1.

Introduction:
Product Design & Development comprises the set of complementary activities and disciplines which start with the identification of a market opportunity followed by the development of initial concepts and culminate in the manufacture, sale and delivery of an end product to the customer. The activity of Product Design and Development (PDD) is defined as the design of the all the goods and services that compose the process through which a good or a service is created. It incorporates not only the design of the product itself, but also the design of new technologies used in the manufacturing processes. The aim of this program of study is to provide students with a select group of modules, which address the product design, development and supply life-cycle by bringing together the core disciplines of marketing, design (industrial and engineering) and manufacture. In addition, strong emphasis is placed on product quality and cost, as well as on the key aspects of the design and development phase, namely project management, cost and time to market (Wikipedia contributer,1998). Since the product design and development activity within a company is interdisciplinary by nature, group and team-working skills are also emphasized.

2. Course Objectives:
The focus of Product Design and Development is integration of the marketing, design, and manufacturing functions of the firm in creating a new product. The course is intended to provide you with the following benefits: Competence with a set of tools and methods for product design and development. Confidence in your own abilities to create a new product. Awareness of the role of multiple functions in creating a new product (e.g. marketing, finance, industrial design, engineering, production). Ability to coordinate multiple, interdisciplinary tasks in order to achieve a common objective. Reinforcement of specific knowledge from other courses through practice and reflection in an action-oriented setting.

3. Basic Definitions:
1

3.1 Product:
Product is an article obtained by the transformation of raw material and is marketed or sold by the manufacturer, i.e., a product is a saleable item (Word dictionary, 2000).

3.2 Development:
Development concerns the most economically feasible method for applying the principles identified through research. Development involves design/redesign and fabrication of new or modified product and then testing it to find its usefulness (Word dictionary, 2000).

3.3 Product development procedure:

1. In business and engineering, new product development (NPD) is the term used to describe the complete process of bringing a new product or service to market. There are two parallel paths involved in the NPD process: one involves the idea generation, product design and detail engineering; the other involves market research and marketing analysis. products go through the stages of their lifecycle and will eventually have to be replaced There are eight stages of new product development (Telsang, 2008). These stages will be discussed briefly below:

Stage 1: Idea generation

New ideas for selection and development of the product in general may be generated by: Imitation: Imitation means marketing another product similar to one in market. Design by saves lot of research and lot of money. Adoptions: Adoption involves developing an improved product for an already existing in markets. Invention: New design come from invention new conceived ideas are developed and turned in to new products. This procedure involves lot of money, time, risk of failure or unsuccessful of consumer market. Other sources: Sometimes new ideas may be obtained from the following sources: (a) dealers and customers (b) By advertising, asking people to send their ideas and announcing prizes for the best ideas. (c) Success stories of friend/relative, experience of other manufacturers. 2

(d) Chance of producing substitute of article for which there is a good demand. (e) Internal sources for new ideas are employees including R&D staff, sales representatives, production worker etc.

Stage 2: Idea Screening

This process involves shifting through the ideas generated above and selecting ones which are feasible and workable to develop. Pursing non feasible ideas can clearly be costly for the company.

Stage 3: Concept Development and Testing

All product ideas selected after preliminary investigation are subjected to detailed investigation and analysis. The purpose of development ideas in to mature product concept possess utility and can be marketing profitably. The precise description of the ideas and features of the proposed product is made.

Stage 4: Marketing Strategy and Development

How will the product/service idea be launched within the market? A proposed marketing strategy will be written laying out the marketing mix strategy of the product, the segmentation, targeting and positioning strategy sales and profits that are expected.

Stage 5: Business Analysis

The company has a great idea, the marketing strategy seems feasible, but will the product be financially worth while in the long run? The business analysis stage looks more deeply into the cash flow the product could generate, what the cost will be, how much market shares the product may achieve and the expected life of the product.

Stage 6: Product Development

Finally it is at this stage that a prototype is finally produced. The prototype will clearly run through all the desired tests, and be presented to the target audience to see if changes need to be made.

