4G TECHNOLOGY

SLCS INSTITUTE OF ENGG AND TECHNOLOGY,

K.JASWANTH KUMAR
07S31A0429 jasu_29@yahoo.com abhinandmukka@gmail.com 8008527129 Btech 3rd year ECE Department

M.ABHINAND
07S31A0404

9441646611 Btech 3rd year ECE Department

ABSTRACT: 4G an abbreviation for Fourth-Generation, is a term used to describe the next complete evolution in wireless communications. A 4G system will be able to provide a comprehensive IP solution where voice, data and streamed multimedia can be given to users on an Anytime, Anywhere basis, and at higher data rates than previous generations. If 4G is implemented correctly, it will truly harmonize global roaming, super high speed connectivity, and transparent end user performance on every mobile communications device in the world. 4G is set to deliver 100mbps to a roaming mobile device globally, and up to 1gbps to a stationary device. With this in mind, it allows for video conferencing, streaming picture perfect video and much more. It wont be just the phone networks that need to evolve, the increased traffic load on the internet as a whole (imagine having 1 billion 100mb nodes attached to a network over night) will need to expand, with faster backbones and oceanic links requiring major upgrade. 4G wont happen overnight, it is estimated that it will be implemented by 2012, and if done correctly, should take off rather quickly. 4G networks i.e. Next Generation Networks (NGNs) are becoming fast and very cost-effective solutions for those wanting an IP built high-speed data capacities in the mobile network. Some possible standards for the 4G system are 802.20, WiMAX (802.16), HSDPA, TDD UMTS, UMTS and future versions of UMTS. The design is that 4G will be based on OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing), which is the key enabler of 4G technology. Other technological aspects of 4G

are adaptive processing and smart antennas, both of which will be used in 3G networks and enhance rates when used in with OFDM. Currently 3G networks still send their data digitally over a single channel; OFDM is designed to send data over hundreds of parallel streams, thus increasing the amount of information that can be sent at a time over traditional CDMA networks. INTRODUCTION: The approaching 4G (fourth generation) mobile communication systems are projected to solve still-remaining problems of 3G (third generation) systems and to provide a wide variety of new services, definition from video high-quality to voice to highhigh-data-rate wireless

channels. The term 4G is used broadly to include several types of broadband wireless access communication systems, not only cellular telephone systems. One of the terms used to describe 4G is integrated-wireless MAGIC-Mobile solution, and multimedia, customized anytime anywhere, Global mobility support, personal service. As a promise for the future, 4G systems, that is, cellular broadband wireless access systems have been attracting much interest in the mobile communication arena. The 4G systems not only will support the next generation of mobile service, but also will support the fixed wireless networks. Researchers and vendors are expressing a growing interest in 4G wireless networks that support global roaming across multiple wireless and mobile networksfor example, from a cellular network to a satellite-based network to a high-

bandwidth increased

wireless coverage,

LAN. the

With this feature, convenience of a

link. This new digital system gave a lot better quality and much more capacity (i.e. more people could use their phones at the same time), all at a lower cost to the end consumer. Based on TDMA, the first commercial network for use by the public was the Global system for mobile communication (GSM). 3G or Third Generation: 3G systems promise faster communications services, entailing voice, fax and Internet data transfer capabilities, the aim of 3G are to provide these services anytime, anywhere throughout the globe, with seamless roaming between standards. ITUs IMT-2000 is a global standard for 3G and has opened new doors to enabling innovative services and application for instance, multimedia entertainment, and location-based services, as well as a whole lot more .

users will have access to different services, single device, one bill with reduced total access cost, and more reliable wireless access even with the failure or loss of one or more networks. 4G networks will also feature IP interoperability for seamless mobile Internet access and bit rates of 100Mbps and more. HISTORY: At the end of the 1940s, the first radio telephone service was introduced, and was designed to users in cars to the public land-line based telephone IMTS, or, network. by Then, in the sixties, a Bell Systems, Mobile called Telephone system launched

