Anatomi Dasar 2

BIOLOGY
CONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS Fourth Edition

Neil A. Campbell Jane B. Reece Lawrence G. Mitchell Martha R. Taylor
CHAPTER 20 Unifying Concepts of Animal Structure and Function

Modules 20.8 20.13
From PowerPoint Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
20.8 Several tissues are organized to form an organ Each organ is made of several tissues that cooperate to perform specific functions
Lumen Columnar epithelium Epithelial tissue
Lumen
Connective tissue
Blood vessel
Smooth muscle tissue (2 layers)
Connective tissue
Figure 20.8
20.9 The body is a cooperative of organ systems The level of organization higher than an organ is an organ system Each organ system has one or more functions
The digestive system gathers food
The respiratory system gathers oxygen
Mouth Esophagus Liver Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Anus
Larynx Trachea Bronchus Lung
A. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
B. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Figure 20.9A, B
The circulatory system, aided by the lymphatic system, transports the food and oxygen
The immune system protects the body from infection and cancer
Bone marrow Thymus Heart Spleen
Lymph nodes Blood vessels Lymph vessels
C. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
D. LYMPHATIC AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS Figure 20.9C, D
The excretory system disposes of certain wastes
Kidney
Ureter
Urinary bladder Urethra
E. EXCRETORY SYSTEM Figure 20.9E

The endocrine and nervous systems control and coordinate body functions
Pineal gland
Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Thymus gland Adrenal gland Pancreas Testis (male) Spinal cord Nerves Sense organ Brain
Ovary (female)
F. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
H. NERVOUS SYSTEM Figure 20.9F, H
The integumentary system covers and protects the body

The skeletal system supports and protects the body
Hair
Cartilage
Skin
Nails Bones
J. SKELETAL AND INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEMS
Figure 20.9J
The muscular system enables movement
Skeletal muscles
I. Muscular system
Figure 20.9I
The reproductive system perpetuates the species
MALE
Penis FEMALE Ovary Oviduct Uterus Vagina Urethra G. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS

Seminal vesicles Prostate gland
Vas deferens Testis Figure 20.9G
20.10 Connection: New imaging technology reveals the inner body New technologies enable us to see body organs without surgery
Computed tomography (CT)
Figure 20.10A, B
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Positron-emission tomography (PET)
Figure 20.10C, D
EXCHANGES WITH THE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT 20.11 Structural adaptations enhance exchange between animals and their environment Animals are not closed systems
An animal must exchange materials and heat with its environment This exchange must extend to the cellular level
Small animals with simple body construction have enough surface to meet their cells needs
Hydras can exchange materials with the environment though direct diffusion
Mouth Diffusion
Diffusion Two cell layers Figure 20.11A

Gastrovascular cavity
Larger, complex animals have specialized internal structures that increase surface area
Mouth
External environment CO2 Food O2 Animal
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Cells
Nutrients
Interstitial fluid
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
EXCRETORY SYSTEM
Anus Unabsorbed matter (feces)

Metabolic waste products (urine)
Figure 20.11B
The respiratory system has an enormous internal surface area associated with a vast number of capillaries In complex animals, the exchange of materials between blood and body cells takes place through the interstitial fluid
Figure 20.11C
20.12 Animals regulate their internal environment In response to changes in external conditions, animals regulate their internal environment
They must do this to achieve homeostasis, an internal steady state
External environment Internal environment
Large external fluctuations
Control systems
Small internal fluctuations
ANIMAL
Cells of body Figure 20.12A, B
20.13 Homeostasis depends on negative feedback Control systems sense change

ON Set point Sensor Signal via wire
OFF
CONTROL CENTER
Temperature of room STIMULUS
Heater
EFFECTOR
Heat produced
RESPONSE
Figure 20.13A
Negative feedback mechanisms keep fluctuations in internal conditions within the narrow range compatible with life
Heat given off by

1. Blood vessels dilating 2. Sweating
Blood pressure decreases
Skin
Too hot Brain Signals via blood Signals to skin via nerves Too cold
CONTROL CENTER
Blood temperature increases
Skin
Heat conserved by
1. Blood vessels constricting 2. No sweating
Figure 20.13B

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BIOLOGY

CONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS Fourth Edition

CHAPTER 20 Unifying Concepts of Animal Structure and Function

Smooth muscle tissue (2 layers)

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The digestive system gathers food

The respiratory system gathers oxygen

Mouth Esophagus Liver Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Anus

Larynx Trachea Bronchus Lung

B. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Figure 20.9A, B

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Bone marrow Thymus Heart Spleen

Lymph nodes Blood vessels Lymph vessels

D. LYMPHATIC AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS Figure 20.9C, D

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The excretory system disposes of certain wastes

Urinary bladder Urethra

E. EXCRETORY SYSTEM Figure 20.9E

H. NERVOUS SYSTEM Figure 20.9F, H

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The integumentary system covers and protects the body

J. SKELETAL AND INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEMS

The muscular system enables movement

The reproductive system perpetuates the species

Penis FEMALE Ovary Oviduct Uterus Vagina Urethra G. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS

Seminal vesicles Prostate gland

Vas deferens Testis Figure 20.9G

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Positron-emission tomography (PET)

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Diffusion Two cell layers Figure 20.11A

External environment CO2 Food O2 Animal

Anus Unabsorbed matter (feces)

Metabolic waste products (urine)

Large external fluctuations

Small internal fluctuations

Cells of body Figure 20.12A, B

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

20.13 Homeostasis depends on negative feedback Control systems sense change

Temperature of room STIMULUS

Heat given off by

Blood pressure decreases

Blood temperature increases

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