Stage 7: Test Marketing

Test marketing means testing the product within a specific area. The product will be launched within a particular region so the marketing mix strategy can be monitored and if needed, be modified 3

before national launch.

Stage 8: Commercialization
If the test marketing stage has been successful then the product will go for national launch. There are certain factors that need to be taken into consideration before a product is launched nationally. These are timing, how the product will be launched, where the product will be launched, will there be a national roll out or will it be region by region?

4. The Product Life Cycle:

A new product progresses through a sequence of stages from introduction to growth, maturity, and decline. This sequence is known as the product life cycle and is associated with changes in the marketing situation, thus impacting the marketing strategy and the marketing mix ( Iphonegold, 2009).The product revenue and profits can be plotted as a function of the life-cycle stages as shown in the graph below:

4.1 Introduction Stage:

In the introduction stage, the firm seeks to build product awareness and develop a market for the product (Quickmba, 2007).The impact on the marketing mix is as follows: Product branding and quality level is established and intellectual property protection such as patents and trademarks are obtained. Pricing may be low penetration pricing to build market share rapidly, or high skim pricing to recover development costs. Distribution is selective until consumers show acceptance of the product. Promotion is aimed at innovators and early adopters. Marketing communications seeks to build product awareness and to educate potential consumers about the product. 4

4.2 Growth Stage:

In the growth stage, the firm seeks to build brand preference and increase market share. Product quality is maintained and additional features and support services may be added. Pricing is maintained as the firm enjoys increasing demand with little competition. Distribution channels are added as demand increases and customers accept the product. Promotion is aimed at a broader audience.

4.3 Maturity Stage:

At maturity, the strong growth in sales diminishes. Competition may appear with similar products. The primary objective at this point is to defend market share while maximizing profit. Product features may be enhanced to differentiate the product from that of competitors. Pricing may be lower because of the new competition. Distribution becomes more intensive and incentives may be offered to encourage preference over competing products. Promotion emphasizes product differentiation.

4.4 Decline Stage:

As sales decline, the firm has several options: Maintain the product, possibly rejuvenating it by adding new features and finding new uses. Harvest the product - reduce costs and continue to offer it, possibly to a loyal niche segment. Discontinue the product, liquidating remaining inventory or selling it to another firm that is willing to continue the product. The marketing mix decisions in the decline phase will depend on the selected strategy. For example, the product may be changed if it is being rejuvenated, or left unchanged if it is being harvested or liquidated. The price may be maintained if the product is harvested, or reduced drastically if liquidated.

5. The Morphology of Design (The Seven Phases):

The morphology of design refers to the study of the chronological structure of design projects. It is the designed by the phases and their constituent steps. The various steps involved in the design 5

phases will be discussed in detail in the following sections of the seven phases, the first three phases belong to design, and the remaining four phases belong to production, distribution, consumption and retirement.
PRIMITIVE NEED

PHASE 1: FEASIBILITY STUDY

Primary Design Phase

PHASE 2: PRELIMINARY

DESIGN
PHASE 3: DETAILED DESIGN

PHASE 4: PLANNING THE PRODUCTION

PROCESS

Phase Related to Production Consumption Cycle

PHASE 5: PLANNING FOR DISTRIBUTION

PHASE 6: PLANNING FOR CONSUMPTION

PHASE 7: PLANNING FOR RETIREMENT

FIG: MARPHOLOGY OF DESIGN PROCESS

6. Basic Design Consideration:

There are major factors which the designer must consider before design a new product: Convenience of use: No matter what the product is, convenience is of primary importance. It is the designers primary objective to make the product desirable through its utility. In determining the proper approach, he has several sources from which he may seek assistance. These sources are:

It is always possible for marketing research people to find out what the customer dislikes about the companys previous model.

Customer surveys may be conducted by making working models and pre-testing potential users

The least costly and the most commonly used approach is common sense.

