A Seminar Report ON RADAR SIGNAL PROCESSING

By GEETA KUMARI B.Tech (EC) 6TH SEM

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING INVERTIS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, Bareilly ( U.P.) 243 123 [2011 2012]

A Seminar Report On
RADAR SIGNAL PROCESSING
In partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of

Bachelor of Technology In
ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED BY: GEETA KUMARI

Under the Guidance of

Ms ASTHA

AGARWAL

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the RADAR SIGNAL PROCESSING has been submitted by Geeta kumari under my guidance in partial fulfillment of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Electronics & Communication engineering of Invertis Institute of Engineering and Technology during the academic year 2011-2012 (Semester-VI). Date:28/04/2012 Place: BAREILLY

Guide Department Ms Astha Agarwal Dubey)

Head, ECE (Mr. Tarun

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The seminar report on RADAR SIGNAL PROCESSING is out outcome of guidance,moral support and devotion bestowed on me throught my work.For this I acknowledge and express me profound sense of gratitude and thanks to who have been a source of inspiration during the seminor prepration.

GEETA KUMARI B.Tech [EC]

6th sem IIET

CONTENT
Principle of operation Radar limiting factors Radar signal processing Applications of Radar signal processing Conclusion References. THANKS

INTRODUCTION
Driver assistance systems use a combination of warnings and some degree of active intervention to help steer the driver away from trouble. Although the accent is on giving assistance to the driver rather than take control away, motorists are still wary about cars that supposedly drive themselves. While active intervention clearly holds many possibilities, it is also fraught with difficulty. A number of manufacturers are pursuing the aim of reducing the frequency and severity of accidents by developing active and passive driving assistance systems. Driver assistance systems aim to make the vehicle capable of perceiving its surroundings, interpret them, identify critical situations, and assist the driver in performing driving maneuvers. The object is, at best, to prevent accidents completely and, at worst, to minimize the consequences of an accident for those concerned.. Consequently, these systems are increasingly being incorporated in cars across the board, from luxury vehicles to small city cars. Indeed, many of these systems are being fitted as standard equipment. Driver assistance systems have become more popular with the

introduction of 24GHz radar systems for passenger cars. The car manufactures are now focusing their interest on fusion-based multi-sensor systems, enabling the car to monitor the whole environment. One of the requirements resulting from this system set-up is a new distribution of signal performed within the FPGA.

RADAR
Radar is an object-detection system that uses electromagnetic waves specifically radio waves - to identify the range, altitude, direction, or speed of both moving and fixed objects such as aircraft, ships, spacecraft, mountain ranges, radio and TV towers, guided missiles, motor vehicles, weather formations, and terrain. The radar dish, or antenna, transmits pulses of radio waves or microwaves which bounce off any object in their path. The object returns a tiny part of the wave's energy to a dish or antenna which is usually located at the same site as the transmitter. The term RADAR was coined in 1940 by electronics engineers working for the U.S.\ Navy as an acronym for Radio Detection And Ranging. The uses of radar include air traffic control, radar astronomy, airdefense systems, antimissile systems; nautical radars to locate landmarks and other ships; aircraft anticollision systems, oceansurveillance systems, outerspace surveillance and rendezvous systems; meteorological precipitations, radar altimeters, earthskimming flight-control systems, guided-missile target-locating systems, and groundpenetrating radars.RADAR transmits radio signals at distant objects and analyzes the reflections. Data

gathered can include the position and movement of the object, also radar can identify the object through its "signature" - the distinct reflection it generates. There are many forms of RADAR - such as continuous, CW, Doppler, ground penetrating or synthetic aperture. And they're used in many applications, from air traffic control to weather prediction. In the modern Radar systems digital signal processing (DSP) is used extensively. At the transmitter end, it generates and shapes the transmission pulses, controls the antenna beam pattern while at the receiver, DSP performs many complex tasks, including STAP (space time adaptive processing) - the removal of clutter, and beamforming (electronic guidance of direction).The front end of the receiver for RADAR is still often analog due the high frequencies Involved. With fast ADC convertors- often multiple channel, complex IF signals are digitized. However, digital technology is coming closer to the antenna. We may also require fast digital interfaces to detect antenna position, or control other hardware.

PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
A Radar system has a transmitter that emits radio waves called radar signals in predetermined directions. When these come into contact with an object they are usually reflected and/or scattered in many directions. Radar signals are reflected especially well by materials of considerable electrical conductivity - especially by most metals, by seawater, by wet land, and by wetlands. Some of these make the use of radar altimeters possible. The radar signals that are reflected back towards the transmitter are the desirable ones that make radar work. If the object is moving either closer or farther away, there is a slight change in the thus frequency of the radio waves, due to the Doppler effect. Radar receivers are usually, but not always, in the same location as the transmitter. Although the reflected radar signals captured by the receiving antenna is usually very weak, these signal\ can be strengthened by the electronic amplifiers that all radar sets contain. More sophisticated methods of signal processing are also nearly always used in order to recover useful radar signals. The small absorbtion of radio waves by the medium through which it passes is what enables radar sets to detect objects at relatively-long ranges - ranges at which other electromagnetic wavelengths, such visible light, infrared light, and ultraviolet light are too strongly attenuated. In particular, there are weather conditions under which radar works well regardless of the weather. Such things as fog, clouds, rain, falling snow, and sleet that block visible light are usually transparent to radio waves.

