Amplification and Natural Frequencies of Khanpur Dam Project

International Conference on Earthquake Engineering and Seismology (ICEES 2011), NUST, Islamabad, Pakistan April 25-26, 2011
Amplification and natural frequencies of Khanpur Dam Project
Dr. Irshad Ahmad1, Syed Kazim Mehdi2, Waseem Khan3, Zahid Shahzad4, M. Shakur5
Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar Pakistan (irspk@yahoo.com, drirshadahmad@nwfpuet.edu.pk)
2
Director, Seismic Studies, WAPDA, Tarbela Dam Project, Pakistan (sspkazim@hotmail.com)
Research Associate, National Center of Excellence in Geology, University of Peshawar (eec_pesh@yahoo.com)
Assistant Director (Seismology, WAPDA), Tarbela Dam Project geoseismology@yahoo.co.in
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar Pakistan
Abstract
Earthquake records at crest and toe of Khanpur Dam are analyzed in this paper to find dam amplification factors and first three natural frequencies of the dam. Beam shear model is also used to estimate the dam natural
frequencies. The earthquake data consists of fourteen events recorded from October 10, 2008 to November 15, 2010. The records are filtered to remove noise. Amplification factors along the dam x-section vary from 1.2 to 3.7. First three natural frequencies of the dam are found from the ratio of the Fourier amplitude of the crest and toe. These frequencies are 2.5, 6.5, and 9.0 Hz. Dam natural frequencies are also found from Beam Shear Model which are 2.6, 6.0, and 9.4 Hz. Natural frequencies from the observed records and analytical model match closely. It is concluded that damage to dam does not only depend on the peak ground acceleration of the input motion but also on its frequency content. Therefore frequency content must be considered while selecting time histories for dynamic analysis of the dam. It is also concluded that the beam shear model can be used to estimate the dynamic parameters of Khanpur dam.
Keywords: Dam; Amplification; Fourier Amplitude; natural frequency
1.
Introduction
Khanpur Dam is located 3344 31N, 7256 09E on the Haro River near the town of Khanpur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, about 25 miles (40 km) from Islamabad, Pakistan (figure-1, and figure 2). It forms Khanpur Lake, a reservoir which supplies drinking water to Islamabad and Rawalpindi and irrigation water to many of the agricultural and industrial areas surrounding the cities. The dam was completed in 1983 after a 15 year construction period believed to have cost Rs. 1,352 million. It is 167 feet (51 m) high and stores 110,000 acre feet (140,000,000 m) of water.
Figure 1 Arial View of Khanpur Dam
Figure 2 Khanpur Dam Reservoir
The x-section of the dam is shown in figure-3. The dam is built of core, filter material, and rocks fill.
Figure 3 Typical cross section of the dam
Khanpur dam lies in seismic zone 2b [1]. The dam is heavily instrumented. The accelerometers and seismometers are installed on and around the dam. In this research paper strong motion records at crest and toe of the dam are analyzed. The data consists of 14 records from different earthquakes. The data contains noise and is, therefore, filtered in SeismoSignal, freely available software for strong motion data processing. Dam amplification factors are found from the data recorded at crest and toe of the dam. Fourier amplitudes are also evaluated using Fast Fourier Transform algorithm. First three natural frequencies of the dam are then found both from the observed records and analytical method.
2.
Data processing
The records contained noise. Unprocessed acceleration, velocity, and displacement time histories of an earthquake recorded at the dam crest on 10/10/2010 are shown in figure 4. It can be seen that the displacement record is unreasonable and contains permanent dam displacements after the earthquake.
0.15 0.1 Acceleration [g] 0.05 0 -0.05 -0.1 -0.15 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Time [sec] 14 16 18 20 22 24
4 Velocity [cm/sec] 2 0 -2 -4 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Time [sec] 14 16 18 20 22 24
0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 -0.1 -0.2 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Time [sec] 16 18 20 22 24
Displacement [cm]
Figure 4 Unprocessed time histories
To process the records, a high pass filter of 0.1 Hz, and low pass filter of 25 Hz was selected for bandpass filter. The frequencies of band pass filter are chosen on the visual inspection of displacement time histories. The processed records are shown in figure 5.
0.15 0.1 Acceleration [g] 0.05 0 -0.05 -0.1 -0.15 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Time [sec] 14 16 18 20 22 24
4 Velocity [cm/sec] 2 0 -2 -4 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Time [sec] 14 16 18 20 22 24
0.4 Displacement [cm] 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 -0.1 -0.2 -0.3 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Time [sec] 16 18 20 22 24
Figure 5 processed records
It can be seen in figure 5 that the displacement at crest of the dam comes back to zero after the earthquake is ended. A summary of peak ground accelerations, velocities and displacements recorded at crest along the dam cross-section are given in table-1.
Table 1 ground motion parameters from processed and unprocessed records
Ground motion parameter
Unprocessed Processed
Peak ground acceleration Peak ground velocity Peak ground displacement
0.170 g 4.887 cm/sec 0.511 cm
0.173 g 4.577 cm/sec 0.440 cm
All the fourteen records are likewise processed.
3.
Dam Amplification Factors from records
The dam amplification factor is defined as the ratio between peak ground acceleration (PGA) recorded at crest of the dam and peak ground acceleration recorded at toe of the dam for the same earthquake i.e.
(1)
