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    Endocrine Disorders

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    Irish Orleans
    The endocrine system regulates processes in the body through hormone secretion. The main endocrine glands include the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, pancreas, and ovaries/testes. Hormones can be steroid hormones, peptide/protein hormones, or amine hormones. The hypothalamus and pituitary gland control other endocrine glands. The thyroid gland, located in the neck, produces T3 and T4 hormones to regulate metabolism through a negative feedback loop with TSH from the pituitary. Assessment of the thyroid involves inspection, palpation, and diagnostic blood tests of T3, T4, and TSH levels.

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    Endocrine Disorders

    Uploaded by

    Irish Orleans
    214 views3 pages
    The endocrine system regulates processes in the body through hormone secretion. The main endocrine glands include the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, pancreas, and ovaries/testes. Hormones can be steroid hormones, peptide/protein hormones, or amine hormones. The hypothalamus and pituitary gland control other endocrine glands. The thyroid gland, located in the neck, produces T3 and T4 hormones to regulate metabolism through a negative feedback loop with TSH from the pituitary. Assessment of the thyroid involves inspection, palpation, and diagnostic blood tests of T3, T4, and TSH levels.

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    The endocrine system regulates processes in the body through hormone secretion. The main endocrine glands include the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, pancreas, and ovaries/testes. Hormones can be steroid hormones, peptide/protein hormones, or amine hormones. The hypothalamus and pituitary gland control other endocrine glands. The thyroid gland, located in the neck, produces T3 and T4 hormones to regulate metabolism through a negative feedback loop with TSH from the pituitary. Assessment of the thyroid involves inspection, palpation, and diagnostic blood tests of T3, T4, and TSH levels.

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    214 views3 pages

    Endocrine Disorders

    Uploaded by

    Irish Orleans
    The endocrine system regulates processes in the body through hormone secretion. The main endocrine glands include the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, pancreas, and ovaries/testes. Hormones can be steroid hormones, peptide/protein hormones, or amine hormones. The hypothalamus and pituitary gland control other endocrine glands. The thyroid gland, located in the neck, produces T3 and T4 hormones to regulate metabolism through a negative feedback loop with TSH from the pituitary. Assessment of the thyroid involves inspection, palpation, and diagnostic blood tests of T3, T4, and TSH levels.

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    Assessment and Management of Patients with Endocrine disorders: ENDOCRINE GLANDS - secrete their products directly into the

    blood stream *NEGATIVE FEEDBACK EFFECT - the mechanism for regulating hormone concentration in the blood stream which is important in regulation of many biologic process
    8 ENDOCRINE GLANDS: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Pineal Gland Pituitary Gland Thyroid Gland Parathyroid Gland Thymus Adrenal Gland Pancreas Ovaries/Testes

    CLASSIFICATION AND ACTION OF HORMONES:

    Hormones

    1.

    STEROID HORMONES

    Ex. Hydrocortisone -

    smaller size and higher lipid solubility can penetrate with cell membranes interact with intracellular receptors Interacts with receptor site in the cell surface Stimulates the intracellular enzyme, andenyl cyclase

    PEPTIDE PROTEIN HORMONES Ex. Insulin *adenyl cyclase alters enzyme activity inside the cell (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) nd - becomes a 2 messenger 3. AMINE HORMONE Ex. Epinephrine, Norepinephrine

    2.

    Endocrine System

    Mechanism of action is similar with peptide hormone Stimulates SNS

    DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PEPTIDE AND STEROID HORMONES

    Nervous System

    Immune System

    STEROIDS Slow-acting, long lasting Usually end in one Ex: Progesterone, Testosterone

    PEPTIDES Fast-acting, short-lived Made of proteins Ex: Insulin, ADH

    *Hormone secreted by the endocrine system are affected largely on the structures of the CNS such as the HYPOTHALAMUS (stimulates the PG) and beneath, the pituitary influences he function of a large no of endocrine glands. HYPOTHALAMUS controls the release of pituitary hormone Rapid action by the CNS is balanced by a slower hormonal action

    HYPOPHYSIS other name of pituitary gland Known as the master gland Round structure about 1.25cm (1/2 inch) in diameter located at inferior aspect of the brain

    Functions POSTERIOR VASOPRESSIN or ADH Controls the excretion of water by the kidney Secretion is stimulated by an in the osmolality of the blood by a of BP OXYTOCIN Facilitates milk ejection during lactation and force of uterine contractions during labor and delivery Stimulated during pregnancy or childhood ANTERIOR Growth Hormone / Stimulates growth of Somatotropin bones and muscles Promotes protein synthesis and fat metabolism CHO metabolism glucose level in the blood PROLACTIN Acts on the breast to stimulate milk production ACTH Adenocorticotropic Stimulates synthesis Hormone / Corticotropin and secretion of adrenal cortical hormones TSH Thyroid Stimulating Stimulates synthesis Hormone and secretion of thyroid hormones FSH Follicle Stimulating Female: stimulates growth Hormone of ovarian follicle, ovulation Male: stimulates sperm production LH Luteinizing Hormone Female: stimulates devt of corpus luteum, release of oocyte, production of estrogen and progesterone Male: stimulates secretion of testosterone, devt of interstitial tissues of testes

    THYROID HORMONES THYROID 5cm long, 3 cm wide Butter-fly shaped on the lower neck anterior of trachea Has 2 lateral lobes connected by an isthmus (palpable)

    Regulation of Thyroid Hormone: md

    ASSESSMENT AND DIAGNOSTIC TEST Thyroid gland is inspected by: Identification of its landmark Lower neck region between sternocleidomastoid muscles (check swelling or asymmetry) Instruct to extend neck slightly and swallow Palpation Check size, shape, consistency, symmetry, tenderness

    T3 and T4 controlled by TSH + hypothalamus from anterior PG and it release

    THYROID HORMONES: 1. 2. 3. Triiodotyronine (T3) Thyroxine (T4) Calcitonin

    TRH (thyrotropin-releasing hormone) secreted by hypothalamus, helps modulate the release of TSH from pituitary

    CHEMICAL: Iodine T3 Contains 3 iodine atoms 5x more potent than T4 More rapid metabolic action T4 Contains 4 iodine atoms Weak hormone Maintains metabolism on a steady state

    Increase release by TSH of T3 and T4 in the blood to the target organs or called NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
    FUNCTIONS OF T3 and T4:

    ISTHMUS only portion of thyroid that is normally palpable If palpation discloses an enlarged thyroid gland Both lobes should be auscultated (there should be BRUIT normal blood circulation) Tenderness, enlargement, modularity (requires referral)

    Control cellular metabolic activity Accelerate metanolic processes by levels of specific enzymes Influence cell replication and important for brain development Necessary for normal growth FUNCTION Secreted in response to high levels of calcium and reduces plasma level of calcium by its deposition in bone Essential to the thyroid gland for synthesis of its hormones Major derangement of iodine deficiency is caused by alteration of thyroid function

    -synthesized and stored bound to proteins in the cell until its released in blood stream

    - 75% bound to thyroxine-binding albumin

    THYROID HORMONE CALCITONIN/ THYROCALCITONIN

    IODINE

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