Certain, special values of radio frequencies are absorbed or scattered by water vapor, raindrops, or atmospheric gases (especilly oxygen) are avoided in designing radars except when detection of these are intented. Finally, radar relies on its own transmissions, rather than light from the Sun or the Moon, or from electromagnetic waves emitted by the objects themselves, such as infrared wavelengths (heat). This process of directing artificial radio waves towards objects is called illumination. CONNCEPT OF A RADAR SYSTEM This determines the shape and direction of TX/RX beam. The antenna can be either amechanically rotating reflector or a phased array electronically steered in azimuth and elevation. The antenna allows transmitted energy to be propagates into space and then collects the echo energy on receive. It is almost always a directive antenna, one that directs the radiated energy into narrow beam to concentrate the power as well as to allow the determination of direction to the target. An Antenna that produces a narrow directive beam on transit usually has a large area on receive to allow the collection of weak echo signals from the target. The antenna not only concentrate energy on transmit and collect the echo energy on receive, but it also act as a spatial filter to provide angle resolution and other capabilities Transmitter: It is generally a tube generating a coherent pulse train with high peak power and possibly a wide band; alternatively, mini TWT or solid state amplifiers can be used in active phased-array radar. Waveform generator: It tailors the waveform to the environment and to the particular operating mode actually used. The waveforms can be wide pulse

with frequency or phase code modulation for improved range resolution and clutter discrimination.

Duplexer: This is an RF switch which conveys all the energy from the transmitter to the antenna in the transmitting phase while all the energy gathered by the antenna in the receiving phase is sent directly to the receiver chain. The rotary joint, allows the electric connection of the antenna to the remaining part of the radar notwithstanding the mechanical rotation of the antenna. Rotary joint with low loss and optical fibres for the transportation of signals are today available. .Receiver: It provides frequency conversion, interference rejection and low noise amplification.The noise reduction is an important consideration in radar receiver design and is accomplished by the matched filter technique which maximises the SNR at the output. Signal down conversion in frequency is done in a number of steps up to base band where the signal is transformed in digital format via analogue-to-digital conversion (ADC) devices. Modern radar performs the ADC directly at intermediate frequency (IF); the advantage is to eliminate the unbalance between the I (in phase) and quadrature (Q) channels with corresponding advantages in terms of coherent rejection of clutter & jammer and integration of target echoes The trend today is towards a so called digital radar

where the ADC is done very close to the antenna.dedicated microcomputer; today COTS technology is used also here.It is essentially where the tracking filtering is implemented.

User:
The output is generally a display to visualise the information contained in the radar echo signal in a form suitable for operator interpretation and action. There could be a link to convey data in a centre or in a computer for further processing. The visualised information on the display is called synthetic video. The plan position indicator (PPI), the usual display employed in radar, indicates the range and azimuth of a detected target. A modern radar display includes alphanumeric characters and symbols for directly conveying additional information; this is useful when target identity and altitude are to be displayed. Also the track is displayed with arrows and symbols.

RADAR LIMITING FACTORS

The various factors which limits the operation of Radar are Beam path and range: The radar beam would follow a linear path in vacuum but it really follows a somewhat curved path in the atmosphere due to the variation of the refractive index of air. Even when the beam is emitted parallel to the ground, it will raise above it as the Earth curvature sink below the horizon. Furthermore, the signal is attenuated by the medium it crosses and the beam disperse as its not a perfect pencil shape. The maximum range of a conventional radar at a certain height above ground is thus limited by the maximum non-ambiguous range determined by the Pulse repetition frequency (PRF), the two way intensity of the returned signal according to the radar equation and the Earth curvature

Noise:
Signal noise is an internal source of random variations in the signal, which is generated by all electronic components. Noise typically appears as random variations superimposed on the desired echo signal received in the radar receiver. The lower the power of the desired signal, the more difficult it is to discern it from the noise (similar to trying to hear a whisper while standing near a busy road). Noise figure is a measure of the noise produced by a receiver compared to an ideal receiver, and this needs to be minimized.