Improve d

Service", brought quite a few improvements such as direct dialing and more bandwidth. The very first analog systems were based upon IMTS and were created in the late 60s and early 70s. The systems were called "cellular" because large coverage areas were split into smaller areas or "cells", each cell is served by a low power transmitter and receiver. The 1G or First Generation was an analog system, and was developed in the seventies, 1G had two major improvements, this was the invention of the microprocessor, and the digital transform of the control link between the phone and the cell site. Advance mobile phone system (AMPS) was first launched by the US and is a 1G mobile system. Based on FDMA, it allows users to make voice calls in 1 country. 2G or Second Generation: 2G first appeared around the end of the 1980s, the 2G system digitized the voice signal, as well as the control

Motivation for 4G Research Before 3G Has Not Been Deployed? 3G performance may not be sufficient to meet needs of future high-performance applications like multi-media, full-motion video, wireless

teleconferencing. We need a network technology that extends 3G capacity by an order of magnitude. There are multiple standards for 3G making it difficult to roam and interoperate across networks. we need global mobility and service portability 3G is based on primarily a wide-area concept. We need hybrid networks that utilize both wireless LAN (hot spot) concept and cell or base-station wide area network design. We need wider bandwidth Researchers spectrally have come up with more efficient modulation

Quality of Service-driven services

Better scheduling and call-admissioncontrol techniques

Ad-hoc and multi-hop networks (the strict delay requirements of voice make Multihop network service a difficult problem)

Better spectral efficiency

Seamless network of multiple protocols and air interfaces (since 4G will be All-IP, look for 4G systems to be compatible with all common networkTechnologies including 802.11, WCDMA, Bluetooth, and Hyper LAN).

schemes that can not be retrofitted into 3G infrastructure. We need all digital packet networks that utilize IP in its fullest form with converged voice and data capability. FEATURES:

An infrastructure to handle pre-existing 3G systems along with other wireless technologies, some of which are currently under development.

Support for interactive multimedia, voice, streaming video, Internet, and Other broadband services .

IP based mobile system

High speed, high capacity, and low costper-bit

Global access, service portability, and scalable mobile services

Seamless switching and a variety of

modulation (MCM), a derivative of frequencydivision multiplexing. Forms of multicarrier systems are currently used in digital subscriber line (DSL) modems, and digital audio/video
Comparing Key Parameters of 4G with 3G PARAMETERS 3G (including2.5G,sub3G) 4G

broadcast (DAB/DVB). MCM is a baseband process that uses parallel equal bandwidth subchannels to transmit information. Normally implemented with Fast Fourier transform (FFT) techniques, MCM's advantages include better performance in the inter symbol interference (ISI) environment, and avoidance of single-frequency interferers. However, MCM increases the peakto-average ratio (PAVR) of the signal, and to overcome ISI a cyclic extension or guard band must be added to the data. Cyclic extension works as follows: If N is the original length of a block, and the channel's response is of length M, the cyclically extended symbol has a new length of N + M - 1. The image presented by this sequence, to the convolution with the channel, looks as if it was convolved with a periodic sequence consisting of a repetition of the original block of N. Therefore, the new symbol of length N + M - 1 sampling periods has no ISI. The cost is an increase in energy and uncoded bits added to the data. At the MCM receiver, only N samples are processed, and M - 1 samples are discarded, resulting in a loss in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) as shown in Equation 1. SNR loss=10 log ((N+M-1)/N) db ---- (1)

Major Requirement Driving Architecture Network Architecture

Predominantly voice driven data was always add on Wide area cell-based

Converged data and voice over IP Hybrid Integration of Wireless LAN (WiFi, Bluetooth) and wide area 20 to 100 Mbps in mobile mode Higher frequency bands (2-8 GHz) 100 MHz more) (or

Speeds

384 Kbps to 2 Mbps

Frequency Band

Dependent on country or continent (1800-2400 MHz) 5-20 MHz

Bandwidth

Switching Design Basis

Circuit and Packet

All digital with packetized voice OFDM and MCCDMA (Multi Carrier CDMA) Concatenated coding scheme Smarter Antennas, software multiband and wideband radios All IP (IP6.0)

Access Technologies

W-CDMA, 1xRTT, Edge

Forward Error Correction

Convolutional rate 1/2, 1/3

Component Design

Optimized antenna multi-band adapters

design,

IP

A number of air link protocols, including IP 5.0

What is needed to Build 4G Networks of Future? To achieve a 4G standard, a new approach is needed to avoid the divisiveness we've seen in the 3G realm. One promising underlying technology to accomplish this is multicarrier

