Articular System

1. Hip Joint Proper

a) Stability but not mobility
b) Ball and socket
c) Ligaments
i. Iliofemoral: One of the strongest in the body/
Prevents hyperextensions
ii. Pubofemoral: Prevents excessive AB-duction
iii. Ischiofemoral: Weakest of the three/
Prevent hyperextension

2. Sacroiliac (SI) - Gliding

a) Movement: Very limited but YES! It occurs!

3. Symphysis Pubis
a) Cartilaginous – symphysis
i. Fibrocartilaginous disc

4. Knee – The largest and most complex joint in body

a) Movements: flex/extent, internal/external rotation
b) Compose
i. Tibiofemoral (TF) Joint - Hinge
 1. When knee flex -> tibia rotation
2. Injuries bc bones do not align well
3. Many bursae
ii. Patellofemoral (PF) – Saddle Joint
1. Movement: gliding
2. PF dysfunction (“Runner” “jumper” ‘s knee)
3. Cartilage absorbs nutrients thru synovial fluid
iii. Proximal TFibular Joint
Mainly fibrous (Syndesmosis) partly gliding
c) Menisci
i. Medial – “C” shape/often damaged with
MCL/More likely to tear than Lateral meniscus
because the medial condyle of femur is larger
ii. Lateral – Circular shape
d) Trauma
i. ACL: Female > Male (believed)
ii. MCL: More frequently than ACL
iii. Osteoarthritis (OA) – Chronic and progressive
disease with no cure

5. Ankle
a) Talocrural Joint – Hinge
i. Talus, Fibula, Tibia
b) Dis TFibular Joint
i. Fibrous – Syndesmosis (Same as Prox!)

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 c) Injuries
Inversion more frequently than eversion
Reason: 1. Stronger Medial ligament than
lateral
2. Shape of Talus (前面宽后面窄)
3. Longer lateral malleolus (On

Fibula!)

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Nervous System

1. Function of NS
a) Sensory: temp/ light etc.
b) Integrative: analyzes& stores data& decide
c) Motor: response to stimuli

2. Typical Neuron – nerve cell

a) Composition
i. Dendrites
ii. Cell body
iii. Axon

3. Myelination
a) Sheath – Insulation
b) Nodes of Ranvier
4. Sclerosis
a) Deterioration of sheath
感知退化/协调降低
变慢
5. Meninges
a) Dura Mater - Outer
b) Arachnoid Mater – Middle Layer
c) Pia Matter – Inner

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6. Cerebrospinal Fluid
a) clear, colorless fluid
b) Circulates thru subarachnoid
c) Function:
i. Mechanical protection
ii. chemical protection
iii. nutrients trans

7. Spinal cord
a) Diff bet gray and white matter?
i. Gray matter – Receive and Integrated info

ii. White matter – composed of Myelin/motor

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 b) Nerve pairs (TEST QUESTIONS!!!)
i. Cervical – ABOVE
ii. Thoracic and lumbar – BELOW

c)

d) Plexus
i. Cervical Plexus(C1-C5) 考试就考这张图！！！
1. Hypoglossal
2. Lesser occipital
3. Great auricular
4. Transverse cervical
5. Superior root of ansa
cervicalis
6. Inferior root of ansa
cervicalis
7. Supraclavicular
8. Phrenic

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 ii. Brachial
Plexus(C5-T1)
Anterior(M) vs.
Posterior(V)
“Subunit of Brachial Unit
Roots Trunks Divisions
Cords Branches”
1. Musculocutaneous
2. Axillary
3. Median
4. Radial
5.
Ulnar

iii. Lumbar Plexus(L1-

L4)
1. Iliohypogastric
2. Ilioinguinal
3. Lateral cutaneous(skin)
never of thigh
4. Genitofemoral
5. Femoral
6. Obturator

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 iv. Sacrum Plexus(L4-S5)
1. Superior gluteal
2. Inferior gluteal
3. Nerve to piriformis
4. Common fibular
5. Sciatic
6. …

e) Reflex Arc: response to stimuli and maintain normal activity

i. Sensory receptor
ii. Sensory neuron
iii. Integrating center – take place at spinal cord
iv. Motor neuron
v. Effector

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Brain - the largest and the most complex part in nervous

1. Brain Stem – origin of various cranial nerve 从下到上

a) Medulla Oblongata
i. essential for many
functions of life
b) Pons
c) Midbrain
i. connect cerebrum
to nervous system
2. Diencephalon
a) Thalamus – relay
center
b) Hypothalamus – most protected area
i. Maintain homeostasis
ii. Regulates emotions, hunger, T, and automatic
c) Pineal gland
3. Cerebrum – largest part of brain
a) Cerebral cortex – 从浅到深-outer portion of gray m
i. Gyri – folds area
ii. Sulcus – shallow groove
iii. Fissure - deep
b) Corpus
i. inner portion of white matter

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4. Cerebellum
a) Comparing intended motion and actual events
b) Regulate posture and
balance
5. Cerebral hemisphere
dominance
a) Most spinal tracts cross
over at medulla