RADAR SIGNAL PROCESSING

Radar signal processing can be defined as the manipulation of the received signal,represented in digital format, to extract the desired information whilst rejecting unwantedsignals. In particular, a surveillance radar takes a decision about the presence or absence oftargets whilst cancelling radar echoes caused by ground clutter, radio frequency interference and noise source. An airborne radar accomplishes the same job in spite of the strong clutter return and its Doppler spread caused by the platform motion. A tracking radar, in addition to detection, is concerned with an accurate estimation of the target kinematics parameters (resort is made to maximum likelihood estimation procedure and its sub-optimum implementations). The list could be extended to other radar systems as the low probability of intercept, the synthetic aperture radar, the space-based radar and the multistatic radar. Whatever the radar system, the basic operations performed by the signal and data processors are as follows: detection of presence of targets, if any; extraction of information from the received waveform to determine a wealth of relevant parameters of the targets (such as position, velocity, shape, and electromagnetic signature). The first step of the design can be recognised in the formulation of mathematical models more adherent to the real environment in which the radar operates. Several major areas of research and development can be singled out in connection with radar detection: theory of optimum detection, adaptive detection theory, detection of signals having non-Gaussian probability density

function (pdf), multidimensional processing and super resolution algorithms .

TASKS OF RADAR SIGNAL PROCESSOR

Decision making: After a signal has been transmitted, the receiver starts receiving return signals, withthose originating from near objects arriving first because time of arrival translates into target range. The signal processor places a raster of range bins over the whole period of time, and now it has to make a decision for each of the range bins as to whether it contains an object or not. This decision-making is severely hampered by noise. Atmospheric noise enters into the system through the antenna, and all the electronics in the radar's signal path produces noise too. Even if atmospheric attenuation can be neglected, the return from a distant object is incredibly weak. Target returns often are no stronger than twice the average noise level, sometimes even buried under it. It is quite difficult to define a threshold for the decision whether a given peak is noise or a real target. If the threshold is too high then existing targets are suppressed, that is, the probability of detection (PD) wdrop. If the threshold is too low then noise peaks will be reported as targets, that is, theprobability of false alarms (PFA) will rise. A common compromise is to have some 90% probability of detection and a false alarm range and angular direction and plots them together on the appropriate spot on the scope.

Forming tracks: By correlating the data sets which were obtained in successive scan cycles, the radar can calculate a flight vector which indicates an aircraft's speed and expected position for the next scan period.

APPLICATION OF RADAR SIGNAL

The information provided by radar includes the bearing and range (and thereforeposition) of the object from the radar scanner. It is thus used in many different fields wherevthe need for such positioning is crucial. The first use of radar was for military purposes; to locate air, ground and sea targets. This has evolved in the civilian field into applications for aircraft, ships and roads.

In aviation, aircraft are equipped with radar devices that warn of obstacles in or approaching their path and give accurate altitude readings. They can land in fog at airports equipped with radarassisted ground-controlled approach (GCA) systems, in which the plane's flight is observed on radar screens while operators radio landing directions to the pilot. Marine radars are used to measure the bearing and distance of ships to prevent collision with other ships, to navigate and to fix their position at sea when within range of shore or other fixed references such as islands, buoys, and lightships. In port or in harbour, Vessel traffic service radar systems are used to monitor and regulate ship movements in busy waters. Police forces use radar guns to monitor vehicle speeds on the roads. Radar has invaded many other fields. Meteorologists use radar to monitor precipitation. It has become the primary tool for short-term weather forecasting and to watch for severe weather such as thunderstorms, tornadoes, winter storms precipitation types, etc...

CONCLUSION
Driver Assistance system has been discussed in this paper. There is a lot of researches are going on in the field of Driver Assistance system. Automotive industry is increasingly enthusiastic to include radars in future vehicles. Automotive industry now look for consumers to become increasingly comfortable with driver aids and demand more relief from the tedium of driving and look

for the technology to deliver. Radar and digital signal processing are the key components of Driver Assistance system. FPGAs have been used in radar based Driver Assistance systems for some time, mostly in support functions. However, as FPGAs get more sophisticated, performing and integrating more DSP functions in FPGAs is becoming the standard . FFT are the key\ techniques for analysing the digital signal. The recent advances in signal processing are blended with many more algorithms to present an up-to date perspective and can be implemented in Digital Signal Processor because of their flexibility and the ability to attainhigh precisions. DSP and FPGA solutions provide designers with a myriad of implementation options and solutions for todays system designs. Along with these solutions comes a variety ofdesign factors and considerations that need to be evaluated to select the best approach.

REFERENCES
1. Jean Saad , Amer Baghdadi, Frantz Bodereau, FPGA based Radar signal processingfor Automotive Driver Assistance System, IEEE/IFIP International Symposium on Rapid System Prototyping,vol.40,no.2, pp.196-199, November 2009.

2. Stove, A.G., Linear FMCW radar techniques, IEEE transactions on Radar and Signal Processing, vol.139, no.5, pp.343-350, Oct 2007. 3. Basten, M. J., Low Cost Implementation of an ACC Automotive Radar, Institution of Engineering and Technology Seminar on MM-Wave Products and Technologies, vol.49, no.6, pp.1-6, Sept 2007.

THANK YOU