n+5 for n provided by the
user.
17. Write a Python code to determine whether the given string is a Palindrome or not
using slicing. Do not use any string function.
1. Data types
A data type consists of a set of values and a set of operations that can be performed on
those values.
A literal is the way a value of a data type looks to a programmer. The programmer can use
a literal in a program to mention a data value.

2. Operator's

3. Expressions
Expressions provide an easy way to perform operations on data values to
produce other data values.

Arithmetic Expressions
An arithmetic expression consists of operands and operators.
4. Int, float
Integers - the integers include 0, all of the positive whole numbers, and all of the negative
whole numbers.
Floating - Point Numbers - A real number in mathematics, such as the value of pi
(3.1416...), consists of a whole number, a decimal point, and a fractional part.

5. Strings
In python, a string literal is a sequence of characters enclosed in single or double
quotation marks
"Hello There"

6. Control statements
What are control statements

Statements that allow the computer to select an action to perform in a particular action or
to repeat a set of actions.
Two types of control statements are there:
Selection structure
Iteration structure

Iteration Structure

Also known as loops. Which repeat an action

Each repetition of the action is known as an iteration
There is for loops and while loops for doing this
For loop

Syntax

for <variable> in range(<an integer expression>):

<statement-1>
<statement-n>

Example

for eachPass in range(4):

print("Its alive!")

Output

Its alive!
Its alive!
Its alive!
Its alive!

While loop

Conditional iteration requires that a condition be tested within the loop to determine
whether the loop should continue. Such a condition is called the loop’s continuation
condition.
If the continuation condition is false, the loop ends. If the continuation condition is true, the
statements within the loop are executed again

Syntax

while <condition>:
<sequence of statements>

Example

num = 10
while(num>0):
 num = num - 1
print("Subtracting")

Selection statements

In some cases, instead of moving straight ahead to execute the next instruction, the
computer might be faced with two alternative courses of action.
The condition in a selection statement often takes the form of a comparison. The result of
the comparison is a Boolean value True or False.

if <condition>:
<sequence of statements-1>
elif <condition-n>
<sequence of statements-n>
else:
<default sequence of statements>

Example

num = 10
if(num > 10):
print("Num greater than 10")
elif(num == 10):
print("Num is equal to 10")
else:
print("Num is less than 10")

Output

Here Num is equal to 10 will be printed

7. Switch
A switch statement is a very useful and powerful programming feature. It is an alternate to
if-else-if ladder statement and provides better performance and more manageable code
than an if-else-if ladder statement.
Python does not provide inbuilt switch statements, we can implement on our own
Example

def get_week_day(argument):
switcher =
{
0: "Sunday" ,
1: "Monday" ,
2: "Tuesday" ,
3: "Wednesday" ,
4: "Thursday" ,
5: "Friday" ,
6: "Saturday"
}
return switcher.get(argument, "Invalid day")
print (get_week_day(6))
print (get_week_day(8))
print (get_week_day(0))

Output

Saturday
Invalid day
Sunday

Python-Module-1-University-Questions-
Part-A
1. What is the output of the following print statement in
Python? (a) print (9//2) (b) print (9/2)
(a) 4 (b) 4.5

2. Write a Python program to count number of even numbers

and odd numbers in a given set of n numbers.
 def count_even_odd(numbers):
"""Counts the number of even and odd numbers in a list.

Args:
numbers: A list of integers.

Returns:
A tuple containing the count of even numbers and odd numbers.
"""

even_count = 0
odd_count = 0
for num in numbers:
if num % 2 == 0:
even_count += 1
else:
odd_count += 1
return even_count, odd_count

# Get the set of numbers from the user

n = int(input("Enter the number of elements: "))
numbers = []
for i in range(n):
num = int(input("Enter element {}: ".format(i+1)))
numbers.append(num)

# Count even and odd numbers

even_count, odd_count = count_even_odd(numbers)

# Print the results

print("Even numbers:", even_count)
print("Odd numbers:", odd_count)

3. What is the output of the following Python code. Justify

your answer.
x = 'abcd'
for i in range(len(x)):
print(i)