Maintenance: Ease of maintenance and life of parts are important factors. It is the customer who ultimately benefits from proper consideration in this area, and the designer must be careful to resist the temptation of designing primarily to phase the service personal. It cant be repeated too often the customer must always come first in the designers thinking. Cost: although the cost certainly cant be ignored, it should not be the overriding consideration in all cases. The lowest- priced items doest necessarily outsell the highest prices, as the automobile industry offers ample evidence. It is the customer who must ultimately decide how much the product is worth. Sales: We must know the volume of sales anticipated, the competition that will be encountered, what the competitor are offering, and what we plan to offer. With regard to sale, it will be better to remember that maximum efficiency and good performance dont necessarily help in selling the product. Appearance: appearance should not be underestimated, for it determines the whole character of the product. It should reflect pride of ownership, the function serve, high product quality and value, and the reputation of the maker.

7. Product Analysis:
Product analysis or production analysis is carried out in concurrence with product design. Many factors have to be analyzed in connection with development and design. Some of these may be grouped as: (1) Marketing aspects (2) Product characteristics: a) Functional aspects b) Operational aspect. c) Durability and dependability, accessibility d) Aesthetic aspects. 7

(3) Economics Analysis: a) Profit consideration b) The effect of standardization, simplification and specialization c) The break even analysis. (4) Production aspects. All these factors are interrelated and each presents many issues that have to be carefully considered. Marketing research may guide product designers in their work to improve existing products or to develop new ones. Design and its characteristics have to undergo an economic analysis and must be researched in the light of available production facilities and techniques. The proposed design has to be rechecked and modified. Thus product development and design is an excellent example of interdependence of a multitude of factors that have to be unified and integrated into a final composition.

8. Design Technologies and Techniques

The design process must provide a complete description of the product that is to be manufactured. The Design Technologies and Techniques module provides a comprehensive overview of a wide range of computational and analytical design techniques that are available to assist the designer in his goal. Various design analysis tools for performance prediction, reliability assessment and mechanical strength and thermal performance of a product are covered. Design analysis techniques can be used to reduce lead-times, improve performance and reduce development costs. Different design techniques are as follows:

8.1 Questionnaire Design:

The questionnaire is a structured technique for collecting primary data in a marketing survey. It is a series of written or verbal questions for which the respondent provides answers. A welldesigned questionnaire motivates the respondent to provide complete and accurate information. Type of questionnaire: 1. Open-ended 2. Closed-ended questions. An open-ended question asks the respondent to formulate his own answer, whereas a closed-ended question has the respondent pick an answer from a given number of options (Quickmba, 2007).These are steps of developing a questionnaire: Steps to Developing a Questionnaire 8

There are nine steps involved in the development of a questionnaire: 1. Decide the information required. 2. Define the target respondents. 3. Choose the method(s) of reaching your target respondents. 4. Decide on question content. 5. Develop the question wording. 6. Put questions into a meaningful order and format. 7. Check the length of the questionnaire. 8. Pre-test the questionnaire. 9. Develop the final survey form. A good questionnaire is one which help directly achieve the research objectives, provides complete and accurate information; is easy for both interviewers and respondents to complete, is so designed as to make sound analysis and interpretation possible and is brief.

8.2 SWOT Analysis:

SWOT analysis is a strategic planning method used to evaluate the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats involved in a project or in a business venture. It involves specifying the objective of the business venture or project and identifying the internal and external factors that are favourable and unfavourable to achieve that objective. Situation Analysis

Internal Analysis

External Analysis

Strengths

Weaknesses

Opportunities

Threats

A SWOT analysis must first start with defining a desired end state or objective(Fao organisation, 2004). A SWOT analysis may be incorporated into the strategic planning model. Strategic Planning has been the subject of much research. Strengths: attributes of the person or company that is helpful to achieving the objective(s). Weaknesses: attributes of the person or company that is harmful to achieving the objective(s). Opportunities: external conditions that is helpful to achieving the 9

objective(s). Threats: external conditions which could do damage to the objective(s).