6. Lobe 1,2,1,2
a) Primary gustatory area next to primary motor area
for purpose (nearest path)

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Cranial Nerves –

I. Olfactory
a) Sensory nerve
b) Sense of smell
c) Cells converge to become nerve
II. Optic
a) Sensory nerve
b) Ganglion cells in the retina of
each eye join to form an optic
nerve
c) Nerve of vision
III. Oculomotor
a) Motor nerve
b) Eyeball
i. Adduction
ii. Downward
c) Movement of upper eyelid
d) Reaction to light
IV. Trochlear
a) Motor nerve
b) Smallest of 12 CN
c) Eyeball downward

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V. Trigeminal
a) Mixed nerve
i. Sensor
1. Deal with sensation of
touch, pain, temperature
ii. Motor
1. Supply muscles of mastication
b) Largest cranial nerve
VI. Abducens
a) Motor nerve
b) Originates from pons
c) For abduction of the eyeball
VII. Facial
a) Mixed nerve
i. Sensory
1. Tasting
ii. Motor
1. Deal with facial expression
VIII. Vestibulocochlear
a) Sensory nerve
b) Originates inner ear
c) Vestibular branch for
equilibrium
d) Cochlear branch for hearing

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IX. Glossopharyngeal
a) Mixed nerve
i. Sensory
1. Carry singles from taste
buds
ii. Motor
1. Deal with the release of saliva
X. Vagus
a) Mixed nerve
i. Sensory
1. Deal with sensations such as
proprioception and stretching
ii. Motor
1. Supply muscles that are
involved in swallowing and vocalization
XI. Spinal accessory
a) Motor nerve
b) Divided into cranial accessory
and spinal accessory
c) Supplies
i. Sternocleidomastoid
ii. trapezius
XII. Hypoglossal
a) Motor nerve
b) For speech and swallowing

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Endocrine System – regulating body by releasing hormone

1. Gland (pituitary / thyroid / parathyroid / adrenal / pineal)

a) Exocrine glands – have ducts
i.g.: sudoriferous, sebaceous, mucous
b) Endocrine glands – no ducts
i. Secretion into blood

2. Hormones – only affect target cells because of specific receptor

a) Functions
i. Regulate
1. Interstitial fluid
2. Metabolism & energy balance
3. Smooth & cardiac muscle contraction
4. …
ii. Control growth & development
iii. Reproductive process
iv. Circadian rhythms
b) Controlled by…
i. Other hormones
ii. Chemical change in blood
iii. Input from nervous system

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3. Pituitary gland – Posterior/anterior
a) “Master gland” – control other glands
b) Controlled by hypothalamus connect by
Infundibulum
i. Major link btw nervous system and endocrine
system
ii. “Regulatory center”
iii. Receives input from various areas of brain
c) Hypophyseal portal system
i. Anterior – contact w/ Plexi and Portal Veins
ii. Posterior – contact w/
Hypothalamohypophyseal tract 不和上面连着
d) Anterior PG hormones（记住！！！）
i. Somatotrophs
Human growth hormone
(hGH)

ii. Thyrotrophs
Thyroid-stimulating
hormone (TSH)

iii. Gonadotrophs
Follicle-stimulating hormone
(FSH)
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

iv. Lactotrophs
Prolactin (PRL)

v. Corticotrophs

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 Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Melanocyte-stimulate hormone (MSH) – skin pigment

e) Posterior PG hormones（记住！！！）
i. Antidiuretic (ADH): regulating water content / loss;
control urinate
ii. Oxytocin (OT)

f) Disorders: Hyposecretion and Hypersecretion

i. Dwarfism – hypo hGH
ii. Giantism – hyper hGH
iii. Acromegaly – hyper
hGH during adulthood
4. Thyroid gland
a) “butterfly” shaped
b) Isthmus: connects lateral
c) Highly vascular
d) Parafollicular cells
e) Hormones
i. T3: biologically active
form
ii. T4
iii. Calcitonin
5. Parathyroid glands
a) Four lobes
b) Hormone

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 i. Parathyroid hormone (PTH):
1. blood control
2. Ca2+ stimuli
6. Adrenal glands
a) Hormone
i. Steroid hormone
ii. catecholamines
b) Adrenal cortex: 90%
total mass
c) Adrenal medulla: inner/smaller
d) Adrenal Cortex - Three zones:
i. Outer: mineralocorticoids (blood pressure
regulation / water absorption)
ii. Middle: glucocorticoid (increase blood sugar
level)
iii. Inner: gonadotropic hormones (sexy cells)
e) Adrenal Medulla:
i. Direction from Automatic Nervous System
ii. Secrete catecholamine
1. Epinephrine (adrenalin)
2. Norephrine

7. Pancreas 从上到下: tail-body-head

a) Hormones:
i. Insulin

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 ii. Glucagon
b) Both endocrine and exocrine gland
c) Disorder: diabetes
8. Pineal gland
a) Secretes melatonin (Sleep cycle)

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