0
1
2
3

range(len(x)) creates a sequence of numbers from 0 to len(x)-1 (which is 3 in this

case). So, the loop will iterate four times.
so, 0,1,2,3 will be printed, as the range is [0,1,2,3]

4. Jack says that he will not bother with analysis and design
but proceed directly to coding his programs. Why is that not
a good idea?
There are several reasons why skipping analysis and design and going straight to coding
is not a good idea for Jack:
Errors and rework: Without proper analysis, Jack might miss crucial requirements or
misunderstand the problem he's trying to solve. This can lead to errors in the code
that may not be apparent until later stages, requiring significant rework.
Inefficient solutions: Without design, Jack might write code that works but is
inefficient, poorly structured, or difficult to maintain. Design helps create a well-
organized and optimized solution.
Maintenance challenges: Code written without proper planning can be difficult to
understand and maintain for Jack himself or anyone else who might need to work on
it later. This can lead to time-consuming debugging and modifications in the future.

5. Write the output of the following python statements :

i) round(12.57) ii) 5//2 iii) int(6.5)
 round(12.57): The round function rounds a number to the nearest integer. In this case,
12.57 is closer to 13 than 12, so the output is 13.
5//2: The // operator performs integer division, which discards the remainder. Dividing 5
by 2 results in 2.5, but since we're using integer division, only the whole number part (2) is
kept.
int(6.5): The int function converts a number to an integer. In this case, 6.5 is a floating-
point number. When converted to an integer, the decimal part is truncated, resulting in 6.

6. Explain type conversion with example.

num = 3.8
converted_num = int(num)
print(converted_num) # Output: 3 (Decimal part truncated)

num = 10
converted_num = float(num)
print(converted_num) # Output: 10.0 (Integer converted to float)

num = 123 converted_num = str(num) print(converted_num) # Output: "123"

(Integer converted to string)

7. Write a program that accepts the lengths of three sides of

a triangle as inputs and outputs whether or not the triangle is
a right triangle

def is_right_triangle(a, b, c):

"""
Checks if the given side lengths form a right triangle.

Args:
a: Length of the first side.
b: Length of the second side.
c: Length of the third side.
 Returns:
True if the triangle is right-angled, False otherwise.
"""

# Sort the sides in ascending order (hypotenuse is always the longest)

sides = sorted([a, b, c])
hypotenuse = sides[-1]
other_sides = sides[:-1]

# Check if the Pythagorean theorem holds for the sorted sides

return hypotenuse**2 == other_sides[0]**2 + other_sides[1]**2

# Get input from the user

while True:
try:
a = float(input("Enter the length of side a: "))
b = float(input("Enter the length of side b: "))
c = float(input("Enter the length of side c: "))

# Validate that all sides are positive

if a <= 0 or b <= 0 or c <= 0:
raise ValueError("All sides of a triangle must be positive numbers.")

break # Exit the loop if valid input is entered

except ValueError as e:
print(e)
print("Please enter valid positive numbers for the sides.")

# Check if it's a right triangle

if is_right_triangle(a, b, c):
print("The triangle is a right triangle.")
else:
print("The triangle is not a right triangle.")

8. Write a Python program to reverse a number and also find

the sum of digits of the number.Prompt the user for input
 def reverse_and_sum_digits(num):
reversed_num = 0
sum_of_digits = 0
while num > 0:
digit = num % 10 # Extract the last digit
reversed_num = reversed_num * 10 + digit # Build the reversed number
sum_of_digits += digit
num //= 10 # Remove the last digit from the original number

return reversed_num, sum_of_digits

# Get user input

number = int(input("Enter a positive integer: "))

# Reverse the number and find the sum of digits

reversed_number, sum_digits = reverse_and_sum_digits(number)

# Print the results

print("Original number:", number)
print("Reversed number:", reversed_number)
print("Sum of digits:", sum_digits)

9. Explain the concept of scope and lifetime of variables in

Python programming language, with a suitable example.
Scope:

Scope refers to the part of your code where a variable is accessible. It determines
where you can use the variable's name to refer to its value.
There are two primary scopes in Python:
Global Scope: Variables defined outside any function are in the global scope. They
are accessible throughout the entire program.
Local Scope: Variables defined inside a function are in the local scope. They are
only accessible within that function.