8.2.1 The SWOT Matrix To develop strategies that take into account the SWOT profile, a matrix of these factors can be constructed. The SWOT matrix (also known as a TOWS Matrix) is shown below: SWOT / TOWS Matrix Strengths Opportuniti es Threats S-T strategies W-T strategies S-O strategies Weaknesses W-O strategies

(1) (2) (3) (4)

S-O strategies pursue opportunities that are a good fit to the companys strengths. W-O strategies overcome weaknesses to pursue opportunities. S-T strategies identify ways that the firm can use its strengths to reduce its vulnerability to external threats. W-T strategies establish a defensive plan to prevent the firm's weaknesses from making it highly susceptible to external threats.

8.3 Value Analysis

The value of a product will be interpreted in different ways by different customers. Its common characteristic is a high level of performance, capability, emotional appeal, style, etc. relative 10

to its cost. This can also be expressed as maximizing the function of a product relative to its cost: Value = (Performance + Capability)/Cost = Function/Cost Value analysis defines a "basic function" as anything that makes the product work or sell. A function that is defined as "basic" cannot change. Secondary functions, also called "supporting functions", described the manner in which the basic function(s) were implemented. Secondary functions could be modified or eliminated to reduce product cost (Creatingmind, 2005). This is the procedure of value analysis:

8.3.1 Procedure:
Step 1: Identify and prioritize functions Identify the item to be analysed and the customers for whom it is produced. List the basic functions (the things for which the customer is paying). Note that there are usually very few basic functions. Identify the secondary functions by asking How is this achieved? or What other functions support the basic functions?. Determine the relative importance of each function, preferably by asking a representative sample of customers (who will always surprise you with what they prefer). Step 2: Analyze contributing functions Find the components of the item being analyzed that are used to provide the key functions. Again, the question How can come in very useful here. Measure the cost of each component as accurately as possible, including all material and production costs. Step 3: Seek improvements Eliminate or reduce the cost of components that add little value, especially high-cost components. Enhance the value added by components that contribute significantly to functions that are particularly important to customers. Value Analysis (and its design partner, Value Engineering) is used to increase the value of products or services to all concerned by considering the function of individual items and the benefit of this function and balancing this against the costs incurred in delivering it. The task then becomes 11

to increase the value or decrease the cost.

8.4 Likert Scale:

A Likert scale is a psychometric scale commonly used in questionnaires, and is the most widely used scale in survey research, such that the term is often used interchangeably with rating scale even though the two are not synonymous. When responding to a Likert questionnaire item, respondents specify their level of agreement to a statement. A five-point Likert item: A Likert scale is recognizable when you are asked to indicate your strength of feeling about a particular issue on a 1-5 rating scale. Using a Likert Scale with closed questions generates statistical measurements of people's attitudes and opinions (Likert, Rensis, 1932). The format of a typical five-level Likert item is: 1. Strongly disagree 2. Disagree 3. Neither agree nor disagree 4. Agree 5. Strongly agree The Likert scale is also called the summative scale, as the result of a questionnaire is often achieved by summing numerical assignments to the responses given.

8.5 Sensitivity Analysis:

In this analysis the parameters of the linear programming problems are uncertain means change with time and other factors. These changes in the parameters are discrete not continuous. The study of the effect of discrete changes in parameters on the optimal solution is called sensitivity analysis or the post optimality analysis. The changes in the parameters of a linear programming problem include: 1. Changes in the right hand side constant or availability of resources(bi). 2. Changes in the cost/profit coefficients or cost/profit contribution per unit of decision variables (cj). 3. Addition of new variables. 4. Changes in the coefficients of constraints or consumption of resources per unit of decision variables aij. 5. Addition of new constraints. 6. Deletion of variables. 7. Deletion of constraints. 12

Generally, these parameter changes result in one of the following three cases: 1. The optimal solution remains unchanged i.e., the basic variables and their values remain unchanged. 2. The basic variables remain unchanged but their values change. 3. The basic variables as well as their values are changed. While dealing with these changes, one important objective is to find the maximum extent to which a parameter or a set of parameters can be changed so that the current optimal solution remains optimal. In other words, the objective is to determine how sensitive is the optimal solution to the changes in those parameters (Gupta, Hira, 2008). Such an analysis is called sensitivity analysis.