Two different types of MCM are likely candidates for 4G as listed in Table 1. These include multicarrier code division multiple access (MCCDMA) and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) using time division multiple

access (TDMA). MC-CDMA is actually OFDM with a CDMA overlay. Similar to single-carrier CDMA systems, the users are multiplexed with orthogonal codes to distinguish users in MCCDMA. However, in MC-CDMA, each user can be allocated several codes, where the data is spread in time or frequency. Either way, multiple users access the system simultaneously. In OFDM with TDMA, the users are allocated time intervals to transmit and receive data. As with 3G systems, 4G systems have to deal with issues of multiple access interference and timing. Why OFDM? OFDM overcomes most of the problems with both FDMA and TDMA (ie ICI and ISI). OFDM splits the available bandwidth in to many narrow band channels. The carriers for each channel are orthogonal to one another allowing them to be spaced very close together, with no overhead as in the FDMA. Because of this there is no great need for users to be time multiplexed as in TDMA, thus there is no overhead associated with switching between the users. Each carrier in an OFDM signal has a very narrow bandwidth (ie 1 K Hz), thus the resulting symbol rate is low. This results in signal having a high tolerance to multipath delay spread, as a delay spread must be very long to cause ISI ( i.e. >500 sec). THE 4G TRANSCEIVER: The structure of a 4G transceiver is similar to any other wideband wireless transceiver. Variances from a typical transceiver are mainly in the baseband processing. A multicarrier modulated signal appears to the RF/IF section of the transceiver as a broadband high PAVR signal. Base stations

and mobiles are distinguished in that base stations transmit and receive/ decode more than one mobile, while a mobile is for a single user. A mobile may be a cell phone, a computer, or other personal communication device. The line between RF and baseband will be closer for a 4G system. Data will be converted from analog to digital or vice versa at high data rates to increase the flexibility of the system. Also, typical RF components such as power amplifiers and antennas will require sophisticated signal processing techniques to create the capabilities needed for broadband high data rate signals. Figure 1 shows a typical RF/IF section for a transceiver. In the transmit path inphase and quadrature (I&Q) signals are upconverted to an IF, and then converted to RF and amplified for transmission. In the receive path the data is taken from the antenna at RF, filtered, amplified, and downconverted for baseband processing. The transceiver provides power control, timing and synchronization, and frequency If information. When multicarrier modulation is used, frequency information is crucial. able to decode it. the data is not synchronized properly the transceiver will not be

4G PROCESSING:

Figure 2 shows a high-

RECEIVER SECTION:

4G will require an

level block diagram of the transceiver baseband processing section. Given that 4G is based on a multicarrier technique, key baseband components for the transmitter and receiver are the FFT and its inverse (IFFT). In the transmit path the data is generated, coded, modulated, transformed, cyclically extended, and then passed to the RF/IF section. In the receive path the cyclic extension is removed, the data is transformed, detected, and decoded. If the data is voice, it goes to a vocoder. The baseband subsystem will be implemented with a number of ICs, including digital signal processors (DSPs), microcontrollers, and ASICs. Software, an important part of the transceiver, implements the different algorithms, coding, and overall state machine of the transceiver. The base station could have numerous DSPs. For example, if smart antennas are used, each user needs access to a DSP to perform the needed adjustments to the antenna beam.

improved receiver section, compared to 3G, to achieve the desired performance in data rates and reliability of communication. As shown in Equation 2, Shannon's Theorem specifies the minimum required SNR for reliable communication:

SNR=2C/BW-------------- (3)
where C is the channel capacity (which is the data rate), and BW is the bandwidth For 3G, using the 2-Mbps data rate in a 5-MHz bandwidth, the SNR is only 1.2 dB. In 4G, approximately 12-dB SNR is required for a 20Mbps data rate in a 5-MHz bandwidth. This shows that for the increased data rates of 4G, the transceiver system must perform significantly better than 3G. The receiver front end provides a signal path from the antenna to the baseband processor. It consists of a bandpass filter, a lownoise amplifier (LNA), and a downconverter. Depending on the type of receiver there could be two downconversions (as in a super-heterodyne receiver), where one downconversion converts the signal to an IF. The signal is then filtered and then downconverted to or near baseband to be sampled. The other configuration has one downconversion, as in a homodyne (zero IF or ZIF) receiver, where the data is converted directly to baseband.The challenge in the receiver design is to achieve the required sensitivity, intermodulation, and spurious rejection, while operating at low power.