Lifetime:
 Lifetime refers to the duration for which a variable exists in memory. It determines how
long the memory allocated to the variable is reserved.
The lifetime of a variable is closely tied to its scope. A variable's memory is released when
it goes out of scope.

Example

def calculate_area(length, width):

"""Calculates the area of a rectangle."""
area = length * width # Local variable
return area

# Global variable
message = "This message is accessible throughout the program."

# Main program
rectangle_length = 5
rectangle_width = 3

calculated_area = calculate_area(rectangle_length, rectangle_width)

print(message) # Accessing global variable

print("Area of the rectangle:", calculated_area)

# This line would cause an error because 'length' and 'width' are local to
the function
# print("Length outside the function:", length)
# print("Width outside the function:", width)

message is defined outside any function, so it has global scope and is accessible
throughout the program. Its lifetime lasts until the program ends.
length , width , and area are defined inside the calculate_area function, so they
have local scope. They are only accessible within that function and their lifetime ends
when the function execution finishes.
Python-Module-1-University-Questions-
Part-B
1. Write a python program to generate the following type of
pattern for the given N rows .
1
12
123
1234

def generate_pattern(n):
"""
Generates a pattern of increasing numbers for the given number of rows.

Args:
n: The number of rows in the pattern.
"""

for i in range(1, n + 1):

# Print numbers from 1 to the current row number
for j in range(1, i + 1):
print(j, end=" ")
print() # Move to the next line after each row

# Get the number of rows from the user

while True:
try:
n = int(input("Enter the number of rows: "))
if n <= 0:
raise ValueError("Please enter a positive integer for the number of
rows.")
break # Exit the loop if valid input is entered
except ValueError as e:
print(e)
print("Please enter a valid positive integer.")

# Generate and print the pattern

 generate_pattern(n)

2. Write the python program to print all prime numbers less

than 1000.

for num in range(1,1001):

if num > 1:
for i in range(2,num):
if (num % i) == 0:
break
else:
print(f"{num} is a prime number!")

3. Write a Python program to find distance between two

points (x1,y1) and (x2,y2).
We will use this formula

import math

def calculate_distance(x1, y1, x2, y2):

distance = math.sqrt((x2 - x1)**2 + (y2 - y1)**2)
return distance

# Example usage
x1, y1 = 1, 2
x2, y2 = 4, 6
distance = calculate_distance(x1, y1, x2, y2)
print(f"The distance between points ({x1}, {y1}) and ({x2}, {y2}) is
{distance}")
 Here we import math module and compute the square root using math.sqrt()

4. Write a Python program to find the roots of a quadratic

equation, ax2+ bx + c =0 .
Consider the cases of both real and imaginary roots.

Quadratic Formula

import math

def find_roots(a, b, c):

# Calculate the discriminant
discriminant = b**2 - 4*a*c

# Determine roots based on the discriminant

if discriminant > 0:
root1 = (-b + math.sqrt(discriminant)) / (2 * a)
root2 = (-b - math.sqrt(discriminant)) / (2 * a)
return (root1, root2) # Both roots are real
elif discriminant == 0:
root = -b / (2 * a)
return (root, root) # Both roots are the same (real)
else:
return "The roots are imaginary."

# Example usage
a = 1
 b = -3
c = 2
roots = find_roots(a, b, c)
print(f"The roots of the quadratic equation are: {roots}")

a = 1
b = 2
c = 1
roots = find_roots(a, b, c)
print(f"The roots of the quadratic equation are: {roots}")

a = 1
b = 2
c = 5
roots = find_roots(a, b, c)
print(f"The roots of the quadratic equation are: {roots}")

5. Write a Python program to check whether a number is

Armstrong number or not.

def is_armstrong_number(n):
# Convert the number to a string to easily get each digit
digits = str(n)
num_digits = len(digits)