8.6 Cost Benefit Analysis:

Cost benefit analysis is a term that refers both to: 1. Helping to appraise, or assess, the case for a project or proposal, which itself is a process known as project appraisal; and 2. An informal approach to making economic decisions of any kind. Cost benefit analysis normally clarifies the trade-offs between first costs and operating costs, unless the owner or designer can assign a monetary value for incremental benefits such as improved comfort, productivity, or well-being, they are not normally considered. A cost benefit analysis is done to determine how well, or how poorly, a planned action will turn out. Although a cost benefit and analysis can be used for almost anything, it is most commonly done on financial questions. Since the cost benefit analysis relies on the addition of positive factors and the subtraction of negative ones to determine a net result, it is also known as running the numbers (Wikipedia Contributor, 1999). Thus cost benefit analysis has been done.

9. Product Information:
Remote Control and timer Switch Board is an electronic product which control the lights, fans, water motors and all the electrical appliances by remote or fill up the timings to switch them automatically. These are features of the product:

9.1 Features of Product:

(1) (2) (3) 8 or 4 switch board module. Per switch capacity 1750 watt or 2100 watt. LCD display on board showing big clock and every instruction that you made. Timer based on/off facility on every switch (10 times per day\maximum), once saved, it will 13

follow forever until you change or erase it. Sensor having a range. (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) Timer facility on every switch 10 times per day. Size of the board is 13cmx9cmx5cm. Applicable on both the new switch boards as well as the older ones. Remote with on/off timer setting, group devise setting, clock time setting, timer no. Setting and erase all timer setting. All devices on and all devices off feature by remote. Toggle switch on switch off button on remote. Master switch to disconnect the whole power supply.

Product Design

This product is used to control electrical equipments and Automatic light on off system for the bathrooms: when you enter into the door light will automatically switch on and when you leave the room it will automatically switch off the light.

9.2 Service: One year product replacement guaranty & next year free service (for one year).

10. Questionnaire on Remote Control Switch Board

Questionnaire No. ...... Date ..../..../2010

Name ........................................................................................................................................................... Occupation....................................................................Age........................................................................ Address ....................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................... .............................................................................................................................................................................. 1. How much you are familiar with the product?

Never

heard of it

14

 I am aware but never used it. Use it only sometimes Use it on the regular basis.

2. Would you use this remote control and the timer switch board earlier?

Yes

No

Not sure

3. How much electricity bill does come of your hom ?

Less than Rs.1,000 More than Rs. 2,500

Between Rs. 1,000 2,500

4. Do you have any home appliance which consumes electricity?

Yes

No

5. Which type of product do you prefer?

Product with four switches

Product with eight switches

6. Please rank what you look for in order of importance when selecting products of this kind.(basis of the likert scale) 1(bad)
Complicity in manufacturing Effect of increasing switches Reliability and Performance Quality Value of Product Service Life Effect on power consumption Threat of getting electric shocks Effect of moisture Content Cost

2(fair)

3(good)

4(very good)

5(excellent)

15

Attractive Brand name Familiarity Manufacturing cost Maintenance cost Replacement cost

7. How likely are you to recommend [PRODUCT] to others?

Definitely

will recommend

Probably will recommend Not sure Probably will not recommend Definitely will not recommend
8. Overall, how satisfied are you with this product? Very Dissatisfied Dissatisfied Very Satisfied