Amplification factors calculated from all records are listed in table-2. It can be seen that the dam amplification factors vary from 1.2 to 3.7 depending upon the frequency content of the input motion (toe records). It can also be noticed from the table-2 that the predominant frequencies of the toe records vary from 2.6 to 10.0.
Table 2
Earthquake records and dam amplification factors
S.NO
date of Earthquake 22/10/2008 4/1/2009 20/2/2009 3/4/2009 6/4/2009 9/4/2009 13/7/2009 27/7/2009 29/10/2009 17/9/2010 9/10/2010 10/10/2010 7/11/2010 15/11/2010
PGA(g) Toe 0.003 0.004 0.003 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.003 0.003 0.001 0.003 0.077 0.001 0.002 Crest 0.008 0.012 0.011 0.001 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.006 0.009 0.002 0.003 0.173 0.002 0.006
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Dam Amplification 2.7 3.0 3.7 1.5 2.8 2.1 1.5 1.8 2.6 2.2 1.2 2.2 2.0 2.6
Toe Predominant frequency (Hz) 10.0 3.3 7.1 5.6 3.3 3.1 5.6 5.0 5.6 8.3 8.3 6.3 10.0 2.6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
4.
Natural frequencies of dam from observed records
Natural frequencies of the Khanpur dam are calculated from Fourier amplitude spectra of the observed records. Natural frequencies from the observed records have been determined by various researchers [2, 3]. Fast Fourier transformation is used to find Fourier amplitudes. Ratio of the Fourier amplitudes of the crest and toe records are calculated for each earthquake. The peaks ordinates correspond to the natural frequencies of the dam. Only four graphs are shown in figure6 for four earthquakes.
Figure 6 Peaks corresponds to natural frequencies of the dam
Average ordinates of the ratio of Fourier amplitudes for all the fourteen records are shown in figure 7. As indicated the first three natural frequencies deduced from the figure 7 are f1=2.5 Hz, f2=6.5 Hz, and f3=9.0 Hz.
10
f1=2.5 Hz
f1=9.0 Hz f1=6.5 Hz
Figure 7 Average of Fourier amplitude ratios of all 14 records.
5.
Analytical Model
Shear beam approach to model the two dimensional response of the dam is used. This model requires the dam to be triangular in x-section and homogenous [4]. Strictly speaking the shear beam model is not applicable to Khanpur dam. However, since the dam is only 10.5 m wide at crest, which is closed to a triangle and the core is larger compared to other components in the dam x-section, the method can loosely be applied to Khanpur dam. The advantage is simplicity of the method.
To apply the method, we need to estimate the average shear wave velocity of the dam. Shear wave velocity (Vs) proposed by Swada et al. 1975 [5] are given in table-3. The Vs-profile is plotted in
11
figure-8. However use of lower bound is recommended [6].
Table 3
Shear wave velocity equations for dam Shear Wave Velocity Profiles in Core Zone (m/sec) Low Bound Upper Bound Vs-210 m/s Vs=140 Z0.34 Vs=180 Z0.34
Depth (m)
0-5 5-30 30>
Figure 8 Shear wave zone
velocity profile in the core
Using the figure 8 as guideline, shear wave velocity for Khanpur dam is estimated to be 350 m/s.
Idealized model of the dam on which the shear beam method is based is shown in figure 9.
12
Figure 9 Idealized model of the dam
The differential equation governing the free vibration response of dam is:
(2)
13
In the above equation, is the density and G is shear modulus of the dam, z is the depth below tip, t is time, and u is the horizontal displacement of dam. The solution of differential equation yields the natural frequencies of the dam
(3)
where j is the natural circular frequency of the dam in the jth mode and j are constants respectively equal to 2.4, 5.52, and 8.65 for the first, second, and third mode.
Using equation-3, the first three natural frequencies of the dam are estimated to be: f1=2.6 Hz, f2=6.0 Hz, and f3=9.4 Hz.
6.
Conclusions
The following points are noted in this paper.
1.
The amplification factors for dam vary from 1.2 to 3.7. This means that damage to dam does not only depend on the peak ground acceleration of the input motion but also on its frequency content. It is therefore strongly recommended to consider frequency content of the input motion in the selection of time histories for dynamic analysis of dam.
2.
The first three natural frequencies of the dam from the observed records are found to be 2.5, 6.5, and 9.0 Hz.
3.
The first three natural frequencies of the dam from shear beam model are 2.6, 6.0, and 9.4 Hz.
4.
The frequencies from the observed records and analytical method match closely. This means
14
that the beam shear method can be employed to find the dynamic response of Khanpur dam.
References
[1]
[2]
Building Code of Pakistan, Seismic Provisions, 2007. Ueda M., Toyoda Y., Shiojiri H., and Satou M., Resonant frequency of concrete arch dam evaluated from observational in-situ records and effects of contraction joints on these features, Proceedings Japan Society of Civil Engineering, 2000, issue 654, pp 207-222.
[3]
Castro R.R., Mucciarelli M., Pacor F., Federici F., and Zaninetti A., Determination of the Characteristic frequency of two Dams located in the region of Calbria, Italy, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Vol. 88, No. 2, pp. 503-511, April 1998.
[4]
Kramer, S.L. Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering, Prentice Hall Sawada, Y. and Takahashi, T., Study on the material properties and the earthquake Behaviors of rockfill dam, Proc. of 4th Japan Earthquake Engineering Symposium, Pp.695-702, 1975.
[5]
[6] Ik So, H., and Byung-Hyum, O., Applicability of the existing empirical method for evaluating shear wave velocity in core zone to Korean dam sites
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International Conference on Earthquake Engineering and Seismology (ICEES 2011), NUST, Islamabad, Pakistan April 25-26, 2011

