Ch 32 Body Systems Part 1
Musculoskeletal system
Nervous system
Integumentary system
Sense organs
Anatomy, Physiology 生理学 erect 直立 shiver 颤抖
Superior 上位 Inferior 下位 Anterior 前面的 Posterior 后面的 Midline 中线 Medial 接近中线 Lateral
外 侧 Proximal 近 Distal 远端 Peripheral 周边
Superficial 表面 Deep 深层 Central
Cells, Tissues, and Organs
tissue:
• Epithelial tissue 表皮组织 covers
internal and external body surfaces.
• Connective tissue 结缔组织 anchors,
connects, and supports other tissues.
• Muscle tissue stretches and contracts to
let the body move.
• Nerve tissue receives and carries
impulses 脉冲 (signals) Homeostasis 稳态
bones (206 bones), muscles, ligaments 韧
带, tendons 肌腱, and cartilage 软骨.
Bone marrow 骨髓 . Blood cells are manufactured in the bone marrow.
There are five types of bones:
• Long bones bear the body’s weight.
• Short bones allow skill and ease in movement.
• Flat bones protect the organs.
• Irregular bones allow various degrees of movement and flexibility.
• Sesamoid 籽骨 bones are short and irregular and protect tendons.
• Bone marrow inside bones forms blood cells.
1. the bones of the arms (humerus, radius, and ulna)
2. legs (femur, tibia, and fibula)
• Ball-and-socket joints allow movement in all directions. Hips, shoulders
• Hinge joints allow movement in one direction. elbows, keels, fingers
• Pivot joints allow turning from side to [Link]-spine
• Skeletal (striated) muscles
• Smooth muscles-stomach, intestines, bloods vessels
• Cardiac muscles-heart
Skeletal muscles, the muscles attached to bones, are striated 条纹 or streaked 条纹.
• voluntary 自愿, meaning they can be consciously controlled. Arm muscles or leg muscles
Muscles- Most muscles contract and relax quickly.
• Movement of body parts
• Maintenance of posture
• Production of body heat
Strong, tough connective tissues called tendons connect muscles to bones.
n muscles contract (shorten), tendons at each end of the muscle cause the bone to move.
• E.g. of tendon : Achilles 跟腱 tendon
Shivering is a way the body produces heat when exposed to cold.
The shivering sensation arises from rapid, general muscle contractions .
The Nervous System (1 of 7)
The nervous system controls, directs 指挥,and coordinates 协调 body functions.
central nervous system (CNS) 中枢神经系统 the brain and the spinal cord
peripheral nervous system (PNS) 周围神经系统
• Nervous tissue is easily damaged and has a limited capacity for
regeneration.
• Cerebrum 大脑
• Cerebellum
• Brainstem
The cerebrum is divided into two halves called the right and left hemispheres. Left<->right
The cerebral cortex 大脑皮质 controls the highest functions of the brain (veryactive 活跃):
reasoning, memory, consciousness, speech, voluntary muscle movement, vision, hearing,
sensation, and other activities.
The cerebellum regulates 调节 Controls the smooth movements of voluntary muscles and the
body’s balance
spinal cord is about 45 cm (18 in.) long.
meninges 脑膜.
The outer layer-dura mater 硬 脑膜,
• The middle layer - arachnoid 蛛网膜,
• The inner layer - pia mater 内层,
The cerebrospinal fluid 脑脊液 protects the CNS and cushions shocks 缓冲冲击 that could easily
injure the structures of the brain and the spinal cord.
The Nervous System-Peripheral Nervous System
sympathetic nervous system 交感神经系统
parasympathetic nervous system 副交感神经系统
The Integumentary 外皮 System
Epidermis 表皮 is the outer layer. • Dermis 真皮
Skin has four important functions:
e
1. the skin is the of the body protectiv covering
2. The nerve endings in skin protect the body
3. Skin helps regulate body temperature.
4. Perspiration 排 汗 like the urinary bladder 膀胱/ large intestine 大肠, organ elimination.
The five senses are sight, hearing, taste, smell, and touch.
The eye has three layers:• Sclera 巩膜 (the outer layer)
• Choroid 脉络膜 (the second layer)• Retina 视网膜 (the inner layer)
aqueous humor (水性体液). The vitreous humor 玻璃质的体液 is found behind the lens.
The Sense Organs : the ear--Functions in hearing and balance
• External ear
• Middle ear- The ossicles are:• the malleus 锤骨, (hammer)
• the incus 砧骨, (anvil) (铁砧 )• the stapes 镫骨 (a stirrup) (马镫)
• Inner ear