Satisfied

16

11. Feedback of questionnaire (in terms of percentage):

Feedback of the questionnaire from 28 different people has been taken. 1. How much you are familiar with the product? A 9 B 17
7% 32% A B C D 61%

C 0

D 2

2. Would you use this remote control and the timer switch board? A 13 B 10 C 5

18%

46%

A B C 36%

3. How much electricity bill does come of your home ? A 7 B 14

25% 25%

C 7

A B C

50%

17

4. Do you have any home appliance which consumes electricity? A 17 B 11

39%

A B

61%

5. Which type of product do you prefer? A 19 B 9

32%
A B

68%

7. How likely are you to recommend [PRODUCT] to others? A 14 B 8 C 6 D 0 E 0

21%

50%

29%

A B C D E

18

8. Overall, how satisfied are you with this product? A 0 B 2

7% 4%

C 25

D 1

A B C D 89%

6. Please rank what you look for in order of importance when selecting products of this kind.(basis of the likert scale)

Manufacturing perspective:
1. Complicity in manufacturing: Bad 6 Fair 12
21% 32%

Good 9
4%

Very Good 1

Excellent 0

43%

Bad Fair Good Very Good Excellent

2. Effect of increasing switches: Bad 2 Fair 5 Good 9

21%

Very Good 9

Excellent 3

50%

Bad Fair Good Very 29% Good Excellent

19

3. Reliability and Performance: Bad 2 Fair 3 Good 8

7% 11% 21%

Very Good 9

Excellent 6

29%

Bad Fair Good Very Good 32% Excellent

Customer perspective:
1. Quality: Bad 2 Fair 2 Good 8
7% 7% 25% Bad Fair Good Very Good Excellent

Very Good 9

Excellent 7

29%

32%

2. Value of Product: Bad 1 Fair 7 Good 3

4% 25% Bad Fair Good Very Good 50% Excellent 11%

Very Good 14

Excellent 3

11%

20

3. Service Life: Bad 1 Fair 4 Good 7 Very Good 9 Excellent 7

4% 14% 25% Bad Fair Good Very Good Excellent

25%

32%

4. Effect on power consumption: Bad 5 Fair 8 Good 6

3%

Very Good 9

Excellent 1

17%

31%

28%

5. Threat of getting electric shocks: Bad 18 Fair 4

7%

21%

Bad Fair Good Very Good Excellent

Good 4
7% 25%

Very Good 1

Excellent 1

29%

6. Effect of moisture Content: Bad 5 Fair 9 Good 7 21

32%

Bad Fair Good Very Good Excellent

Very Good 5

Excellent 2

18%

7% 18% Bad Fair Good Very Good Excellent

32%

25%

7. Cost: Bad 2 Fair 6 Good 11

8% 4% 23% 23% Bad Fair Good Very Good Excellent

Very Good 6

Excellent 1

42%

8. Attractive: Bad 7 Fair 9 Good 8

7% 24% 10% Bad Fair Good 28% Very Good Excellent

Very Good 3

Excellent 2

31%

9. Brand Name: Bad 9 Fair 2 Good 7 Very Good 5 Excellent 4

22

15% 33% 19% Bad Fair Good Very Good Excellent

7% 26%

10. Familiarity: Bad 3 Fair 14 Good 6

12% 8%

Very Good 2

Excellent 0

24%

56%

Bad Fair Good Very Good Excellent

Financial perspective:
1. Manufacturing cost: Bad 7 Fair 6
25%

Good 7

Very Good 8

Excellent 0

29% Bad Fair Good Very Good Excellent

21% 25%

2. Maintenance cost: Bad 12 Fair 10 Good 3 23 Very Good 1 Excellent 0

4%

12%

46%

Bad Fair Good Very Good 38% Excellent

3. Replacement cost: Bad 4 Fair 7 Good 8 Very Good 5 Excellent 2

15%

8% 19% Bad Fair Good Very Good Excellent

27%

31%

24

12.1 SWOT Analysis of Remote control Switch Board 12.1 (Normal Model)
STRENGTH Power consumption Effect of increasing switches Low manufacturing cost Cost of the product Quality of product Value of product Innovative WEAKNESS Produces high moisture in closed places Probability shocks High maintenance cost Complicity in manufacturing Familiarity of getting electric