Amplification and natural frequencies of Khanpur Dam Project

Director, Seismic Studies, WAPDA, Tarbela Dam Project, Pakistan (sspkazim@hotmail.com)

Research Associate, National Center of Excellence in Geology, University of Peshawar (eec_pesh@yahoo.com)

Assistant Director (Seismology, WAPDA), Tarbela Dam Project geoseismology@yahoo.co.in

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar Pakistan

Keywords: Dam; Amplification; Fourier Amplitude; natural frequency

Figure 1 Arial View of Khanpur Dam

Figure 2 Khanpur Dam Reservoir

Figure 3 Typical cross section of the dam

4 Velocity [cm/sec] 2 0 -2 -4 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Time [sec] 14 16 18 20 22 24

0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 -0.1 -0.2 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Time [sec] 16 18 20 22 24

Figure 4 Unprocessed time histories

4 Velocity [cm/sec] 2 0 -2 -4 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Time [sec] 14 16 18 20 22 24

Figure 5 processed records

Table 1 ground motion parameters from processed and unprocessed records

Ground motion parameter

Peak ground acceleration Peak ground velocity Peak ground displacement

0.170 g 4.887 cm/sec 0.511 cm

0.173 g 4.577 cm/sec 0.440 cm

All the fourteen records are likewise processed.

Dam Amplification Factors from records

Earthquake records and dam amplification factors

Natural frequencies of dam from observed records

Figure 6 Peaks corresponds to natural frequencies of the dam

Figure 7 Average of Fourier amplitude ratios of all 14 records.

figure-8. However use of lower bound is recommended [6].

0-5 5-30 30>

Figure 8 Shear wave zone

velocity profile in the core

Figure 9 Idealized model of the dam

The following points are noted in this paper.

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