BASEBAND PROCESSING:

The error

4G to help achieve the desired performance; this helps in controlling high PAVR - different services need different levels of power due to the different rates and QoS levels required.The digital-toanalog converter (DAC) is an important piece of the transmit chain. It requires a high slew rate to minimize distortion, especially with the high PAVR of the MCM signals. Generally, data is oversampled 2.5 to 4 times; by increasing the oversampling ratio of the DAC, the step size between samples decreases. This minimizes distortion. In the baseband processing section of the transmit chain, the signal is encoded, modulated, transformed using an IFFT, and then a cyclic extension is added. Dynamic packet assignment or dynamic frequency selection are techniques which can increase the capacity of the system. Feedback from the mobile is needed to accomplish these techniques. The baseband processing will have to be fast to support the high data rates. APPLICATIONS OF 4G: 1. Virtual Presence: This means that 4G provides user services at all times, even if the user is off-

correction coding of 4G has not yet been proposed, however, it is known that 4G will provide different levels of QoS, including data rates and bit error rates. It is likely that a form of concatenated coding will also be used, and this could be a turbo code as used in 3G, or a combination of a block code and a convolutional code. This increases the complexity of the baseband processing in the receive section. 4G baseband signal-processing components will include ASICs, DSPs, microcontrollers, and FPGAs. Baseband processing techniques such as smart antennas and multi-user detection will be required to reduce interference. MCM is a baseband process. The subcarriers are created using IFFT in the transmitter, and FFT is used in the receiver to recover the data. A fast DSP is needed for parsing and processing the data. Multi-user detection (MUD) is used to eliminate the multiple access interference (MAI) present in CDMA systems. TRANSMITTER SECTION: As the data

site. 2. Virtual navigation: 4G provides users with virtual navigation through which a user can access a database of the streets, buildings etc of large cities. This requires high speed data transmission. 3. Tele-Medicine: 4G will support remote health monitoring of patients. A user need not go to the hospital and can get videoconference assistance for a doctor at anytime and anywhere. 4. Tele-geoprocessing applications: This is a combination of GIS (Geographical Information

rate for 4G increases, the need for a clean signal also increases. One way to increase capacity is to increase frequency reuse. With the wider bandwidth system and high PAVR associated with 4G, it will be difficult to achieve good performance without help of linearity techniques (for example, predistortion of the signal to the PA). To effectively accomplish this task, feedback between the RF and baseband is required. The algorithm to perform the feedback is done in the DSP, which is part of the baseband data processing.Power control will also be important in

System) and GPS (Global Positioning System) in which a user can get the location by Querying 5.Crisis management: Natural disasters can cause break down in communication systems. In todays world it might take days or weeks to restore the system. But in 4G it is expected to restore such crisis issues in a few hours. 6. Education: For people who are interested in life long education, 4G provides a good opportunity. People anywhere in the world can continue their education online in a cost effective manner.

only dreamed of, we believe that 4G will probably become an IP-based network today. REFERENCES: 1.Intuitive Guide to Principle of Communications copyright 2004 Charan Langton 2.Paper on 4g evolution By Abhijit Hota 3. www.wikipedia.com 4. www.4g.co.uk 5. www.wiley.com 6.www.mobilecomms-technology.com

CONCLUSION: System designers and services providers are looking forward to a true wireless broadband cellular system, or 4G. To achieve the goals of 4G, technology will need to improve significantly in order to handle the intensive algorithms in the baseband processing and the wide bandwidth of a high PAVR signal. Novel techniques will also have to be employed to help the system achieve the desired capacity and throughput. Highperformance signal processing will have to be used for the antenna systems, power amplifier, and detection of the signal. A number of spectrum allocation decisions, spectrum standardization decisions, spectrum availability decisions, technology innovations, component development, signal processing and switching enhancements and inter-vendor cooperation have to take place before the vision of 4G will materialize. We think that 3G experiences - good or bad, technological or business - will be useful in guiding the industry in this effort. To sketch out a world where mobile devices and services are ubiquitous and the promise of future fourth generation (4G) mobile networks enables things