OPPORTUNITY If this product used in government sector and Industrial sector power can be saved. With the help of remote product can be controlled electricity controlled. through which can the be Safety consumption

THREAT Maintenance every 5 years) Memory Back up of the switch

boards( Battery has to change in

25

12.2 SWOT Analysis of Improved Model (Improved Remote Control Switch Board)
STRENGTH Power consumption Effect of increasing switches Shocked proof body Water proof body Cost of the product Quality of product Value of product Innovative OPPORTUNITY If this product used in government sector and Industrial sector power can be saved. With the help of remote product can be controlled through which the electricity consumption can be controlled. THREAT Maintenance of the switch boards( Battery has to change in every 5 years) Memory Back up WEAKNESS High maintenance cost Complicity in manufacturing Familiarity Avg. Manufacturing cost

26

13. Value Analysis:

The value of a product will be interpreted in different ways by different customers. Its common characteristic is a high level of performance, capability, emotional appeal, style, etc. relative to its cost. This can also be expressed as maximizing the function of a product relative to its cost: Value = (Performance + Capability)/Cost = Function/Cost Value is not a matter of minimizing cost. In some cases the value of a product can be increased by increasing its function (performance or capability) and cost as long as the added function increases more than its added cost. The concept of functional worth can be important. Functional worth is the lowest cost to provide a given function. However, there are less tangible "selling" functions involved in a product to make it of value to a customer.

Analysis for Cost: The main factors which will affect to increase the cost of manufacturing are: Shocked proof material for body of product. Water proof laminated sheet for body of product. Electronic circuit cost. Cost of normal remoter control switch board= Rs.1800 Cost of improved remote control switch board= Rs2000 (Reference by Msvettaa switch board manufacturer) Scale of Rating: Excellent 5 Very Good 4 Good 3 Fair 2 Bad 1

27

Value Analysis:
Rating according to the Scale Major Properties (Normal)
Complicity in manufacturing Effect of increasing switches Reliability and Performance Quality Value of Product Service Life Effect on power consumption Threat of getting electric shocks Effect of moisture Content Cost Attractive Brand name Familiarity Manufacturing cost Maintenance cost Replacement cost Total 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 1 2 3 2 1 2 4 1 3 45

(Improved)
3 4 5 4 5 5 4 4 5 2 2 1 2 3 3 3 55

The market cost of the normal remote control switch board we are considering is Rs.1800 only. The totalling of the various ratings done is 45. Value = 45 / 1800 = 0.025 The market cost of the improved model we are considering is Rs.2000 only. The totalling of the various ratings done parallel to the properties of the improved switch boards from the above is 55. Value = 55 / 2000 = 0.027

14. Mathematical Modelling:

The mathematical model which tells to optimize (maximize or minimize) the objective function Z subject to certain conditions on the variables is called a linear programming problem. 28

During World War II, the military managements in the U.K and the USA engaged a team of scientists to study the limited military resources and form a plan of action or program to utilize them in the most effective manner. This was done under the name 'Operation Research' (OR) because the team was dealing with research on military operation. The standard form of the linear programming problem is used to develop the procedure for solving a general programming problem. A general linear programming problem is Max (or min) Z = C1X1 + C1X1 ++ C1X1 X1, X2 Xn are decision variables. The Application Areas of Linear Programming are: Transportation Problem Military Applications Operation of systems of dams Personal Assignment problem Other applications: manufacturing plants, distribution centres, production management and power management.