# Initialize the sum

armstrong_sum = 0

# Loop through each digit and add the digit raised to the power of
num_digits to the sum
for digit in digits:
armstrong_sum += int(digit) ** num_digits

# Check if the sum is equal to the original number

return armstrong_sum == n

# Example usage
number = 153
 if is_armstrong_number(number):
print(f"{number} is an Armstrong number.")
else:
print(f"{number} is not an Armstrong number.")

number = 9474
if is_armstrong_number(number):
print(f"{number} is an Armstrong number.")
else:
print(f"{number} is not an Armstrong number.")

number = 123
if is_armstrong_number(number):
print(f"{number} is an Armstrong number.")
else:
print(f"{number} is not an Armstrong number.")

6. Write a Python program to display the sum of odd

numbers between a programmer specified upper and lower
limit.

def sum_of_odd_numbers(lower_limit, upper_limit):

# Initialize the sum to 0
total_sum = 0

# Loop through the range from lower_limit to upper_limit (inclusive)

for number in range(lower_limit, upper_limit + 1):
# Check if the number is odd
if number % 2 != 0:
total_sum += number

return total_sum

# Example usage
lower_limit = int(input("Enter the lower limit: "))
upper_limit = int(input("Enter the upper limit: "))
 # Ensure the lower limit is less than or equal to the upper limit
if lower_limit > upper_limit:
print("Invalid input: lower limit should be less than or equal to upper
limit.")
else:
result = sum_of_odd_numbers(lower_limit, upper_limit)
print(f"The sum of odd numbers between {lower_limit} and {upper_limit}
is: {result}")

*7. Given the value of x, write a Python program to evaluate

the following series upto n terms:

import math

def evaluate_series(x, n):

# Initialize the sum to 0
series_sum = 0

# Loop through each term from 0 to n-1

for i in range(n):
# Calculate the i-th term: x^i / i!
term = (x ** i) / math.factorial(i)
# Add the term to the series sum
series_sum += term

return series_sum

# Example usage
x = float(input("Enter the value of x: "))
n = int(input("Enter the number of terms n: "))

result = evaluate_series(x, n)
print(f"The value of the series up to {n} terms is: {result}")
8. Write a python program to find X^Y or pow(X,Y) without
using standard function.

def power(x, y):

result = 1
for _ in range(y):
result = result * x
return result

# Example usage
x = float(input("Enter the base (X): "))
y = int(input("Enter the exponent (Y): "))

result = power(x, y)
print(f"{x} raised to the power of {y} is: {result}")

9. Write a python program to generate the following type of

pattern for the given N rows where N <= 26.
A
AB
ABCD
ABCDE

def generate_pattern(rows):
# Define a string of uppercase letters
letters = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"

# Loop over each row

for i in range(rows):
# Loop over each character in the row
for j in range(i + 1):
# Print the character corresponding to the column number
print(letters[j], end=" ")
print() # Move to the next line after printing each row
 # Get user input for the number of rows
rows = int(input("Enter the number of rows (N <= 26): "))

# Call the function to generate the pattern

generate_pattern(rows)

10. Discuss the steps involved in the waterfall model of

software development process with the help of a neat
diagram.
The waterfall model consists of several phases

1. Customer Request
1. In this phase, the programmers receive a broad statement of a problem
2. Analysis
1. The programmers determine what the program will do.
3. Design
1. The programmers determine how the program will do its tasks
4. Implementation
1. The programmers write the program
5. Integration
1. Large programs have many parts. In the integration phase, these parts are broguht
together into a smoothly functioning whole. Usually not an easy task
6. Maintenance
1. Programs usually have a long life. A lifespan of 5 to 15 years is common for software,
during this time, requirements change, errors are detected and minor/major modifications
 are made.

11. Write a Python program to print all numbers between 100

and 1000 whose sum of digits is divisible by 9.

def sum_of_digits(number):
# Initialize sum to 0
digit_sum = 0

# Calculate the sum of digits

while number > 0:
digit_sum += number % 10
number //= 10

return digit_sum

# Iterate through numbers between 100 and 1000

for num in range(100, 1001):
# Check if the sum of digits is divisible by 9
if sum_of_digits(num) % 9 == 0:
print(num)
12. Illustrate the use of range() in Python.
What is range?