Formulation of Linear Programming Problem: 1. Formulation of objective function: As our main objective function is to minimize the resources utilization, so to formulate objective function we have to consider the resources, those resources are: a) Power consumption; considering as a variable X1 b) Manufacturing cost; considering as a variable X2 So with our Value analysis we can write our objective function as Minimize Z= 4X1 + 3X2 2. Formulation of constraints and limits of the variables: Constraints are the limiting equations which bounds the solution of objective function. The constraints for our objective function will be: Cost constraint: The increment in the manufacturing cost is mainly due to the efforts done to reduce the power consumption and because of the efforts to increase quality of product. 29

As mainly all the increment in cost is due to effort to reduce the power consumption, and less because of the other factor, so the constraint will be written as X1 + X2 200 The manufacturing cost should be less, which means that on the rating scale the rating for the cost factor should be high, so that X2 3 Power consumption: The power consumption should be less than the normal remote control switches board, so that the factor should be more than the rating for the normal switch board and also it should not be less than the obtained value for the new improved product. So the constraint will be X1 4 Limits for all variables: As the value of all the variables are taken on the basis of the likert scale, so limits can be written in the following form 1 X1 5 1 X2 5

15. Sensitivity Analysis:

After the formulation of linear programming problem, now we can do sensitivity analysis. In sensitivity analysis we discuss the effect of varying parameters (discrete variations in parameters) on decision variables. Our problem is: Minimize Z= 4X1 + 3X2 Subjected to, X1 + X2 200 X1 4 X2 3 1 X1 5 30

1 X2 5 After going through the problem we can say that the value of variable x1 is between 4 and 5, means the power consumption rating is always on higher side its very good or excellent. The value of x2 is also between 3 and 5, means the rating is either very good or excellent. So, the manufacturing cost of our product is high. If we change this limit of between 3 and 5, may be our solution does not remain optimum and we have to do further iterations. Our main objective is to minimize these two variables for optimal result.

16. Cost Benefit Analysis:

In starting, the cost of switch board is Rs. 1800/- but when we improve the model for removing the weakness or threat of getting electric shock due to effect of moisture content, the cost became Rs. 2000/- which is higher than the previous one but due to improvement in the quality, the revenue of our product will increase due to increase in sales. In starting the body of the switch board is non-waterproof so there is a effect of moisture content which affects our safety requirements and also the spoilage and breakage of the switch board which is not desirable so, in the post model we have developed a switch board with a waterproof body due to which, the cost of our product is increased but due to improvement in quality the revenue is greater in comparison to the previous model.

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16. Conclusion:
Product design and development is a process in which a new, innovative product or a improved version of the existing product is develop. It consists the steps from a thought to conversion of this thought into a real product, with all the analysis, mathematical calculations and models necessary for knowing that the product is profitable in the worlds market or not. In our case the product is remote control switch board with a timer and other new facilities which comprise 8 switches together and controls 8 different machines. We did the SWOT, Value, Sensitivity and Cost benefit analysis for knowing that it will success in the market or not and also formed the mathematical model (Linear Programming Problem). After that we can say that the development of this product is profitable. SWOT analysis: In pre model of the switch board there is a issue of safety (getting electric shocks and effect of moisture content) but in the post model of the switch board we improved the model by which this weakness or threat is removed. Value analysis: In this analysis the value of the pre model is 0.025 and the post model is 0.0275, as the value of the improved version of remote control switch board is increases, it represents that our product will be feasible to exist in market and will be able to compete the existing product. Mathematical modelling: In this we form the mathematical model with the help of collected data and questionnaires consolidated results. Mathematical modelling is a mathematical representation of a problem, which incorporates objective function and constraints. Our main aim is to convert any detailed information in mathematical form and obtain the optimal or feasible result. Sensitivity analysis: In this analysis we discuss the range of each decision variable and their effect on the optimality of the problem and the detailed information of each variable means, in which manner each variable will affect our objective function. Cost benefit analysis: In cost benefit analysis we study the relation between cost, benefit and other related factors within a problem. In our problem after the improvement in the model the cost of our product increased but the revenue is also increased due to total increase in sale because the quality of the product was improved.

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