The range() function in Python is used to generate a sequence of numbers. It's commonly
used in for loops to iterate over a sequence of numbers. The range() function can take one,
two, or three arguments:

1. If only one argument is provided, range(stop) , it generates a sequence of numbers from

0 to stop - 1 .

2. If two arguments are provided, range(start, stop) , it generates a sequence of

numbers from start to stop - 1 .
3. If three arguments are provided, range(start, stop, step) , it generates a sequence of
numbers from start to stop - 1 with a step size of step .

Example

for i in range(10):
print(i, end=' ')
# Output: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

for i in range(5, 10):

print(i, end=' ')
# Output: 5 6 7 8 9

for i in range(2, 11, 2):

print(i, end=' ')
# Output: 2 4 6 8 10

numbers = list(range(5))
print(numbers)
# Output: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]

for i in range(10, 0, -1):

print(i, end=' ')
 # Output: 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

13. Write a Python program to print all prime factors of a

given number.

def prime_factors(number):
factors = []
divisor = 2

while number > 1:

while number % divisor == 0:
factors.append(divisor)
number //= divisor
divisor += 1

return factors

# Get user input for the number

num = int(input("Enter a number: "))

# Get the prime factors of the number

factors = prime_factors(num)

# Print the prime factors

if len(factors) == 0:
print("No prime factors found.")
else:
print(f"The prime factors of {num} are: {factors}")

14. Write a Python code to check whether a given year is a

leap year or not
An year is a leap year if it’s divisible by 4 but not divisible by 100 except for those
divisible by 400.**
 def is_leap_year(year):
if (year % 4 == 0 and year % 100 != 0) or (year % 400 == 0):
return True
else:
return False

# Get user input for the year

year = int(input("Enter a year: "))

# Check if the year is a leap year

if is_leap_year(year):
print(f"{year} is a leap year.")
else:
print(f"{year} is not a leap year.")

15. What are the possible errors in a Python program.

1. SyntaxError: Occurs when the Python parser encounters a syntax error in the code. This
could be due to a missing parenthesis, colon, or quotation mark, or any other syntax rule
violation.
2. IndentationError: Occurs when there is an issue with the indentation of code blocks.
Python relies on indentation to define the structure of the code, so improper indentation
can lead to errors.
3. NameError: Occurs when a variable or function name is used before it's defined or is
misspelled.
4. TypeError: Occurs when an operation is performed on an object of inappropriate type. For
example, trying to add a string and an integer, or accessing an index of a non-indexable
object.
5. IndexError: Occurs when trying to access an index that is out of range for the given
object, such as a list or a string.
6. ValueError: Occurs when a function receives an argument of the correct type but with an
inappropriate value. For example, passing a negative value to the math.sqrt() function.
7. KeyError: Occurs when trying to access a key that does not exist in a dictionary.
 8. AttributeError: Occurs when trying to access or use an attribute or method that does not
exist for a given object.
9. ImportError: Occurs when Python cannot find the module to import or when there is an
issue with the imported module itself.
10. ZeroDivisionError: Occurs when dividing a number by zero.
11. FileNotFoundError: Occurs when trying to open or access a file that does not exist.
12. AssertionError: Occurs when an assert statement fails.

16. Write a Python program to print the value of 2^(2n)+n+5

for n provided by the user.

# Get user input for the value of n

n = int(input("Enter the value of n: "))

# Calculate the expression 2^(2n) + n + 5

result = 2**(2 * n) + n + 5

# Print the result

print(f"The value of 2^(2n) + n + 5 for n = {n} is: {result}")

17. Write a Python code to determine whether the given

string is a Palindrome or not using slicing. Do not use any
string function.

def is_palindrome(s):
return s == s[::-1]

# Get user input for the string

string = input("Enter a string: ")

# Check if the string is a palindrome

if is_palindrome(string):
print("The string is a palindrome.")
else:
print("The string is not a palindrome.")